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Fábry J, Kučeráková M, Dušek M, Buixaderas E, Hlinka J. Structure of the high-temperature phase of caesium nitrate - the importance of high-resolution data. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B, STRUCTURAL SCIENCE, CRYSTAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS 2022; 78:140-152. [PMID: 35411853 DOI: 10.1107/s2052520622001135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A single-crystal structure determination of the cubic phase of CsNO3 based on data collected at 439 K up to sinθmax/λ = 0.995000 Å-1, i.e. to an unprecedentedly high-θ value, is reported. The structure has been refined in Pm3m (Z = 1). Analysis of the difference electron-density maps revealed that the most appropriate model is the twelve-orientation model with the Cs, N, O1 and O2 atoms situated on the Wyckoff positions 1a, 6f, 6f and 24l, respectively, rather than the eight-orientation aragonite model with the Cs, N and O atoms situated on the Wyckoff positions 1a, 8g and 24m, respectively. Both models, however, show close similarities if the large anisotropic displacement parameters of the O atoms in the eight-orientation aragonite model are taken into account. The reason for this is shown to lie in the smeared electron density around the positions of the disordered [NO3]- anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Fábry
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Praha 8, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Kučeráková
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Praha 8, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Dušek
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Praha 8, Czech Republic
| | - Elena Buixaderas
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Praha 8, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Hlinka
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Praha 8, Czech Republic
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Sil S, Kuhar N, Roy K, Chaturvedi D, Morita S, Ozaki Y, Umapathy S. Understanding phase transition and vibrational mode coupling in ammonium nitrate using 2D correlation Raman spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 254:119581. [PMID: 33706114 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.119581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ammonium nitrate (AN) is an important component of the chemical industry such as an active ingredient in fertilizers, as an oxidizer in explosive compositions and propellants, and as a blasting agent in civil explosives. Numerous accidents have been reported in the past which concerns its thermal instability and poses a big threat to its processing, transportation, and storage. Despite much literature being reported to understand its thermal instability, a mechanistic view remains unclear. In the present work, we have studied the behavior of AN to temperature change using a mathematical approach called 2D correlation (2D Cos) Raman spectroscopy to provide complete insight into the detailed dynamical nature of the interactions between the species (ionic or molecular) occurring with an increase in temperature. We have analyzed various libration and translational modes of nitrate in the low-frequency region using this mathematical tool. It is observed from 2D maps that the phase transition of AN starts with changes in libration modes followed by various nitrate modes and ammonium modes which further precedes low-frequency translational modes. Further, the 2D correlation could differentiate between modes splitting and shifting based on specific 2D Cos pattern. The changes occurring in the N-O deformation modes, symmetric stretching modes as well as anti-symmetric stretching modes which have been attributed to the weakening of the hetero-ionic coupling between the NH4+ and the NO3- ions could be clearly distinguished in the 2D synchronous and asynchronous plots. Besides, moving window analysis was performed to visualize the transition temperature at which phase change of AN takes place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanchita Sil
- Defence Bioengineering & Electromedical Laboratory, DRDO, Bangalore 560093, India
| | - Nikki Kuhar
- Department of Inorganic & Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Khokan Roy
- Department of Inorganic & Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Deepika Chaturvedi
- Department of Inorganic & Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Shigeaki Morita
- Dept. of Engineering Science, Osaka Electro-Communication University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Ozaki
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan; Toyota Physical and Chemical Research Institute, 41-1, Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
| | - Siva Umapathy
- Department of Inorganic & Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India; Dept. of Instrumentation and Applied Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
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On the Influence of the Ammonium Nitrate(V) Provenance on Its Usefulness for the Manufacture of ANFO Type Explosives. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13184942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ammonium nitrate fuel oil (ANFO) samples based on fertilizer (AN-F) and ammonium nitrate porous prill (AN-PP) were studied. Tests were carried out using both a thermogravimetric analyzer and differential scanning calorimetry (TGA/DSC). Furthermore, the scanning electron microscopy analysis (SEM) of ammonium nitrate(V) (AN) concerning either their surface or cross-section was performed. Based on the SEM results, it was shown that the surface of AN-F grains was flat and slightly deformed, while the AN-PP surface was wrinkled and deformed. Furthermore, the various steps of thermogravimetric process exhibited continuous AN phase transition according to precise temperatures. From TGA analysis, a significant mass loss was found as a result of ANFO decomposition. Direct comparison of SEM and TGA/DCS data led to the conclusion that ANFO based on AN-F was characterized by lower absorption of FO in contrast to AN-PP.
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Zrimsek AB, Bykov SV, Asher SA. Deep Ultraviolet Standoff Photoacoustic Spectroscopy of Trace Explosives. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 73:601-609. [PMID: 30012001 DOI: 10.1177/0003702818792289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate deep ultraviolet (UV) photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) of trace explosives using a sensitive microphone at meter standoff distances. We directly detect 10 µg/cm2 of pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), and ammonium nitrate (AN) with 1 s accumulations from a 3 m standoff distance. Large PAS signals for standoff detection are achieved by exciting into the absorption bands of the explosives with a 213 nm laser. We also investigate the impact of the deep UV photochemistry of AN on the PAS signal strength and stability. We find that production of gaseous species during photolysis of AN enhances the PAS signal strength. This deep UV photochemistry can, however, limit the PAS signal lifetimes when detecting trace quantities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa B Zrimsek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sergei V Bykov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sanford A Asher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Lu Z, Zeng Q, Xue X, Zhang Z, Nie F, Zhang C. Does increasing pressure always accelerate the condensed material decay initiated through bimolecular reactions? A case of the thermal decomposition of TKX-50 at high pressures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:23309-23317. [PMID: 28825762 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp04015f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Performances and behaviors under high temperature-high pressure conditions are fundamentals for many materials. We study in the present work the pressure effect on the thermal decomposition of a new energetic ionic salt (EIS), TKX-50, by confining samples in a diamond anvil cell, using Raman spectroscopy measurements and ab initio simulations. As a result, we find a quadratic increase in decomposition temperature (Td) of TKX-50 with increasing pressure (P) (Td = 6.28P2 + 12.94P + 493.33, Td and P in K and GPa, respectively, and R2 = 0.995) and the decomposition under various pressures initiated by an intermolecular H-transfer reaction (a bimolecular reaction). Surprisingly, this finding is contrary to a general observation about the pressure effect on the decomposition of common energetic materials (EMs) composed of neutral molecules: increasing pressure will impede the decomposition if it starts from a bimolecular reaction. Our results also demonstrate that increasing pressure impedes the H-transfer via the enhanced long-range electrostatic repulsion of H+δH+δ of neighboring NH3OH+, with blue shifts of the intermolecular H-bonds. And the subsequent decomposition of the H-transferred intermediates is also suppressed, because the decomposition proceeds from a bimolecular reaction to a unimolecular one, which is generally prevented by compression. These two factors are the basic root for which the decomposition retarded with increasing pressure of TKX-50. Therefore, our finding breaks through the previously proposed concept that, for the condensed materials, increasing pressure will accelerate the thermal decomposition initiated by bimolecular reactions, and reveals a distinct mechanism of the pressure effect on thermal decomposition. That is to say, increasing pressure does not always promote the condensed material decay initiated through bimolecular reactions. Moreover, such a mechanism may be feasible to other EISs due to the similar intermolecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Lu
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), P. O. Box 919-311, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China. and Department of Mathematics and Physics, Officers College of CAPF, Chengdu, 610213, China
| | - Qun Zeng
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), P. O. Box 919-311, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China.
| | - Xianggui Xue
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), P. O. Box 919-311, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China.
| | - Zengming Zhang
- Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Fude Nie
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), P. O. Box 919-311, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China.
| | - Chaoyang Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), P. O. Box 919-311, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China.
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Yan T, Xi D, Ma Z, Wang X, Wang Q, Li Q. Pressure-induced phase transition in N–H⋯O hydrogen-bonded crystalline malonamide. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra02205k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, malonamide (C3H6N2O2) was compressed under up to 10.4 GPa of pressure in a diamond anvil cell at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yan
- School of Science
- Shenyang Jianzhu University
- Shenyang 110168
- China
| | - Dongyang Xi
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Shenyang Jianzhu University
- Shenyang 110168
- China
| | - Zhenning Ma
- School of Science
- Shenyang Jianzhu University
- Shenyang 110168
- China
| | - Xun Wang
- School of Science
- Shenyang Jianzhu University
- Shenyang 110168
- China
| | - Qingjie Wang
- School of Science
- Shenyang Jianzhu University
- Shenyang 110168
- China
| | - Qiang Li
- School of Science
- Shenyang Jianzhu University
- Shenyang 110168
- China
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Steele BA, Oleynik II. New phase of ammonium nitrate: A monoclinic distortion of AN-IV. J Chem Phys 2016; 143:234705. [PMID: 26696068 DOI: 10.1063/1.4937420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A new phase of ammonium nitrate (AN) is found using first principles evolutionary crystal structure search. It is this polymorph that is associated with the phase transition to previously unidentified phase, which was detected in experiment at 17 GPa upon appearance of the two extra peaks in Raman spectrum. The new phase has a monoclinic unit cell in the P21/m space group symmetry (AN-P21/m) and is similar to the known phase IV of AN (AN-IV) except the ammonium molecules are oriented differently relative to the nitrate molecules. The calculated free energy of AN-P21/m is found to be lower than AN-IV at pressures above 10.83 GPa. The equation of state of both AN-P21/m and AN-IV phases (volume vs hydrostatic pressure at room temperature) has been obtained within the quasi-harmonic approximation. The calculated Raman spectrum of both AN-P21/m and AN-IV as a function of pressure is in a good agreement with experiment. The energetic competitiveness of AN-IV and AN-P21/m at ambient conditions suggests a possibility of the phase transition in a small pressure-temperature range near ambient pressure and temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad A Steele
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
| | - Ivan I Oleynik
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
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Ab initio molecular dynamic study of solid-state transitions of ammonium nitrate. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18918. [PMID: 26754622 PMCID: PMC4709593 DOI: 10.1038/srep18918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
High-pressure polymorphism and phase transitions have wide ranging consequences on the basic properties of ammonium nitrate. However, the phase diagram of ammonium nitrate at high pressure and high temperature is still under debate. This study systematically investigates the phase transitions and structural properties of ammonium nitrate at a pressure range of 5-60 GPa and temperature range of 250-400 K by ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. Two new phases are identified: one corresponds to the experimentally observed phase IV' and the other is named AN-X. Simultaneously, the lattice strains play a significant role in the formation and stabilization of phase IV', providing a reasonable explanation for experimental observation of phase IV-IV' transition which only appears under nonhydrostatic pressure. In addition, 12 O atoms neighboring the NH (N atom in ammonium cation) atom are selected as reference system to clearly display the tanglesome rotation of ammonium cation.
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Bishop MM, Velisavljevic N, Chellappa R, Vohra YK. High Pressure–Temperature Phase Diagram of 1,1-Diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene (FOX-7). J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:9739-47. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b07811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M. Bishop
- Shock and Detonation Physics Group and §Materials Science in Radiation & Dynamic Extremes Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
- Department of Chemistry and ∥Department of Physics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Nenad Velisavljevic
- Shock and Detonation Physics Group and §Materials Science in Radiation & Dynamic Extremes Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
- Department of Chemistry and ∥Department of Physics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Raja Chellappa
- Shock and Detonation Physics Group and §Materials Science in Radiation & Dynamic Extremes Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
- Department of Chemistry and ∥Department of Physics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Yogesh K. Vohra
- Shock and Detonation Physics Group and §Materials Science in Radiation & Dynamic Extremes Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
- Department of Chemistry and ∥Department of Physics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
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Wang G, Liu G, Peng Q, De S, Feng D, Liu M. A 3D Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Method with Reactive Flow Model for the Simulation of ANFO. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.201400244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Chellappa RS, Dattelbaum DM, Coe JD, Velisavljevic N, Stevens LL, Liu Z. Intermolecular stabilization of 3,3'-diamino-4,4'-azoxyfurazan (DAAF) compressed to 20 GPa. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:5969-82. [PMID: 25011055 DOI: 10.1021/jp504935g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The room temperature stability of 3,3'-diamino-4,4'-azoxyfurazan (DAAF) has been investigated using synchrotron far-infrared, mid-infrared, Raman spectroscopy, and synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD) up to 20 GPa. The as-loaded DAAF samples exhibited subtle pressure-induced ordering phenomena (associated with positional disorder of the azoxy "O" atom) resulting in doubling of the a-axis, to form a superlattice similar to the low-temperature polymorph. Neither high pressure synchrotron XRD, nor high pressure infrared or Raman spectroscopies indicated the presence of structural phase transitions up to 20 GPa. Compression was accommodated in the unit cell by a reduction of the c-axis between the planar DAAF layers, distortion of the β-angle of the monoclinic lattice, and an increase in intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Changes in the ring and -NH2 deformation modes and increased intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions with compression suggest molecular reorganizations and electronic transitions at ∼ 5 GPa and ∼ 10 GPa that are accompanied by a shifting of the absorption band edge into the visible. A fourth-order Birch-Murnaghan fit to the room temperature isotherm afforded an estimate of the zero-pressure isothermal bulk modulus, K0 = 12.4 ± 0.6 GPa and its pressure derivative K0' = 7.7 ± 0.3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja S Chellappa
- Lujan Center, MS H805, §Shock and Detonation Physics, MS P952, and ⊥Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos New Mexico 87545, United States
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Shan TR, van Duin ACT, Thompson AP. Development of a ReaxFF reactive force field for ammonium nitrate and application to shock compression and thermal decomposition. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:1469-78. [PMID: 24479769 DOI: 10.1021/jp408397n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a new ReaxFF reactive force field parametrization for ammonium nitrate. Starting with an existing nitramine/TATB ReaxFF parametrization, we optimized it to reproduce electronic structure calculations for dissociation barriers, heats of formation, and crystal structure properties of ammonium nitrate phases. We have used it to predict the isothermal pressure-volume curve and the unreacted principal Hugoniot states. The predicted isothermal pressure-volume curve for phase IV solid ammonium nitrate agreed with electronic structure calculations and experimental data within 10% error for the considered range of compression. The predicted unreacted principal Hugoniot states were approximately 17% stiffer than experimental measurements. We then simulated thermal decomposition during heating to 2500 K. Thermal decomposition pathways agreed with experimental findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Ray Shan
- Sandia National Laboratories , Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
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