1
|
Garratt D, Matthews M, Marangos J. Toward ultrafast soft x-ray spectroscopy of organic photovoltaic devices. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2024; 11:010901. [PMID: 38250136 PMCID: PMC10799687 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Novel ultrafast x-ray sources based on high harmonic generation and at x-ray free electron lasers are opening up new opportunities to resolve complex ultrafast processes in condensed phase systems with exceptional temporal resolution and atomic site specificity. In this perspective, we present techniques for resolving charge localization, transfer, and separation processes in organic semiconductors and organic photovoltaic devices with time-resolved soft x-ray spectroscopy. We review recent results in ultrafast soft x-ray spectroscopy of these systems and discuss routes to overcome the technical challenges in performing time-resolved x-ray experiments on photosensitive materials with poor thermal conductivity and low pump intensity thresholds for nonlinear effects.
Collapse
|
2
|
Fraenkel M, Ehrlich Y, Rubin D, Ferber Y, Sturm G. Laser produced soft x-ray source diagnostics with temporal, spectral, and spatial resolution. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:073509. [PMID: 35922320 DOI: 10.1063/5.0098780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the use of three diagnostic tools which simultaneously view the target from nearly the same direction, and their results are combined to provide temporally, spectrally, and spatially resolved absolutely calibrated target emission information. To demonstrate this capability, Au targets were irradiated by 1.8 kJ, 3 ns laser pulses to produce broadband soft x-ray emission in the 0.1-3.5 keV spectral range. Target diagnostics included a time-resolved x-ray diode array, each measured a partial spectral band, time-integrated spectrally resolved absolutely calibrated transmission grating spectrometer, and static and time-resolved soft x-ray imagers coupled to a charge-coupled device camera and to a streak camera, respectively, measuring spatially and temporally resolved radiation at the main Au target emission bands. The combined temporally, spectrally, and spatially resolved absolutely calibrated target emission result can be compared to simulations and be used to design and analyze experiments in which the source emission is used as a drive for various physical processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Fraenkel
- Applied Physics Division, Soreq NRC, Yavne 81800, Israel
| | - Y Ehrlich
- Applied Physics Division, Soreq NRC, Yavne 81800, Israel
| | - D Rubin
- Applied Physics Division, Soreq NRC, Yavne 81800, Israel
| | - Y Ferber
- Applied Physics Division, Soreq NRC, Yavne 81800, Israel
| | - G Sturm
- Applied Physics Division, Soreq NRC, Yavne 81800, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jonas A, Meurer T, Kanngießer B, Mantouvalou I. Note: Reflection zone plates as highly resolving broadband optics for soft X-ray laboratory spectrometers. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:026108. [PMID: 29495863 DOI: 10.1063/1.5018910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The resolving power and relative efficiency of two off-axis reflection zone plates (RZPs) in the soft X-ray range between 1 nm and 5 nm were investigated. RZPs focus only a very narrow bandwidth around the design wavelength. By misaligning the RZP, the focused wavelength can be tuned through a much wider spectral range. Using a laser-produced plasma source, we demonstrate that a single RZP can be efficiently used for spectroscopy at arbitrary wavelengths in the investigated soft X-ray range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Jonas
- TU Berlin, Analytical X-Ray Physics, D-10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - T Meurer
- TU Berlin, Analytical X-Ray Physics, D-10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - B Kanngießer
- TU Berlin, Analytical X-Ray Physics, D-10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - I Mantouvalou
- TU Berlin, Analytical X-Ray Physics, D-10587 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Benstead J, Moore AS, Ahmed MF, Morton J, Guymer TM, Soufli R, Pardini T, Hibbard RL, Bailey CG, Bell PM, Hau-Riege S, Bedzyk M, Shoup MJ, Reagan S, Agliata T, Jungquist R, Schmidt DW, Kot LB, Garbett WJ, Rubery MS, Skidmore JW, Gullikson E, Salmassi F. A new streaked soft x-ray imager for the National Ignition Facility. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:055110. [PMID: 27250473 DOI: 10.1063/1.4951689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A new streaked soft x-ray imager has been designed for use on high energy-density (HED) physics experiments at the National Ignition Facility based at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. This streaked imager uses a slit aperture, single shallow angle reflection from a nickel mirror, and soft x-ray filtering to, when coupled to one of the NIF's x-ray streak cameras, record a 4× magnification, one-dimensional image of an x-ray source with a spatial resolution of less than 90 μm. The energy band pass produced depends upon the filter material used; for the first qualification shots, vanadium and silver-on-titanium filters were used to gate on photon energy ranges of approximately 300-510 eV and 200-400 eV, respectively. A two-channel version of the snout is available for x-ray sources up to 1 mm and a single-channel is available for larger sources up to 3 mm. Both the one and two-channel variants have been qualified on quartz wire and HED physics target shots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Benstead
- AWE, Aldermaston, Reading, Berkshire RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - A S Moore
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M F Ahmed
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Morton
- AWE, Aldermaston, Reading, Berkshire RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - T M Guymer
- AWE, Aldermaston, Reading, Berkshire RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - R Soufli
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - T Pardini
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R L Hibbard
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C G Bailey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - P M Bell
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S Hau-Riege
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M Bedzyk
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M J Shoup
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - S Reagan
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - T Agliata
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - R Jungquist
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - D W Schmidt
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - L B Kot
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - W J Garbett
- AWE, Aldermaston, Reading, Berkshire RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - M S Rubery
- AWE, Aldermaston, Reading, Berkshire RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - J W Skidmore
- AWE, Aldermaston, Reading, Berkshire RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - E Gullikson
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - F Salmassi
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| |
Collapse
|