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Menghrajani KS, Vasista AB, Tan WJ, Thomas PA, Herrera F, Barnes WL. Molecular Strong Coupling and Cavity Finesse. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:7449-7457. [PMID: 39008808 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Molecular strong coupling offers exciting prospects in physics, chemistry, and materials science. While attention has been focused on developing realistic models for the molecular systems, the important role played by the entire photonic mode structure of the optical cavities has been less explored. We show that the effectiveness of molecular strong coupling may be critically dependent on cavity finesse. Specifically we only see emission associated with a dispersive lower polariton for cavities with sufficient finesse. By developing an analytical model of cavity photoluminescence in a multimode structure we clarify the role of finite-finesse in polariton formation and show that lowering the finesse reduces the extent of the mixing of light and matter in polariton states. We suggest that the detailed nature of the photonic modes supported by a cavity will be as important in developing a coherent framework for molecular strong coupling as the inclusion of realistic molecular models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishan S Menghrajani
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stocker Road, University of Exeter, Devon EX4 4QL, United Kingdom
| | - Adarsh B Vasista
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stocker Road, University of Exeter, Devon EX4 4QL, United Kingdom
| | - Wai Jue Tan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stocker Road, University of Exeter, Devon EX4 4QL, United Kingdom
| | - Philip A Thomas
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stocker Road, University of Exeter, Devon EX4 4QL, United Kingdom
| | - Felipe Herrera
- Department of Physics, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Victor Jara 3493, Santiago 9170124, Chile
- Millennium Institute for Research in Optics, Concepción 750, Chile
| | - William L Barnes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stocker Road, University of Exeter, Devon EX4 4QL, United Kingdom
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Li TE, Cui B, Subotnik JE, Nitzan A. Molecular Polaritonics: Chemical Dynamics Under Strong Light-Matter Coupling. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2021; 73:43-71. [PMID: 34871038 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-090519-042621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chemical manifestations of strong light-matter coupling have recently been a subject of intense experimental and theoretical studies. Here we review the present status of this field. Section 1 is an introduction to molecular polaritonics and to collective response aspects of light-matter interactions. Section 2 provides an overview of the key experimental observations of these effects, while Section 3 describes our current theoretical understanding of the effect of strong light-matter coupling on chemical dynamics. A brief outline of applications to energy conversion processes is given in Section 4. Pending technical issues in the construction of theoretical approaches are briefly described in Section 5. Finally, the summary in Section 6 outlines the paths ahead in this exciting endeavor. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, Volume 73 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao E Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;
| | - Bingyu Cui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; .,School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Joseph E Subotnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;
| | - Abraham Nitzan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; .,School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Golombek A, Balasubrahmaniyam M, Kaeek M, Hadar K, Schwartz T. Collective Rayleigh Scattering from Molecular Ensembles under Strong Coupling. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:3803-3808. [PMID: 32329347 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Rayleigh scattering is usually considered to be the elastic scattering of photons from subwavelength physical objects, such as small particles or molecules. Here, we present a quantitative spectroscopic study of the scattering properties of molecules embedded in an optical cavity under strong coupling conditions, where the collective interaction between the molecules and the cavity gives rise to composite light-matter excitations known as cavity polaritons. We show that the polaritonic states exhibit strong resonant Rayleigh scattering, which depends on both the coupling strength and detuning and reaching ∼25% efficiency. Since the polaritonic wave functions in such systems are delocalized, our observations correspond to the collective scattering of each photon from a large ensemble of molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adina Golombek
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences and Tel Aviv University Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Mukundakumar Balasubrahmaniyam
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences and Tel Aviv University Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Maria Kaeek
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences and Tel Aviv University Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Keren Hadar
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences and Tel Aviv University Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Tal Schwartz
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences and Tel Aviv University Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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Vasista AB, Barnes WL. Molecular Monolayer Strong Coupling in Dielectric Soft Microcavities. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:1766-1773. [PMID: 32069420 PMCID: PMC7581308 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b04996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report strong coupling of a monolayer of J-aggregated dye molecules to the whispering gallery modes of a dielectric microsphere at room temperature. We systematically studied the evolution of strong coupling as the number of layers of dye molecules was increased and found the Rabi splitting to rise from 56 meV for a single layer to 94 meV for four layers of dye molecules. We compare our experimental results with two-dimensional (2D) numerical simulations and a simple coupled oscillator model, finding good agreement. We anticipate that these results will act as a stepping stone for integrating molecule-cavity strong coupling in a microfluidic environment since microspheres can be easily trapped and manipulated in such an environment and provide open access cavities.
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Moerland RJ, Hakala TK, Martikainen JP, Rekola HT, Väkeväinen AI, Törmä P. Strong Coupling Between Organic Molecules and Plasmonic Nanostructures. SPRINGER SERIES IN SOLID-STATE SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-45820-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Gühlke M, Heiner Z, Kneipp J. Surface-Enhanced Raman and Surface-Enhanced Hyper-Raman Scattering of Thiol-Functionalized Carotene. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2016; 120:20702-20709. [PMID: 28077983 PMCID: PMC5215674 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b01895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A thiol-modified carotene, 7'-apo-7'-(4-mercaptomethylphenyl)-β-carotene, was used to obtain nonresonant surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of carotene at an excitation wavelength of 1064 nm, which were compared with resonant SERS spectra at an excitation wavelength of 532 nm. These spectra and surface-enhanced hyper-Raman scattering (SEHRS) spectra of the functionalized carotene were compared with the spectra of nonmodified β-carotene. Using SERS, normal Raman, and SEHRS spectra, all obtained for the resonant case, the interaction of the carotene molecules with silver nanoparticles, as well as the influence of the resonance enhancement and the SERS enhancement on the spectra, were investigated. The interaction with the silver surface occurs for both functionalized and nonfunctionalized β-carotene, but only the stronger functionalization-induced interaction enables the acquisition of nonresonant SERS spectra of β-carotene at low concentrations. The resonant SEHRS and SERS spectra are very similar. Nevertheless, the SEHRS spectra contain additional bands of infrared-active modes of carotene. Increased contributions from bands that experience low resonance enhancement point to a strong interaction between silver nanoparticles and electronic levels of the molecules, thereby giving rise to a decrease in the resonance enhancement in SERS and SEHRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Gühlke
- Department
of Chemistry, Humboldt University of Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Zsuzsanna Heiner
- Department
of Chemistry, Humboldt University of Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- School
of Analytical Sciences Adlershof SALSA, Humboldt University of Berlin, Albert-Einstein-Straße 5-9, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Janina Kneipp
- Department
of Chemistry, Humboldt University of Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- School
of Analytical Sciences Adlershof SALSA, Humboldt University of Berlin, Albert-Einstein-Straße 5-9, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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Törmä P, Barnes WL. Strong coupling between surface plasmon polaritons and emitters: a review. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2015; 78:013901. [PMID: 25536670 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/78/1/013901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 489] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In this review we look at the concepts and state-of-the-art concerning the strong coupling of surface plasmon-polariton modes to states associated with quantum emitters such as excitons in J-aggregates, dye molecules and quantum dots. We explore the phenomenon of strong coupling with reference to a number of examples involving electromagnetic fields and matter. We then provide a concise description of the relevant background physics of surface plasmon polaritons. An extensive overview of the historical background and a detailed discussion of more recent relevant experimental advances concerning strong coupling between surface plasmon polaritons and quantum emitters is then presented. Three conceptual frameworks are then discussed and compared in depth: classical, semi-classical and fully quantum mechanical; these theoretical frameworks will have relevance to strong coupling beyond that involving surface plasmon polaritons. We conclude our review with a perspective on the future of this rapidly emerging field, one we are sure will grow to encompass more intriguing physics and will develop in scope to be of relevance to other areas of science.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Törmä
- Department of Applied Physics, COMP Centre of Excellence, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
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Strong coupling between chlorosomes of photosynthetic bacteria and a confined optical cavity mode. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5561. [PMID: 25429787 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Strong exciton-photon coupling is the result of a reversible exchange of energy between an excited state and a confined optical field. This results in the formation of polariton states that have energies different from the exciton and photon. We demonstrate strong exciton-photon coupling between light-harvesting complexes and a confined optical mode within a metallic optical microcavity. The energetic anti-crossing between the exciton and photon dispersions characteristic of strong coupling is observed in reflectivity and transmission with a Rabi splitting energy on the order of 150 meV, which corresponds to about 1,000 chlorosomes coherently coupled to the cavity mode. We believe that the strong coupling regime presents an opportunity to modify the energy transfer pathways within photosynthetic organisms without modification of the molecular structure.
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