1
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Borgeaud Dit Avocat DP, Yang H, Nitsche A, Wenger J, Yoder BL, Signorell R. Out-of-focus spatial map imaging of magnetically deflected sodium ammonia clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:16972-16979. [PMID: 38842057 PMCID: PMC11186454 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00788c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
This paper introduces out-of-focus spatial map imaging (SMI) as a detection method for magnetic deflection of molecular/cluster beams, using Nam(NH3)n to illustrate its capabilities. This method enables imaging of the complete spatial distribution, simplifying measurements and allowing for cluster-size-resolved analysis by shifting away from traditional in-focus SMI conditions. Incorporating out-of-focus SMI with TOF-MS and velocity map imaging into a single setup allows for direct assessment of clusters' magnetic moments without needing to pre-select velocities. Key findings include a slower relaxation for Na(NH3)4 compared to Na(NH3)3 and Na(NH3)5, unexpectedly high deflection for larger clusters up to Na(NH3)9, hinting at changes in cluster dynamics as the first solvation shell closes. The study also covers the first measurements of Na2(NH3)1 and Na3(NH3)n, showing distinct deflection behaviors and underscoring the improved capabilities of the new detection method.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - H Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - A Nitsche
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - J Wenger
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - B L Yoder
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - R Signorell
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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2
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Hartweg S, Barnes J, Yoder BL, Garcia GA, Nahon L, Miliordos E, Signorell R. Solvated dielectrons from optical excitation: An effective source of low-energy electrons. Science 2023:eadh0184. [PMID: 37228229 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Low-energy electrons dissolved in liquid ammonia or aqueous media are powerful reducing agents that promote challenging reduction reactions, but can also cause radiation damage to biological tissue. Knowledge of the underlying mechanistic processes remains incomplete, in particular with respect to the details and energetics of the electron transfer steps. Here, we show how ultraviolet (UV) photoexcitation of metal-ammonia clusters could be used to generate tunable low-energy electrons in situ. Specifically, we identified UV light-induced generation of spin-paired solvated dielectrons and their subsequent relaxation by an unconventional electron-transfer-mediated decay as an efficient low-energy electron source. The process is robust and straightforward to induce, with the prospect of improving our understanding of radiation damage and fostering mechanistic studies of solvated electron reduction reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Hartweg
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Départementale 128, 91190 St Aubin, France
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3a, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan Barnes
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bruce L Yoder
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gustavo A Garcia
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Départementale 128, 91190 St Aubin, France
| | - Laurent Nahon
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Départementale 128, 91190 St Aubin, France
| | - Evangelos Miliordos
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, 179 Chemistry Building, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Ruth Signorell
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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3
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Signorell R, Winter B. Photoionization of the aqueous phase: clusters, droplets and liquid jets. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:13438-13460. [PMID: 35510623 PMCID: PMC9176186 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00164k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
This perspective article reviews specific challenges associated with photoemission spectroscopy of bulk liquid water, aqueous solutions, water droplets and water clusters. The main focus lies on retrieving accurate energetics and photoelectron angular information from measured photoemission spectra, and on the question how these quantities differ in different aqueous environments. Measured photoelectron band shapes, vertical binding energies (ionization energies), and photoelectron angular distributions are influenced by various phenomena. We discuss the influences of multiple energy-dependent electron scattering in aqueous environments, and we discuss different energy referencing methods, including the application of a bias voltage to access absolute energetics of solvent and solute. Recommendations how to account for or minimize the influence of electron scattering are provided. The example of the hydrated electron in different aqueous environments illustrates how one can account for electron scattering, while reliable methods addressing parasitic potentials and proper energy referencing are demonstrated for ionization from the outermost valence orbital of neat liquid water. This perspective article reviews specific challenges associated with photoemission spectroscopy of bulk liquid water, aqueous solutions, water droplets and water clusters.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Signorell
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Bernd Winter
- Molecular Physics Department, Fritz-Haber-Institute der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14196 Berlin, Germany.
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4
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Ban L, West CW, Chasovskikh E, Gartmann TE, Yoder BL, Signorell R. Below Band Gap Formation of Solvated Electrons in Neutral Water Clusters? J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:7959-7965. [PMID: 32878434 PMCID: PMC7536715 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c06935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Below band gap formation of solvated electrons in neutral water clusters using pump-probe photoelectron imaging is compared with recent data for liquid water and with above band gap excitation studies in liquid and clusters. Similar relaxation times on the order of 200 fs and 1-2 ps are retrieved for below and above band gap excitation, in both clusters and liquid. The independence of the relaxation times from the generation process indicates that these times are dominated by the solvent response, which is significantly slower than the various solvated electron formation processes. The analysis of the temporal evolution of the vertical electron binding energy and the electron binding energy at half-maximum suggests a dependence of the solvation time on the binding energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loren Ban
- ETH Zurich, Department of Chemistry
and Applied Biosciences, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christopher W. West
- ETH Zurich, Department of Chemistry
and Applied Biosciences, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Egor Chasovskikh
- ETH Zurich, Department of Chemistry
and Applied Biosciences, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas E. Gartmann
- ETH Zurich, Department of Chemistry
and Applied Biosciences, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bruce L. Yoder
- ETH Zurich, Department of Chemistry
and Applied Biosciences, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ruth Signorell
- ETH Zurich, Department of Chemistry
and Applied Biosciences, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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5
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Trabattoni A, Colaizzi L, Ban L, Wanie V, Saraswathula K, Månsson EP, Rupp P, Liu Q, Seiffert L, Herzig EA, Cartella A, Yoder BL, Légaré F, Kling MF, Fennel T, Signorell R, Calegari F. Photoelectron spectroscopy of large water clusters ionized by an XUV comb. JPHYS PHOTONICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1088/2515-7647/ab92b1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Detailed knowledge about photo-induced electron dynamics in water is key to the understanding of several biological and chemical mechanisms, in particular for those resulting from ionizing radiation. Here we report a method to obtain photoelectron spectra from neutral water clusters following ionization by an extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) attosecond pulse train, representing a first step towards a time-resolved analysis. Typically, a large background signal in the experiment arises from water monomers and carrier gas used in the cluster source. We report a protocol to quantify this background in order to eliminate it from the experimental spectra. We disentangle the accumulated XUV photoionization signal into contributions from the background species and the photoelectron spectra from the clusters. This proof-of-principle study demonstrates feasibility of background free photoelectron spectra of neutral water clusters ionized by XUV combs and paves the way for the detailed time-resolved analysis of the underlying dynamics.
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6
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Signorell R. Electron Scattering in Liquid Water and Amorphous Ice: A Striking Resemblance. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:205501. [PMID: 32501058 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.205501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The lack of accurate low-energy electron scattering cross sections for liquid water is a substantial source of uncertainty in the modeling of radiation chemistry and biology. The use of existing amorphous ice scattering cross sections for the lack of liquid data has been discussed controversially for decades. Here, we compare experimental photoemission data of liquid water with corresponding predictions using amorphous ice cross sections, with the aim of resolving the debate regarding the difference of electron scattering in liquid water and amorphous ice. We find very similar scattering properties in the liquid and the ice for electron kinetic energies up to a few hundred electron volts. The scattering cross sections recommended here for liquid water are an extension of the amorphous ice cross sections. Within the framework of currently available experimental data, our work answers one of the most debated questions regarding electron scattering in liquid water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Signorell
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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7
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Abstract
Intriguing properties of photoemission from free, unsupported particles and droplets were predicted nearly 50 years ago, though experiments were a technical challenge. The last few decades have seen a surge of research in the field, due to advances in aerosol technology (generation, characterization, and transfer into vacuum), the development of photoelectron imaging spectrometers, and advances in vacuum ultraviolet and ultrafast light sources. Particles and droplets offer several advantages for photoemission studies. For example, photoemission spectra are dependent on the particle's size, shape, and composition, providing a wealth of information that allows for the retrieval of genuine electronic properties of condensed phase. In this review, with a focus on submicrometer-sized, dielectric particles and droplets, we explain the utility of photoemission from such systems, summarize several applications from the literature, and present some thoughts on future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loren Ban
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - Bruce L Yoder
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - Ruth Signorell
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland;
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8
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Saak CM, Richter C, Unger I, Mucke M, Nicolas C, Hergenhahn U, Caleman C, Huttula M, Patanen M, Björneholm O. Proton dynamics in molecular solvent clusters as an indicator for hydrogen bond network strength in confined geometries. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:3264-3272. [PMID: 31998901 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06661f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen bonding leads to the formation of strong, extended intermolecular networks in molecular liquids such as water. However, it is less well-known how robust the network is to environments in which surface formation or confinement effects become prominent, such as in clusters or droplets. Such systems provide a useful way to probe the robustness of the network, since the degree of confinement can be tuned by altering the cluster size, changing both the surface-to-volume ratio and the radius of curvature. To explore the formation of hydrogen bond networks in confined geometries, here we present O 1s Auger spectra of small and large clusters of water, methanol, and dimethyl ether, as well as their deuterated equivalents. The Auger spectra of the clusters and the corresponding macroscopic liquids are compared and evaluated for an isotope effect, which is due to proton dynamics within the lifetime of the core hole (proton-transfer-mediated charge-separation, PTM-CS), and can be linked to the formation of a hydrogen bond network in the system. An isotope effect is observed in water and methanol but not for dimethyl ether, which cannot donate a hydrogen bond at its oxygen site. The isotope effect, and therefore the strength of the hydrogen bond network, is more pronounced in water than in methanol. Its value depends on the average size of the cluster, indicating that confinement effects change proton dynamics in the core ionised excited state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara-Magdalena Saak
- Department for Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Clemens Richter
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Isaak Unger
- Department for Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Melanie Mucke
- Department for Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Christophe Nicolas
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48, Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex, 91192, France
| | - Uwe Hergenhahn
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany and Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carl Caleman
- Department for Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden. and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marko Huttula
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, P. O. Box 3000, 90014, Finland
| | - Minna Patanen
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, P. O. Box 3000, 90014, Finland
| | - Olle Björneholm
- Department for Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden.
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9
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Ban L, Gartmann TE, Yoder BL, Signorell R. Low-Energy Electron Escape from Liquid Interfaces: Charge and Quantum Effects. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:013402. [PMID: 31976689 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.013402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The high surface sensitivity and controlled surface charge state of submicron sized droplets is exploited to study low-energy electron transport through liquid interfaces using photoelectron imaging. Already a few charges on a droplet are found to modify the photoelectron images significantly. For narrow escape barriers, the comparison with an electron scattering model reveals pronounced quantum effects in the form of above-barrier reflections at electron kinetic energies below about 1 eV. The observed susceptibility to the characteristics of the electron escape barrier might provide access to these properties for liquid interfaces, which are generally difficult to investigate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loren Ban
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas E Gartmann
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bruce L Yoder
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - R Signorell
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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10
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Majer K, Signorell R, Heringa MF, Goldmann M, Hemberger P, Bodi A. Valence Photoionization of Thymine: Ionization Energies, Vibrational Structure, and Fragmentation Pathways from the Slow to the Ultrafast. Chemistry 2019; 25:14192-14204. [PMID: 31469456 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The photoionization of thymine has been studied by using vacuum ultraviolet radiation and imaging photoelectron photoion coincidence spectroscopy after aerosol flash vaporization and bulk evaporation. The two evaporation techniques have been evaluated by comparison of the photoelectron spectra and breakdown diagrams. The adiabatic ionization energies for the first four electronic states were determined to be 8.922±0.008, 9.851±0.008, 10.30±0.02, and 10.82±0.01 eV. Vibrational features have been assigned for the first three electronic states with the help of Franck-Condon factor calculations based on density functional theory and wave function theory vibrational analysis within the harmonic approximation. The breakdown diagram of thymine, as supported by composite method ab initio calculations, suggests that the main fragment ions are formed in sequential HNCO-, CO-, and H-loss dissociation steps from the thymine parent ion, with the first step corresponding to a retro-Diels-Alder reaction. The dissociation rate constants were extracted from the photoion time-of-flight distributions and used together with the breakdown curves to construct a statistical model to determine 0 K appearance energies of 11.15±0.16 and 11.95±0.09 eV for the m/z 83 and 55 fragment ions, respectively. These results have allowed us to revise previously proposed fragmentation mechanisms and to propose a model for the final, nonstatistical H-loss step in the breakdown diagram, yielding the m/z 54 fragment ion at an appearance energy of 13.24 eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Majer
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ruth Signorell
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Maarten F Heringa
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland.,Present address: Givaudan Schweiz AG, 8310, Kemptthal, Switzerland
| | - Maximilian Goldmann
- Gymnasium Lerbermatt, 3098, Köniz, Switzerland.,Hochschule Luzern - Technik & Architektur, 6048, Horw, Switzerland
| | | | - Andras Bodi
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
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11
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Gartmann T, Ban L, Yoder BL, Hartweg S, Chasovskikh E, Signorell R. Relaxation Dynamics and Genuine Properties of the Solvated Electron in Neutral Water Clusters. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:4777-4782. [PMID: 31382737 PMCID: PMC6734797 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b01802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the solvation dynamics and the genuine binding energy and photoemission anisotropy of the solvated electron in neutral water clusters with a combination of time-resolved photoelectron velocity map imaging and electron scattering simulations. The dynamics was probed with a UV probe pulse following above-band-gap excitation by an EUV pump pulse. The solvation dynamics is completed within about 2 ps. Only a single band is observed in the spectra, with no indication for isomers with distinct binding energies. Data analysis with an electron scattering model reveals a genuine binding energy in the range of 3.55-3.85 eV and a genuine anisotropy parameter in the range of 0.51-0.66 for the ground-state hydrated electron. All of these observations coincide with those for liquid bulk, which is rather unexpected for an average cluster size of 300 molecules.
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12
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Barnes JV, Yoder BL, Signorell R. Magic Numbers for the Photoelectron Anisotropy in Li-Doped Dimethyl Ether Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:2379-2386. [PMID: 30811202 PMCID: PMC6441944 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Photoelectron velocity
map imaging of Li(CH3OCH3)n clusters (1 ≤ n ≤ 175) is used
to search for magic numbers related
to the photoelectron anisotropy. Comparison with density functional
calculations reveals magic numbers at n = 4, 5, and
6, resulting from the symmetric charge distribution with high s-character
of the highest occupied molecular orbital. Since each of these three
cluster sizes correspond to the completion of a first coordination
shell, they can be considered as “isomeric motifs of the first
coordination shell”. Differences in the photoelectron anisotropy,
the vertical ionization energies and the enthalpies of vaporization
between Li(CH3OCH3)n and Na(CH3OCH3)n can be rationalized in terms of differences in their solvation shells,
atomic ionization energies, polarizabilities, metal–oxygen
bonds, ligand–ligand interactions and by cooperative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan V Barnes
- ETH Zürich , Laboratory of Physical Chemistry , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2 , CH-8093 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Bruce L Yoder
- ETH Zürich , Laboratory of Physical Chemistry , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2 , CH-8093 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Ruth Signorell
- ETH Zürich , Laboratory of Physical Chemistry , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2 , CH-8093 Zürich , Switzerland
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13
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Gartmann TE, Hartweg S, Ban L, Chasovskikh E, Yoder BL, Signorell R. Electron scattering in large water clusters from photoelectron imaging with high harmonic radiation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:16364-16371. [PMID: 29872831 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp02148a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Low-energy electron scattering in water clusters (H2O)n with average cluster sizes of n < 700 is investigated by angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy using high harmonic radiation at photon energies of 14.0, 20.3, and 26.5 eV for ionization from the three outermost valence orbitals. The measurements probe the evolution of the photoelectron anisotropy parameter β as a function of cluster size. A remarkably steep decrease of β with increasing cluster size is observed, which for the largest clusters reaches liquid bulk values. Detailed electron scattering calculations reveal that neither gas nor condensed phase scattering can explain the cluster data. Qualitative agreement between experiment and simulations is obtained with scattering calculations that treat cluster scattering as an intermediate case between gas and condensed phase scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Gartmann
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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14
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Heringa MF, Slowik JG, Goldmann M, Signorell R, Hemberger P, Bodi A. The Distant Double Bond Determines the Fate of the Carboxylic Group in the Dissociative Photoionization of Oleic Acid. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:3595-3604. [PMID: 28987011 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201700983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The valence threshold photoionization of oleic acid has been studied using synchrotron VUV radiation and imaging photoelectron photoion coincidence (iPEPICO) spectroscopy. An oleic acid aerosol beam was impacted on a copper thermodesorber, heated to 130 °C, to evaporate the particles quantitatively. Upon threshold photoionization, oleic acid produces the intact parent ion first, followed by dehydration at higher energies. Starting at ca. 10 eV, a large number of fragment ions slowly rise suggesting several fragmentation coordinates with quasi-degenerate activation energies. However, water loss is the dominant low-energy dissociation channel, and it is shown to be closely related to the unsaturated carbon chain. In the lowest-barrier process, one of the four allylic hydrogen atoms is transferred to the carboxyl group to form the leaving water molecule and a cyclic ketone fragment ion. A statistical model to analyze the breakdown diagram and measured rate constants yields a 0 K appearance energy of 9.77 eV, which can be compared with the density functional theory result of 9.19 eV. Alternative H-transfer steps yielding a terminal C=O group are ruled out based on energetics and kinetics arguments. Some of the previous photoionization mass spectrometric studies also reported 2 amu and 26 amu loss fragment ions, corresponding to hydrogen and acetylene loss. We could not identify such peaks in the mass spectrum of oleic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten F Heringa
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland.,Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Jay G Slowik
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Maximilian Goldmann
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ruth Signorell
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Hemberger
- Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Andras Bodi
- Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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15
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Lifetimes and energetics of the first electronically excited states of NaH2O from time-resolved photoelectron imaging. Chem Phys Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2017.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Amanatidis S, Yoder BL, Signorell R. Low-energy photoelectron transmission through aerosol overlayers. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:224204. [PMID: 29166077 PMCID: PMC5469680 DOI: 10.1063/1.4983995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmission of low-energy (<1.8 eV) photoelectrons through the shell of core-shell aerosol particles is studied for liquid squalane, squalene, and di-ethyl-hexyl-sebacate shells. The photoelectrons are exclusively formed in the core of the particles by two-photon ionization. The total photoelectron yield recorded as a function of shell thicknesses (1-80 nm) shows a bi-exponential attenuation. For all substances, the damping parameter for shell thicknesses below 15 nm lies around 8 to 9 nm and is tentatively assigned to the electron attenuation length at electron kinetic energies of ≲1 eV. The significantly larger damping parameters for thick shells (>20 nm) are presumably a consequence of distorted core-shell structures. A first comparison of aerosol and traditional thin film overlayer methods is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros Amanatidis
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bruce L Yoder
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ruth Signorell
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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17
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Lin PC, Wu ZH, Chen MS, Li YL, Chen WR, Huang TP, Lee YY, Wang CC. Interfacial Solvation and Surface pH of Phenol and Dihydroxybenzene Aqueous Nanoaerosols Unveiled by Aerosol VUV Photoelectron Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:1054-1067. [PMID: 28055205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b10201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although the significance of aqueous interfaces has been recognized in numerous important fields, it can be even more prominent for nanoscaled aqueous aerosols because of their large surface-to-volume ratios and prevalent existence in nature. Also, considering that organic species are often mixed with aqueous aerosols in nature, a fundamental understanding of the electronic and structural properties of organic species in aqueous nanoaerosols is essential to learn the interplay between water and organic solutes under the nanoscaled size regime. Here, we report for the first time the vacuum ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy of phenol and three dihydroxybenzene (DHB) isomers including catechol, resorcinol, and hydroquinone in the aqueous nanoaerosol form. By evaluating two photoelectron features of the lowest vertical ionization energies originated from the b1(π) and a2(π) orbitals for phenolic aqueous nanoaerosols, their interfacial solvation characteristics are unraveled. Phenolic species appear to reside primarily on/near the aqueous nanoaerosol interface, where they appear only partially hydrated on the aqueous interface with the hydrophilic hydroxyl group more solvated in water. An appreciable proportion of phenol is found to coexist with phenolate at/near the nanoaerosol interface even under a high bulk pH of 12.0, indicating that the nanoaerosol interface exhibits a composition distribution and pH drastically different from those of the bulk. The surface pH of phenol-containing aqueous nanoaerosols is found to be ∼2.2 ± 0.1 units more acidic than that of the bulk interior, as measured at the bulk pH of 12.0. From the photoelectron spectra of DHB aqueous nanoaerosols, the effects of numbers/arrangements of -OH groups are assessed. This study shows that the hydration extents, pH values, deprotonation status, and numbers/relative arrangements of -OH groups are crucial factors affecting the ionization energies of phenolic aqueous nanoaerosols and thus their redox-based activities. The multifaceted implications of the present study in the aerosol science, atmospheric/marine chemistry, and biological science are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Tzu-Ping Huang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center , Hsinchu, Taiwan 30076, ROC
| | - Yin-Yu Lee
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center , Hsinchu, Taiwan 30076, ROC
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18
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Ferreiro JJ, Chakrabarty S, Schläppi B, Signorell R. Observation of propane cluster size distributions during nucleation and growth in a Laval expansion. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:211907. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4960050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge J. Ferreiro
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Satrajit Chakrabarty
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Schläppi
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ruth Signorell
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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19
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Chang PC, Yu Y, Wu ZH, Lin PC, Chen WR, Su CC, Chen MS, Li YL, Huang TP, Lee YY, Wang CC. Molecular Basis of the Antioxidant Capability of Glutathione Unraveled via Aerosol VUV Photoelectron Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:10181-10191. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b04631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tzu-Ping Huang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30076, ROC
| | - Yin-Yu Lee
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30076, ROC
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20
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Hartweg S, West AHC, Yoder BL, Signorell R. Metal Transition in Sodium-Ammonia Nanodroplets. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:12347-50. [PMID: 27571535 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201604282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The famous nonmetal-to-metal transition in Na-ammonia solutions is investigated in nanoscale solution droplets by photoelectron spectroscopy. In agreement with the bulk solutions, a strong indication for a transition to the metallic state is found at an average metal concentration of 8.8±2.2 mole%. The smallest entity for the phase transition to be observed consists of approximately 100-200 solvent molecules. The quantification of this critical entity size is a stepping stone toward a deeper understanding of these quantum-classical solutions through direct modeling at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Hartweg
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Adam H C West
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bruce L Yoder
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ruth Signorell
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.
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21
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Hartweg S, West AHC, Yoder BL, Signorell R. Metal Transition in Sodium-Ammonia Nanodroplets. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201604282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Hartweg
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry; Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Adam H. C. West
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry; Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Bruce L. Yoder
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry; Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Ruth Signorell
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry; Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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22
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Nanofocusing, shadowing, and electron mean free path in the photoemission from aerosol droplets. Chem Phys Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2016.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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West AHC, Yoder BL, Luckhaus D, Signorell R. Solvated Electrons in Clusters: Magic Numbers for the Photoelectron Anisotropy. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:12376-82. [PMID: 26355269 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b07629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam H. C. West
- ETH Zürich, Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bruce L. Yoder
- ETH Zürich, Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - David Luckhaus
- ETH Zürich, Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ruth Signorell
- ETH Zürich, Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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24
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Goldmann M, Miguel-Sánchez J, West AHC, Yoder BL, Signorell R. Electron mean free path from angle-dependent photoelectron spectroscopy of aerosol particles. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:224304. [PMID: 26071707 DOI: 10.1063/1.4922307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Goldmann
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Javier Miguel-Sánchez
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Adam H. C. West
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bruce L. Yoder
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ruth Signorell
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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25
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West AHC, Yoder BL, Luckhaus D, Saak CM, Doppelbauer M, Signorell R. Angle-Resolved Photoemission of Solvated Electrons in Sodium-Doped Clusters. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:1487-1492. [PMID: 26263156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy of the unpaired electron in sodium-doped water, methanol, ammonia, and dimethyl ether clusters is presented. The experimental observations and the complementary calculations are consistent with surface electrons for the cluster size range studied. Evidence against internally solvated electrons is provided by the photoelectron angular distribution. The trends in the ionization energies seem to be mainly determined by the degree of hydrogen bonding in the solvent and the solvation of the ion core. The onset ionization energies of water and methanol clusters do not level off at small cluster sizes but decrease slightly with increasing cluster size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam H C West
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bruce L Yoder
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - David Luckhaus
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Clara-Magdalena Saak
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Maximilian Doppelbauer
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ruth Signorell
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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26
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Yoder BL, Bravaya KB, Bodi A, West AHC, Sztáray B, Signorell R. Barrierless proton transfer across weak CH⋯O hydrogen bonds in dimethyl ether dimer. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:114303. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4914456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce L. Yoder
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Ksenia B. Bravaya
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215-2521, USA
| | - Andras Bodi
- Molecular Dynamics Group, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Adam H. C. West
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Bálint Sztáray
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California 95211, USA
| | - Ruth Signorell
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
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27
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Schläppi B, Litman JH, Ferreiro JJ, Stapfer D, Signorell R. A pulsed uniform Laval expansion coupled with single photon ionization and mass spectrometric detection for the study of large molecular aggregates. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:25761-71. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp00061k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The combination of Laval expansions with single photon VUV ionization and linear time of flight mass spectrometry allows one to study weakly-bound molecular aggregates under equilibrium conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Schläppi
- ETH Zürich
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry
- Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2
- Zürich
- Switzerland
| | - Jessica H. Litman
- ETH Zürich
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry
- Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2
- Zürich
- Switzerland
| | - Jorge J. Ferreiro
- ETH Zürich
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry
- Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2
- Zürich
- Switzerland
| | - David Stapfer
- ETH Zürich
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry
- Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2
- Zürich
- Switzerland
| | - Ruth Signorell
- ETH Zürich
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry
- Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2
- Zürich
- Switzerland
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28
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Signorell R, Yoder BL, West AHC, Ferreiro JJ, Saak CM. Angle-resolved valence shell photoelectron spectroscopy of neutral nanosized molecular aggregates. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc53423e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy opens a new avenue to probe the orbital character of solutes and solvents from the nanoscale to the bulk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Signorell
- ETH Zürich
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry
- Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bruce L. Yoder
- ETH Zürich
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry
- Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Adam H. C. West
- ETH Zürich
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry
- Zürich, Switzerland
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29
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Tentscher PR, Arey JS. On the Nature of Interactions of Radicals with Polar Molecules. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:12560-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp407041e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter R. Tentscher
- Environmental
Chemistry Modeling Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne
, 1015
Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J. Samuel Arey
- Environmental
Chemistry Modeling Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne
, 1015
Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department
of Environmental Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology
, 8600
Dübendorf, Switzerland
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30
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Bodi A. Internal energy selection in vacuum ultraviolet photoionization of ethanol and ethanol dimers. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:144306. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4824135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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31
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West AHC, Yoder BL, Signorell R. Size-Dependent Velocity Map Photoelectron Imaging of Nanosized Ammonia Aerosol Particles. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:13326-35. [PMID: 23919276 DOI: 10.1021/jp406313a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam H. C. West
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zürich,
Switzerland
| | - Bruce L. Yoder
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zürich,
Switzerland
| | - Ruth Signorell
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zürich,
Switzerland
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