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Barbot A, Power M, Seichepine F, Yang GZ. Liquid seal for compact micropiston actuation at the capillary tip. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaba5660. [PMID: 32518828 PMCID: PMC7253165 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba5660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Actuators at the tip of a submillimetric catheter could facilitate in vivo interventional procedures at cellular scales by enabling tissue biopsy and manipulation or supporting active micro-optics. However, the dominance of frictional forces at this scale makes classical mechanism problematic. Here, we report the design of a microscale piston, with a maximum dimension of 150 μm, fabricated with two-photon lithography onto the tip of 140-μm-diameter capillaries. An oil drop method is used to create a seal between the piston and the cylinder that prevents any leakage below 185-mbar pressure difference while providing lubricated friction between moving parts. This piston generates forces that increase linearly with pressure up to 130 μN without breaking the liquid seal. The practical value of the design is demonstrated with its integration with a microgripper that can grasp, move, and release 50-μm microspheres. Such a mechanism opens the way to micrometer-size catheter actuation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maura Power
- Hamlyn Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Guang-Zhong Yang
- Institute of Medical Robotics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Fong KY, Jin D, Poot M, Bruch A, Tang HX. Phonon Coupling between a Nanomechanical Resonator and a Quantum Fluid. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:3716-3722. [PMID: 31038975 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b00821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Owing to their extraordinary sensitivity to external forces, nanomechanical systems have become an important tool for studying mesoscopic physics and realizing hybrid quantum systems. While nanomechanics has been widely applied in solid-state systems, its use in liquid receives less attention. There it finds unique applications such as biosensing, rheological sensing, and studying both classical and quantum fluid dynamics in unexplored regimes. In this work, we demonstrate efficient coupling of a nano-optomechanical resonator to a bosonic quantum fluid, superfluid 4He, through ultrahigh-frequency phonons (i.e., sound waves) approaching gigahertz frequencies. A high phonon exchange efficiency >92% and minimum excitation rate of 0.25 phonons per oscillations period, or equivalently kB T/ hfm Qm = 0.044 ≪ 1, are achieved. Based on our experimental results, we further predict that strong coupling between a nanomechanical resonator and superfluid cavity phonons with cooperativity up to 880 can be achieved. Our study opens new opportunities in controlling and manipulating superfluid at the nanoscale and low-excitation level.
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Affiliation(s)
- King Yan Fong
- Department of Electrical Engineering , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06511 , United States
| | - Dafei Jin
- Center for Nanoscale Materials , Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , Illinois 60439 , United States
| | - Menno Poot
- Department of Electrical Engineering , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06511 , United States
- Physik-Department , Technische Universitat Munchen , 85747 Garching , Germany
| | - Alexander Bruch
- Department of Electrical Engineering , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06511 , United States
| | - Hong X Tang
- Department of Electrical Engineering , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06511 , United States
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Gonzalez M, Lee Y. A Study on Parametric Amplification in a Piezoelectric MEMS Device. MICROMACHINES 2018; 10:mi10010019. [PMID: 30597955 PMCID: PMC6356750 DOI: 10.3390/mi10010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In various applications, damping from the surrounding fluid severely degrades the performance of micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS). In this paper, mechanical amplification through parametric resonance was investigated in a piezoelectrically actuated MEMS to overcome the effects of damping. The device was fabricated using the PiezoMUMPS process, which is based on a Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) process with an additional aluminum nitride (AlN) layer. Here, a double-clamped cantilever beam with a concentrated mass at the center was excited at its first resonance mode (out-of-plane motion) in air and at atmospheric conditions. A parametric signal modulating the stiffness of the beam was added at twice the frequency of the excitation signal, which was swept through the resonance frequency of the mode. The displacement at the center of the device was detected optically. A four-fold increase in the quality-factor, Q, of the resonator was obtained at the highest values in amplitude used for the parametric excitation. The spring modulation constant was obtained from the effective quality-factor, Q e f f , versus parametric excitation voltage curve. This study demonstrates that through these methods, significant improvements in performance of MEMS in fluids can be obtained, even for devices fabricated using standard commercial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Gonzalez
- Aramco Research Center⁻Houston, Aramco Services Company, Houston, TX 77084, USA.
| | - Yoonseok Lee
- Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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Vorontsov AB. Andreev bound states in superconducting films and confined superfluid 3He. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2018; 376:rsta.2015.0144. [PMID: 29941623 PMCID: PMC6030148 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2015.0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews confinement-driven phase transitions in superconductors and Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer superfluids, and the appearance in thin films of new phases that break the time-reversal or translational symmetry. The origins of the new phases are closely tied to the Andreev scattering processes involving particle-hole conversions that create surface quasiparticle states with energies inside the superconducting gap. Restructuring of the low-energy spectrum in the surface region of several coherence lengths ξ0 results in large spatial variations of the superconducting order parameter. In confined geometry, such as slabs, films, pores or nano-dots, with one or more physical dimensions D∼10ξ0, the Andreev bound states can dominate properties of a superconductor, leading to modified experimental signatures. They can significantly change the energy landscape, and drive transitions into new superconducting phases. The new phases are expected in a variety of materials, from singlet d-wave superconductors to multi-component triplet superfluid 3He, but properties of the new phases will depend on the symmetry of the parent state. I will highlight the connection between the Andreev surface states and confinement-stabilized phases with additional broken symmetries, describe recent progress and open questions in the theoretical and experimental investigation of superfluids in confined geometry.This article is part of the theme issue 'Andreev bound states'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton B Vorontsov
- Department of Physics, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
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Bradley DI, George R, Guénault AM, Haley RP, Kafanov S, Noble MT, Pashkin YA, Pickett GR, Poole M, Prance JR, Sarsby M, Schanen R, Tsepelin V, Wilcox T, Zmeev DE. Operating Nanobeams in a Quantum Fluid. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4876. [PMID: 28687797 PMCID: PMC5501785 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04842-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microelectromechanical (MEMS) and nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) are ideal candidates for exploring quantum fluids, since they can be manufactured reproducibly, cover the frequency range from hundreds of kilohertz up to gigahertz and usually have very low power dissipation. Their small size offers the possibility of probing the superfluid on scales comparable to, and below, the coherence length. That said, there have been hitherto no successful measurements of NEMS resonators in the liquid phases of helium. Here we report the operation of doubly-clamped aluminium nanobeams in superfluid 4He at temperatures spanning the superfluid transition. The devices are shown to be very sensitive detectors of the superfluid density and the normal fluid damping. However, a further and very important outcome of this work is the knowledge that now we have demonstrated that these devices can be successfully operated in superfluid 4He, it is straightforward to apply them in superfluid 3He which can be routinely cooled to below 100 μK. This brings us into the regime where nanomechanical devices operating at a few MHz frequencies may enter their mechanical quantum ground state.
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Affiliation(s)
- D I Bradley
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
| | - R George
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
| | - A M Guénault
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
| | - R P Haley
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
| | - S Kafanov
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, United Kingdom.
| | - M T Noble
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
| | - Yu A Pashkin
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
| | - G R Pickett
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
| | - M Poole
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
| | - J R Prance
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
| | - M Sarsby
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
| | - R Schanen
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
| | - V Tsepelin
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, United Kingdom.
| | - T Wilcox
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
| | - D E Zmeev
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
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Zheng P, Jiang WG, Barquist CS, Lee Y, Chan HB. Critical Velocity in the Presence of Surface Bound States in Superfluid ^{3}He-B. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:065301. [PMID: 28234542 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.065301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A microelectromechanical oscillator with a gap of 1.25 μm was immersed in superfluid ^{3}He-B and cooled below 250 μK at various pressures. Mechanical resonances of its shear motion were measured at various levels of driving force. The oscillator enters into a nonlinear regime above a certain threshold velocity. The damping increases rapidly in the nonlinear region and eventually prevents the velocity of the oscillator from increasing beyond the critical velocity which is much lower than the Landau critical velocity. We propose that this peculiar nonlinear behavior stems from the escape of quasiparticles from the surface bound states into the bulk fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zheng
- Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-8440, USA
| | - W G Jiang
- Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-8440, USA
| | - C S Barquist
- Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-8440, USA
| | - Y Lee
- Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-8440, USA
| | - H B Chan
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Zheng P, Jiang WG, Barquist CS, Lee Y, Chan HB. Anomalous Damping of a Microelectromechanical Oscillator in Superfluid ^{3}He-B. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:195301. [PMID: 27858447 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.195301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical resonance properties of a microelectromechanical oscillator with a gap of 1.25 μm was studied in superfluid ^{3}He-B at various pressures. The oscillator was driven in the linear damping regime where the damping coefficient is independent of the oscillator velocity. The quality factor of the oscillator remains low (Q≈80) down to 0.1T_{c}, 4 orders of magnitude less than the intrinsic quality factor measured in vacuum at 4 K. In addition to the Boltzmann temperature dependent contribution to the damping, a damping proportional to temperature was found to dominate at low temperatures. We propose a multiple scattering mechanism of the surface Andreev bound states to be a possible cause for the anomalous damping.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zheng
- Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-8440, USA
| | - W G Jiang
- Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-8440, USA
| | - C S Barquist
- Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-8440, USA
| | - Y Lee
- Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-8440, USA
| | - H B Chan
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Armata F, Passante R. Vacuum energy densities of a field in a cavity with a mobile boundary. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.91.025012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Butera S, Passante R. Field fluctuations in a one-dimensional cavity with a mobile wall. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:060403. [PMID: 23971541 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.060403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We consider a scalar field in a one-dimensional cavity with a mobile wall. The wall is assumed bounded by a harmonic potential and its mechanical degrees of freedom are treated quantum mechanically. The possible motion of the wall makes the cavity length variable, and yields a wall-field interaction and an effective interaction among the modes of the cavity. We consider the ground state of the coupled system and calculate the average number of virtual excitations of the cavity modes induced by the wall-field interaction, as well as the average value of the field energy density. We compare our results with analogous quantities for a cavity with fixed walls, and show a correction to the Casimir potential energy between the cavity walls. We also find a change of the field energy density in the cavity, particularly relevant in the proximity of the mobile wall, yielding a correction to the Casimir-Polder interaction with a polarizable body placed inside the cavity. Similarities and differences of our results with the dynamical Casimir effect are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Butera
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli Studi di Palermo and CNISM, Via Archirafi 36, I-90123 Palermo, Italy
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