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Merriles DM, Barrera-Casas Y, Knapp AS, Morse MD. Adiabatic ionization energies of RuC, RhC, OsC, IrC, and PtC. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:084303. [PMID: 38391018 DOI: 10.1063/5.0194848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The ionization energies (IEs) of RuC, RhC, OsC, IrC, and PtC are assigned by the measurement of their two-photon ionization thresholds. Although late transition metal-carbon bonds are of major importance in organometallic chemistry and catalysis, accurate and precise fundamental thermochemical data on these chemical bonds are mainly lacking in the literature. Based on their two-photon ionization thresholds, in this work, we assign IE(RuC) = 7.439(40) eV, IE(RhC) = 7.458(32) eV, IE(OsC) = 8.647(25) eV, IE(IrC) = 8.933(74) eV, and IE(PtC) = 9.397(32) eV. These experimentally derived IEs are further confirmed through quantum chemical calculations using coupled-cluster single double perturbative triple methods that are extrapolated to the complete basis set limit using a three-parameter mixed Gaussian/exponential extrapolation scheme and corrected for spin-orbit effects using a semiempirical method. The electronic structure and chemical bonding of these MC species are discussed in the context of these ionization energy measurements. The IEs of RuC, RhC, OsC, and IrC closely mirror the IEs of the corresponding transition metal atoms, suggesting that for these species, the (n + 1)s electrons of the transition metals are not significantly involved in chemical bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dakota M Merriles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | | | - Annie S Knapp
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Michael D Morse
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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Lam CS, Lau KC, Ng CY. High-Level Ab Initio Predictions for the Ionization Energy, Bond Dissociation Energies, and Heats of Formation of Vanadium Methylidyne Radical and Its Cation (VCH/VCH +). J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:7454-7462. [PMID: 31414807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b05493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ionization energy (IE) of VCH, the 0 K V-CH/VC-H bond dissociation energies (D0s), and the heats of formation at 0 K (ΔHf0°) and 298 K (ΔHf298°) for VCH/VCH+ are predicted by the wave function-based CCSDTQ/CBS approach. This composite-coupled cluster method includes full quadruple excitations in conjunction with the approximation to the complete basis set (CBS) limit. The contributions of zero-point vibrational energy, core-valence (CV) correlation, spin-orbit coupling, and scalar relativistic corrections are taken into account. The present calculations show that adiabatic IE(VCH) = 6.785 eV and demonstrate excellent agreement with an IE value of 6.774 7 ± 0.000 1 eV measured with two-color laser-pulsed field ionization-photoelectron spectroscopy. The CCSDT and MRCI+Q methods which include CV correlations give the best predictions of harmonic frequencies: ω2 (ω2+) (bending) = 534 (650) and 564 (641) cm-1 and the V-CH stretching ω3 (ω3+) = 835 (827) and 856 (857) cm-1 compared with the experimental values. In this work, we offer a streamlined CCSDTQ/CBS approach which shows an error limit (≤20 meV) matching with previous benchmarking efforts for reliable IE and D0 predictions for VCH/VCH+. The CCSDTQ/CBS D0(V+-CH) - D0(V-CH) = -0.012 eV and D0(VC+-H) - D0(VC-H) = 0.345 eV are in good accord with the experimentally derived values of -0.028 4 ± 0.000 1 and 0.355 9 ± 0.000 1 eV, respectively. The present study has demonstrated that the CCSDTQ/CBS protocol can be readily extended to investigate triatomic molecules containing 3d-metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chow-Shing Lam
- Department of Chemistry , City University of Hong Kong , Tat Chee Avenue , Kowloon , Hong Kong
| | - Kai-Chung Lau
- Department of Chemistry , City University of Hong Kong , Tat Chee Avenue , Kowloon , Hong Kong
| | - Cheuk-Yiu Ng
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Davis , Davis , California 95616 , United States
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Sevy A, Merriles DM, Wentz RS, Morse MD. Bond dissociation energies of ScSi, YSi, LaSi, ScC, YC, LaC, CoC, and YCH. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:024302. [PMID: 31301702 DOI: 10.1063/1.5098330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Predissociation thresholds of the ScSi, YSi, LaSi, ScC, YC, LaC, CoC, and YCH molecules have been measured using resonant two-photon ionization spectroscopy. It is argued that the dense manifold of electronic states present in these molecules causes prompt dissociation when the bond dissociation energy (BDE) is exceeded, allowing their respective predissociation thresholds to provide precise values of their bond energies. The BDEs were measured as 2.015(3) eV (ScSi), 2.450(2) eV (YSi), 2.891(5) eV (LaSi), 3.042(10) eV (ScC), 3.420(3) eV (YC), 4.718(4) eV (LaC), 3.899(13) eV (CoC), and 4.102(3) eV (Y-CH). Using thermochemical cycles, the enthalpies of formation, ΔfH0K°(g), were calculated as 627.4(9.0) kJ mol-1 (ScSi), 633.1(9.0) kJ mol-1 (YSi), 598.1(9.0) kJ mol-1 (LaSi), 793.8(4.3) kJ mol-1 (ScC), 805.0(4.2) kJ mol-1 (YC), 687.3(4.2) kJ mol-1 (LaC), 760.1(2.5) kJ mol-1 (CoC), and 620.8(4.2) kJ mol-1 (YCH). Using data for the BDEs of the corresponding cations allows ionization energies to be obtained through thermochemical cycles as 6.07(11) eV (ScSi), 6.15(13) eV (YSi), 5.60(10) eV (LaSi), 6.26(6) eV (ScC), 6.73(12) or 5.72(11) eV [YC, depending on the value of D0(Y+-C) employed], and 5.88(35) eV (LaC). Additionally, a new value of D0(Co+-C) = 4.045(13) eV was obtained based on the present work and the previously determined ionization energy of CoC. An ionization onset threshold allowed the measurement of the LaSi ionization energy as 5.607(10) eV, in excellent agreement with a prediction based on a thermochemical cycle. Chemical bonding trends are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Sevy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Dakota M Merriles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Rachel S Wentz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Michael D Morse
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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Abstract
A fundamental need in chemistry is understanding the chemical bond, for which the most quantitative measure is the bond dissociation energy (BDE). While BDEs of chemical bonds formed from the lighter main group elements are generally well-known and readily calculated by modern computational chemistry, chemical bonds involving the transition metals, lanthanides, and actinides remain computationally extremely challenging. This is due to the simultaneous importance of electron correlation, spin-orbit interaction, and other relativistic effects, coupled with the large numbers of low-lying states that are accessible in systems with open d or f subshells. The development of efficient and accurate computational methods for these species is currently a major focus of the field. An obstacle to this effort has been the scarcity of highly precise benchmarks for the BDEs of M-X bonds. For most of the transition metal, lanthanide, or actinide systems, tabulated BDEs of M-X bonds have been determined by Knudsen effusion mass spectrometric measurements of high-temperature equilibria. The measured ion signals are converted to pressures and activities of the species involved in the equilibrium, and the equilibrium constants are then analyzed using a van't Hoff plot or the third-law method to extract the reaction enthalpy, which is extrapolated to 0 K to obtain the BDE. This procedure introduces errors at every step and ultimately leads to BDEs that are typically uncertain by 2-20 kcal mol-1 (0.1-1 eV). A second method in common use employs a thermochemical cycle in which the ionization energies of the MX molecule and M atom are combined with the BDE of the M+-X bond, obtained via guided ion beam mass spectrometry, to yield the BDE of the neutral, M-X. When accurate values of all three components of the cycle are available, this method yields good results-but only rarely are all three values available. We have recently implemented a new method for the precise measurement of BDEs in molecules with large densities of electronic states that is based on the rapid predissociation of these species as soon as the ground separated atom limit is exceeded. When a sharp predissociation threshold is observed, its value directly provides the BDE of the system. With this method, we are able in favorable cases to determine M-X BDEs to an accuracy of ∼0.1 kcal mol-1 (0.004 eV). The method is generally applicable to species that have a high density of states at the ground separated atom limit and has been used to measure the BDEs of more than 50 transition metal-main group MX molecules thus far. In addition, a number of metal-metal BDEs have also been measured with this method. There are good prospects for the extension of the method to polyatomic systems and to lanthanide and actinide-containing molecules. These precise BDE measurements provide chemical trends for the BDEs across the transition metal series, as well as crucial benchmarks for the development of efficient and accurate computational methods for the d- and f-block elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Morse
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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Lam CS, Lau KC, Ng CY. High-level ab initio predictions for the ionisation energy, bond dissociation energies and heats of formation of zirconium oxide and its cation (ZrO/ZrO +). Mol Phys 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2018.1434906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chow-Shing Lam
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong , Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Kai-Chung Lau
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong , Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Cheuk-Yiu Ng
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis , CA, USA
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Xu XL, Yuan JY, Yang B, Xu HG, Zheng WJ. Structural and Electronic Properties of ConC3−/0and ConC4−/0(n=1−4) Clusters: Mass-Selected Anion Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Density Functional Theory Calculations. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/30/cjcp1710197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xi-ling Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jin-yun Yuan
- School of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong-guang Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei-jun Zheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Pan Y, Luo Z, Chang YC, Lau KC, Ng CY. High-Level ab Initio Predictions for the Ionization Energies, Bond Dissociation Energies, and Heats of Formation of Titanium Oxides and Their Cations (TiOn/TiOn+, n = 1 and 2). J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:669-679. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b09491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Pan
- Department
of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee
Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Zhihong Luo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Yih-Chung Chang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Kai-Chung Lau
- Department
of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee
Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - C. Y. Ng
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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Min J, Ziurys LM. Millimeter-wave spectroscopy of CrC (X3Σ−) and CrCCH (X̃ 6Σ+): Examining the chromium-carbon bond. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:184308. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4947247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. Min
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Astronomy, Steward Observatory, 933 North Cherry Avenue, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - L. M. Ziurys
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Astronomy, Steward Observatory, 933 North Cherry Avenue, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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Luo Z, Chang YC, Huang H, Ng CY. Rotationally Selected and Resolved State-to-State Photoelectron Study of Vanadium Monoxide Cation VO+(X3Σ–; v+ = 0–3). J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:11162-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b09458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Luo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Department
of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yih-Chung Chang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Huang Huang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - C. Y. Ng
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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Luo Z, Chang YC, Pan Y, Lau KC, Ng CY. Rotationally Resolved State-to-State Photoelectron Study of Molybdenum Monoxide Cation (MoO+). J Phys Chem A 2015; 120:4643-54. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b07939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Luo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Department
of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yih-Chung Chang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Yi Pan
- Department
of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 80 Tat
Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Kai-Chung Lau
- Department
of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 80 Tat
Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - C. Y. Ng
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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Luo Z, Chang YC, Zhang Z, Ng C. Rotationally resolved state-to-state photoelectron study of zirconium monoxide cation (ZrO+). Mol Phys 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2015.1021726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Chang YC, Luo Z, Pan Y, Zhang Z, Song YN, Kuang SY, Yin QZ, Lau KC, Ng CY. Rotationally resolved state-to-state photoionization and the photoelectron study of vanadium monocarbide and its cations (VC/VC+). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:9780-93. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp00371g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Two-color VIS-UV laser pulsed filed ionization-photoelectron (PFI-PE) study and theoretical predictions for vanadium monocarbide (VC) neutral and its cation (VC+).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhihong Luo
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Davis
- USA
| | - Yi Pan
- Department of Biology and Chemistry
- City University of Hong Kong
- Kowloon
- Hong Kong
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Davis
- USA
| | - Ying-Nan Song
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Davis
- USA
| | | | - Qing Zhu Yin
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science
- University of California
- Davis
- USA
| | - Kai-Chung Lau
- Department of Biology and Chemistry
- City University of Hong Kong
- Kowloon
- Hong Kong
| | - C. Y. Ng
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Davis
- USA
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Luo Z, Huang H, Chang YC, Zhang Z, Yin QZ, Ng CY. Rotationally resolved state-to-state photoionization and photoelectron study of titanium carbide and its cation (TiC/TiC+). J Chem Phys 2014; 141:144307. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4896988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Luo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Huang Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Yih-Chung Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Qing-Zhu Yin
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - C. Y. Ng
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Luo Z, Huang H, Zhang Z, Chang YC, Ng CY. Rotationally resolved state-to-state photoelectron study of niobium carbide radical. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:024304. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4886402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Luo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Huang Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Yih-Chung Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - C. Y. Ng
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Luo Z, Zhang Z, Huang H, Chang YC, Ng CY. Communication: State-to-state photoionization and photoelectron study of vanadium methylidyne radical (VCH). J Chem Phys 2014; 140:181101. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4876017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Ng CY. State-to-State Spectroscopy and Dynamics of Ions and Neutrals by Photoionization and Photoelectron Methods. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2014; 65:197-224. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-040412-110002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheuk-Yiu Ng
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616;
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Huang H, Luo Z, Chang YC, Lau K, Ng CY. State‐to‐state Photoionization Dynamics of Vanadium Nitride by Two‐color Laser Photoionization and Photoelectron Methods. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2013. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/26/06/669-678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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18
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Huang H, Luo Z, Chang YC, Lau KC, Ng CY. Rovibronically selected and resolved two-color laser photoionization and photoelectron study of titanium monoxide cation. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:174309. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4803161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Lau KC, Pan Y, Lam CS, Huang H, Chang YC, Luo Z, Shi X, Ng CY. High-level ab initio predictions for the ionization energy, bond dissociation energies, and heats of formation of cobalt carbide (CoC) and its cation (CoC+). J Chem Phys 2013; 138:094302. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4792718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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