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Auerbach DJ, Tully JC, Wodtke AM. Chemical dynamics from the gas‐phase to surfaces. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ntls.10005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Auerbach
- Institut für physikalische Chemie Georg‐August Universität Göttingen Göttingen Germany
- Abteilung für Dynamik an Oberflächen Max‐Planck‐Institut für biophysikalische Chemie Göttingen Germany
| | - John C. Tully
- Department of Chemistry Yale University New Haven Connecticut USA
| | - Alec M. Wodtke
- Institut für physikalische Chemie Georg‐August Universität Göttingen Göttingen Germany
- Abteilung für Dynamik an Oberflächen Max‐Planck‐Institut für biophysikalische Chemie Göttingen Germany
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2
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Bünermann O, Kandratsenka A, Wodtke AM. Inelastic Scattering of H Atoms from Surfaces. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:3059-3076. [PMID: 33779163 PMCID: PMC8154602 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have developed an instrument that uses photolysis of hydrogen halides to produce nearly monoenergetic hydrogen atom beams and Rydberg atom tagging to obtain accurate angle-resolved time-of-flight distributions of atoms scattered from surfaces. The surfaces are prepared under strict ultrahigh vacuum conditions. Data from these experiments can provide excellent benchmarks for theory, from which it is possible to obtain an atomic scale understanding of the underlying dynamical processes governing H atom adsorption. In this way, the mechanism of adsorption on metals is revealed, showing a penetration-resurfacing mechanism that relies on electronic excitation of the metal by the H atom to succeed. Contrasting this, when H atoms collide at graphene surfaces, the dynamics of bond formation involving at least four carbon atoms govern adsorption. Future perspectives of H atom scattering from surfaces are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Bünermann
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August-University
of Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Department
of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max-Planck Institute
for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Faßberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- International
Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Kandratsenka
- Department
of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max-Planck Institute
for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Faßberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alec M. Wodtke
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August-University
of Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Department
of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max-Planck Institute
for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Faßberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- International
Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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3
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Yuan D, Chen W, Luo C, Tan Y, Li S, Huang Y, Sun Z, Yang X, Wang X. Imaging the State-to-State Dynamics of the H + D 2 → HD + D Reaction at 1.42 eV. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:1222-1227. [PMID: 31967829 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b03820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution state-resolved differential cross sections (DCSs) are of great importance in understanding quantum reaction dynamics, and they are the most detailed observables that can be experimentally measured. Here we report a synergic crossed molecular beam and quantum reaction dynamics study on the H + D2 reaction. With the time-sliced velocity map ion imaging (VMI) technique and the near-threshold ionization scheme, we acquired the product rovibrational state-resolved DCSs of the H + D2 (v = 0, j = 0) → HD (v', j') + D reaction at a collision energy of 1.42 eV. For HD products with small j' quantum numbers, significant forward scattering with clear angular oscillations was observed. The forward scattering disappears for the rotational states with large j' quantum numbers. Interestingly, as the j' number increases, the peak of the DCS shifts from backward to sideways systematically. The experimental observation agrees very well with theoretical quantum mechanical dynamics results, which reveals that the systematic shift of the peak in the DCS from backward scattering to sideways scattering can be understood very well with the strong correlation between the product rotational quantum number j' and the specific partial waves (J = 3-12), whereas the forward angular oscillations are from the coherent summation of larger partial waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daofu Yuan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemical Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
| | - Wentao Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemical Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
| | - Chang Luo
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemical Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
| | - Yuxin Tan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemical Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
| | - Shihao Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemical Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
| | - Yin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian 116023 , China
| | - Zhigang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian 116023 , China
| | - Xueming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian 116023 , China
- College of Science , Southern University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Xingan Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemical Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
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4
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Abstract
Modern computational methods have become so powerful for predicting the outcome for the H + H2 → H2 + H bimolecular exchange reaction that it might seem further experiments are not needed. Nevertheless, experiments have led the way to cause theorists to look more deeply into this simplest of all chemical reactions. The findings are less simple.
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5
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Abstract
I seem to have started off on the wrong foot in life, but I am extremely fortunate that I soon found my footing in the company of physical chemists. I consider myself to be very lucky to be doing something that constantly brings me in contact with bright minds, stimulating conversations, and exciting experiments. My work has allowed me to learn astounding facts about the molecules and atoms that make up our surroundings and ourselves. For this article, I focus on one aspect of my research, understanding the fundamental principles of the simple reaction between a hydrogen atom and a hydrogen molecule. Although my group and others have been studying this seemingly simple reaction for well over 30 years, it continues to provoke questions about the properties of matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard N. Zare
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080
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6
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Bartlett NCM, Jankunas J, Goswami T, Zare RN, Bouakline F, Althorpe SC. Differential cross sections for H + D2→ HD(v′ = 2, j′ = 0,3,6,9) + D at center-of-mass collision energies of 1.25, 1.61, and 1.97 eV. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:8175-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02460k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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7
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Koszinowski K, Goldberg NT, Zhang J, Zare RN, Bouakline F, Althorpe SC. Differential cross section for the H+D2→HD(v′=1,j′=2,6,10)+D reaction as a function of collision energy. J Chem Phys 2007; 127:124315. [PMID: 17902911 DOI: 10.1063/1.2771157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have measured differential cross sections (DCSs) for the HD (v(')=1,j(')=2,6,10) products of the H+D(2) exchange reaction at five different collision energies in the range 1.48< or =E(coll)< or =1.94 eV. The contribution from the less energetic H atoms formed upon spin-orbit excitation of Br in the photolysis of the HBr precursor is taken into account for two collision energies, E(coll)=1.84 and 1.94 eV, allowing us to disentangle the two different channels. The measured DCSs agree well with new time-dependent quantum-mechanical calculations. As the product rotational excitation increases, the DCSs shift from backward to sideward scattering, as expected. We also find that the shapes of the DCSs show only a small overall dependence on the collision energy, with a notable exception occurring for HD (v(')=1,j(')=2), which appears bimodal at high collision energies. We suggest that this feature results from both direct recoil and indirect scattering from the conical intersection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Koszinowski
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, USA
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8
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Teslja A, Valentini JJ. State-to-state reaction dynamics: A selective review. J Chem Phys 2006; 125:132304. [PMID: 17029423 DOI: 10.1063/1.2354466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A selective review of state-to-state reaction dynamics experiments is presented. The review focuses on three classes of reactions that exemplify the rich history and illustrate the current state of the art in such work. These three reactions are (1) the hydrogen exchange reaction, H+H2-->H2+H and its isotopomers; (2) the H+RH-->H2+R reactions, where RH is an alkane, beginning with H+CH4-->H2+CH3 and extending to much larger alkanes; and (3) the Cl+RH-->HCl+R reactions, principally Cl+CH4-->HCl+CH3. We describe the experiments, discuss their results, present comparisons with theory, and introduce heuristic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Teslja
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
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Cabrera-Trujillo R, Öhrn Y, Deumens E, Sabin JR. Application of the END Theory to the H + D2 → HD + D Reaction. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0488517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Cabrera-Trujillo
- Quantum Theory Project, Departments of Physics and Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-8435
| | - Y. Öhrn
- Quantum Theory Project, Departments of Physics and Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-8435
| | - E. Deumens
- Quantum Theory Project, Departments of Physics and Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-8435
| | - J. R. Sabin
- Quantum Theory Project, Departments of Physics and Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-8435
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10
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Ayers JD, Pomerantz AE, Fernández-Alonso F, Ausfelder F, Bean BD, Zare RN. Measurement of the cross section for H+D2→HD(v′=3,j′=0)+D as a function of angle and energy. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1595092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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11
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Abstract
This review discusses recent quantum scattering calculations on bimolecular chemical reactions in the gas phase. This theory provides detailed and accurate predictions on the dynamics and kinetics of reactions containing three atoms. In addition, the method can now be applied to reactions involving polyatomic molecules. Results obtained with both time-independent and time-dependent quantum dynamical methods are described. The review emphasises the recent development in time-dependent wave packet theories and the applications of reduced dimensionality approaches for treating polyatomic reactions. Calculations on over 40 different reactions are described.
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12
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Chao SD, Harich SA, Xu Dai D, Wang CC, Yang X, Skodje RT. A fully state- and angle-resolved study of the H+HD→D+H2 reaction: Comparison of a molecular beam experiment to ab initio quantum reaction dynamics. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1504083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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13
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Fujimura Y, Tsurumaki H, Kajimoto O. Stereodynamics of O(1D) and O(3P) Reactions Studied via Doppler-Resolved Polarization Spectroscopy. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2002. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.75.2309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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14
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Althorpe SC. Time-dependent plane wave packet formulation of quantum scattering with application to H+D2→HD+D. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1504082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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15
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Aoiz FJ, Bañares L, Castillo JF, Sokolovski D. Energy dependence of forward scattering in the differential cross section of the H+D2→HD(v′=3,j′=0)+D reaction. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1490920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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16
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Chen MD, Han KL, Lou NQ. Vector correlation in the H+D2 reaction and its isotopic variants: isotope effect on stereodynamics. Chem Phys Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(02)00585-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Abstract
Recent studies of state-resolved angular distributions show the participation of reactive scattering resonances in the simplest chemical reaction. This review is intended for those who wish to learn about the state-of-the-art in the study of the H + H2 reaction family that has made this breakthrough possible. This review is also intended for those who wish to gain insight into the nature of reactive scattering resonances. Following a tour across several fields of physics and chemistry where the concept of resonance has been crucial for the understanding of new phenomena, we offer an operational definition and taxonomy of reactive scattering resonances. We introduce simple intuitive models to illustrate each resonance type. We focus next on the last decade of H + H2 reaction dynamics. Emphasis is placed on the various experimental approaches that have been applied to the search for resonance behavior in the H + H2 reaction family. We conclude by sketching the road ahead in the study of H + H2 reactive scattering resonances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Fernández-Alonso
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Area della Ricerca di Roma-Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy.
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Bean BD, Ayers JD, Fernández-Alonso F, Zare RN. State-resolved differential and integral cross sections for the reaction H+D2→HD(v′=3,j′=0–7)+D at 1.64 eV collision energy. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1462576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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19
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Althorpe SC, Fernández-Alonso F, Bean BD, Ayers JD, Pomerantz AE, Zare RN, Wrede E. Observation and interpretation of a time-delayed mechanism in the hydrogen exchange reaction. Nature 2002; 416:67-70. [PMID: 11882892 DOI: 10.1038/416067a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Extensive theoretical and experimental studies have shown the hydrogen exchange reaction H+H2 --> H2+H to occur predominantly through a 'direct recoil' mechanism: the H--H bonds break and form concertedly while the system passes straight over a collinear transition state, with recoil from the collision causing the H2 product molecules to scatter backward. Theoretical predictions agree well with experimental observations of this scattering process. Indirect exchange mechanisms involving H3 intermediates have been suggested to occur as well, but these are difficult to test because bimolecular reactions cannot be studied by the femtosecond spectroscopies used to monitor unimolecular reactions. Moreover, full quantum simulations of the time evolution of bimolecular reactions have not been performed. For the isotopic variant of the hydrogen exchange reaction, H+D2 --> HD+D, forward scattering features observed in the product angular distribution have been attributed to possible scattering resonances associated with a quasibound collision complex. Here we extend these measurements to a wide range of collision energies and interpret the results using a full time-dependent quantum simulation of the reaction, thus showing that two different reaction mechanisms modulate the measured product angular distribution features. One of the mechanisms is direct and leads to backward scattering, the other is indirect and leads to forward scattering after a delay of about 25 femtoseconds.
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Fernández-Alonso F, Bean BD, Zare RN, Aoiz FJ, Bañares L, Castillo JF. Forward scattering in the H+D2→HD+D reaction: Comparison between experiment and theoretical predictions. J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1390505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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21
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Kendrick BK. Quantum reactive scattering calculations for the H+D2→HD+D reaction. J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1367377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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22
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Bean BD, Fernández-Alonso F, Zare RN. Distribution of Rovibrational Product States for the “Prompt” Reaction H + D2(v = 0, j = 0−4) → HD(v‘ = 1,2, j‘) + D near 1.6 eV Collision Energy. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0027288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian D. Bean
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | | | - Richard N. Zare
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
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23
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Althorpe SC. Quantum wavepacket method for state-to-state reactive cross sections. J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1334866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Fernández-Alonso F, Bean B, Ayers J, Pomerantz A, Zare R, Bañares L, Aoiz F. Hinweise für Streuresonanzen in der Reaktion H+D2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3757(20000804)112:15<2860::aid-ange2860>3.0.co;2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fernández-Alonso F, Bean B, Ayers J, Pomerantz A, Zare R. New Scheme for Measuring the Angular Momentum Spatial Anisotropy of Vibrationally Excited H2 via the I 1Πg State. Z PHYS CHEM 2000. [DOI: 10.1524/zpch.2000.214.9.1167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We report the spectroscopic detection of vibrationally excited molecular hydrogen using 2+1 resonantly enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) via the I
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