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Florin N, Domaracka A, Rousseau P, Gatchell M, Zettergren H. Bond breaking and making in mixed clusters of fullerene and coronene molecules induced by keV-ion impact. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024. [PMID: 39015049 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01147c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
We have performed classical molecular dynamics simulations of 3 keV Ar + (C24H12)n(C60)m collisions where (n,m) = (3,2),(1,4),(9,4) and (2,11). The simulated mass spectra of covalently bound reaction products reproduce the main features of the corresponding experimental results reported by Domaracka et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2018, 20, 15052-15060. The present results support their conclusion that molecular growth is mainly driven by knockout where individual atoms are promptly removed in Rutherford type scattering processes. The so formed highly reactive fragments may then bind with neighboring molecules in the clusters producing a rich variety of growth products extending up to sizes containing several hundreds of atoms, and here we show examples of such structures. In addition, knocked out atoms may be absorbed such that e.g. hydrogenated coronene and fullerene molecules are formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naemi Florin
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Alicja Domaracka
- Normandie Univ, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, CIMAP, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Patrick Rousseau
- Normandie Univ, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, CIMAP, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Michael Gatchell
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Hansen K, Zettergren H. Clusters of Fullerenes: Structures and Dynamics. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:8173-8187. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c05366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Klavs Hansen
- Center for Joint Quantum Studies and Department of Physics, School of Science, Tianjin 300072, China
- Center for Theoretical Physics, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
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Domaracka A, Delaunay R, Mika A, Gatchell M, Zettergren H, Cederquist H, Rousseau P, Huber BA. Ion collision-induced chemistry in pure and mixed loosely bound clusters of coronene and C 60 molecules. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:15052-15060. [PMID: 29790511 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01179f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Ionization, fragmentation and molecular growth have been studied in collisions of 22.5 keV He2+- or 3 keV Ar+-projectiles with pure loosely bound clusters of coronene (C24H12) molecules or with loosely bound mixed C60-C24H12 clusters by using mass spectrometry. The heavier and slower Ar+ projectiles induce prompt knockout-fragmentation - C- and/or H-losses - from individual molecules and highly efficient secondary molecular growth reactions before the clusters disintegrate on picosecond timescales. The lighter and faster He2+ projectiles have a higher charge and the main reactions are then ionization by ions that are not penetrating the clusters. This leads mostly to cluster fragmentation without molecular growth. However, here penetrating collisions may also lead to molecular growth but to a much smaller extent than with 3 keV Ar+. Here we present fragmentation and molecular growth mass distributions with 1 mass unit resolution, which reveals that the same numbers of C- and H-atoms often participate in the formation and breaking of covalent bonds inside the clusters. We find that masses close to those with integer numbers of intact coronene molecules, or with integer numbers of both intact coronene and C60 molecules, are formed where often one or several H-atoms are missing or have been added on. We also find that super-hydrogenated coronene is formed inside the clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Domaracka
- Normandie Univ, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, CIMAP, 14000 Caen, France.
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Gatchell M, Delaunay R, D'Angelo G, Mika A, Kulyk K, Domaracka A, Rousseau P, Zettergren H, Huber BA, Cederquist H. Ion-induced molecular growth in clusters of small hydrocarbon chains. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:19665-19672. [PMID: 28503696 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp02090b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report on studies of collisions between 3 keV Ar+ projectile ions and neutral targets of isolated 1,3-butadiene (C4H6) molecules and cold, loosely bound clusters of these molecules. We identify molecular growth processes within the molecular clusters that appears to be driven by knockout processes and that could result in the formation of (aromatic) ring structures. These types of reactions are not unique to specific projectile ions and target molecules, but will occur whenever atoms or ions with suitable masses and kinetic energies collide with aggregates of matter, such as carbonaceous grains in the interstellar medium or aerosol nanoparticles in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gatchell
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Stockett MH, Gatchell M, Chen T, de Ruette N, Giacomozzi L, Wolf M, Schmidt HT, Zettergren H, Cederquist H. Threshold energies for single-carbon knockout from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:4504-4509. [PMID: 26523738 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We have measured absolute cross sections for ultrafast (femtosecond) single-carbon knockout from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) cations as functions of He–PAH center-of-mass collision energy in the 10–200 eV range. Classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations cover this range and extend up to 105 eV. The shapes of the knockout cross sections are well-described by a simple analytical expression yielding experimental and MD threshold energies of EthExp = 32.5 ± 0.4 eV and EthMD = 41.0 ± 0.3 eV, respectively. These are the first measurements of knockout threshold energies for molecules isolated in vacuo. We further deduce semiempirical (SE) and MD displacement energies, i.e., the energy transfers to the PAH molecules at the threshold energies for knockout, of TdispSE = 23.3 ± 0.3 eV and TdispMD = 27.0 ± 0.3 eV. The semiempirical results compare favorably with measured displacement energies for graphene (Tdisp = 23.6 eV).
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Stockett
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University , Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University , DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - M Gatchell
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University , Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - T Chen
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University , Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - N de Ruette
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University , Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - L Giacomozzi
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University , Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - M Wolf
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University , Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - H T Schmidt
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University , Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - H Zettergren
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University , Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - H Cederquist
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University , Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
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Chen T, Gatchell M, Stockett MH, Alexander JD, Zhang Y, Rousseau P, Domaracka A, Maclot S, Delaunay R, Adoui L, Huber BA, Schlathölter T, Schmidt HT, Cederquist H, Zettergren H. Absolute fragmentation cross sections in atom-molecule collisions: scaling laws for non-statistical fragmentation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon molecules. J Chem Phys 2015; 140:224306. [PMID: 24929387 DOI: 10.1063/1.4881603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We present scaling laws for absolute cross sections for non-statistical fragmentation in collisions between Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH/PAH(+)) and hydrogen or helium atoms with kinetic energies ranging from 50 eV to 10 keV. Further, we calculate the total fragmentation cross sections (including statistical fragmentation) for 110 eV PAH/PAH(+) + He collisions, and show that they compare well with experimental results. We demonstrate that non-statistical fragmentation becomes dominant for large PAHs and that it yields highly reactive fragments forming strong covalent bonds with atoms (H and N) and molecules (C6H5). Thus nonstatistical fragmentation may be an effective initial step in the formation of, e.g., Polycyclic Aromatic Nitrogen Heterocycles (PANHs). This relates to recent discussions on the evolution of PAHNs in space and the reactivities of defect graphene structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Chen
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Gatchell
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M H Stockett
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J D Alexander
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Y Zhang
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Physics, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - P Rousseau
- CIMAP, UMR 6252, CEA/CNRS/ENSICAEN/Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, bd Henri Becquerel, BP 5133, F-14070 Caen Cedex 05, France
| | - A Domaracka
- CIMAP, UMR 6252, CEA/CNRS/ENSICAEN/Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, bd Henri Becquerel, BP 5133, F-14070 Caen Cedex 05, France
| | - S Maclot
- CIMAP, UMR 6252, CEA/CNRS/ENSICAEN/Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, bd Henri Becquerel, BP 5133, F-14070 Caen Cedex 05, France
| | - R Delaunay
- CIMAP, UMR 6252, CEA/CNRS/ENSICAEN/Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, bd Henri Becquerel, BP 5133, F-14070 Caen Cedex 05, France
| | - L Adoui
- CIMAP, UMR 6252, CEA/CNRS/ENSICAEN/Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, bd Henri Becquerel, BP 5133, F-14070 Caen Cedex 05, France
| | - B A Huber
- CIMAP, UMR 6252, CEA/CNRS/ENSICAEN/Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, bd Henri Becquerel, BP 5133, F-14070 Caen Cedex 05, France
| | - T Schlathölter
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - H T Schmidt
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - H Cederquist
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - H Zettergren
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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