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Han X, Zhang Q, Zhang G, Sun B, Wu L, Li G. Controllable Fabrication of Highly Ordered Spherical Microcavity Arrays by Replica Molding of In Situ Self-Emulsified Droplets. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:26886-26898. [PMID: 38717383 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c02176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Ordered spherical hollow micro- and nanostructures hold great appeal in the fields of cell biology and optics. However, it is extremely challenging for standard lithography techniques to achieve spherical micro-/nanocavities. In this paper, we describe a simple, cost-effective, and scalable approach to fabricate highly ordered spherical microcavity arrays by replica molding of in situ self-emulsified droplets. The in situ self-emulsion involves a two-step process: discontinuous dewetting-induced liquid partition and interfacial tension-driven liquid spherical transformation. Subsequent replica molding of the droplets creates spherical microcavity arrays. The shapes and sizes of the microcavities can be easily modulated by varying the compositions of the droplet templates or utilizing an osmotically driven water permeation. To demonstrate the utility of this method, we employed it to create a spherical microwell array for the mass production of embryoid bodies with high viability and minimal loss. In addition, we also demonstrated the optical functions of the generated spherical microcavities by using them as microlenses. We believe that our proposed method will open exciting avenues in fields ranging from regenerative medicine and microchemistry to optical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Han
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems, Ministry of Education, Defense Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-Nano Devices and System Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems, Ministry of Education, Defense Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-Nano Devices and System Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Guoyuan Zhang
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Bangyong Sun
- School of Future Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
| | - Lei Wu
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems, Ministry of Education, Defense Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-Nano Devices and System Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
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2
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Savageau MA. Phenotype Design Space Provides a Mechanistic Framework Relating Molecular Parameters to Phenotype Diversity Available for Selection. J Mol Evol 2023; 91:687-710. [PMID: 37620617 PMCID: PMC10598110 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-023-10127-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Two long-standing challenges in theoretical population genetics and evolution are predicting the distribution of phenotype diversity generated by mutation and available for selection, and determining the interaction of mutation, selection and drift to characterize evolutionary equilibria and dynamics. More fundamental for enabling such predictions is the current inability to causally link genotype to phenotype. There are three major mechanistic mappings required for such a linking - genetic sequence to kinetic parameters of the molecular processes, kinetic parameters to biochemical system phenotypes, and biochemical phenotypes to organismal phenotypes. This article introduces a theoretical framework, the Phenotype Design Space (PDS) framework, for addressing these challenges by focusing on the mapping of kinetic parameters to biochemical system phenotypes. It provides a quantitative theory whose key features include (1) a mathematically rigorous definition of phenotype based on biochemical kinetics, (2) enumeration of the full phenotypic repertoire, and (3) functional characterization of each phenotype independent of its context-dependent selection or fitness contributions. This framework is built on Design Space methods that relate system phenotypes to genetically determined parameters and environmentally determined variables. It also has the potential to automate prediction of phenotype-specific mutation rate constants and equilibrium distributions of phenotype diversity in microbial populations undergoing steady-state exponential growth, which provides an ideal reference to which more realistic cases can be compared. Although the framework is quite general and flexible, the details will undoubtedly differ for different functions, organisms and contexts. Here a hypothetical case study involving a small molecular system, a primordial circadian clock, is used to introduce this framework and to illustrate its use in a particular case. The framework is built on fundamental biochemical kinetics. Thus, the foundation is based on linear algebra and reasonable physical assumptions, which provide numerous opportunities for experimental testing and further elaboration to deal with complex multicellular organisms that are currently beyond its scope. The discussion provides a comparison of results from the PDS framework with those from other approaches in theoretical population genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Savageau
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, 228 Briggs, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Fan YJ, Hsieh HY, Huang YR, Tsao C, Lee CM, Tahara H, Wu YC, Sheen HJ, Chen BC. Development of a water refractive index-matched microneedle integrated into a light sheet microscopy system for continuous embryonic cell imaging. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:584-591. [PMID: 34951426 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00827g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, microneedle-integrated light sheet microscopy (LSM) was developed for trapping and continuously imaging embryos of Caenorhabditis elegans with subcellular resolution. To reduce aberrations when the light sheet was propagated into the device, a microneedle was fabricated using a transparent, water refractive index-matched polymer. It was proven that when the light sheet emerged from the water-immersed objective and penetrated through the microneedle with a circular surface, even with a non-perpendicular incident angle, fewer aberrations were found. An embryo was injected into and trapped at the tip of the microneedle, which was positioned at the interrogation window of the LSM apparatus with the image plane perpendicular to the light sheet, and this setup was used to sequentially acquire embryo images. By applying the light sheet, higher-resolution, higher-contrast images were obtained. The system also showed low photobleaching and low phototoxicity to embryos of C. elegans. Furthermore, three-dimensional embryo images with a whole field of view of the microneedle could be achieved by stitching together images and reconstructing sequential two-dimensional embryo images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jui Fan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, International PhD Program for Biomedical Engineering, International PhD Program for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Han-Yun Hsieh
- School of Biomedical Engineering, International PhD Program for Biomedical Engineering, International PhD Program for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Yen-Ru Huang
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Chieh Tsao
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Ming Lee
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Hidetoshi Tahara
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Yi-Chun Wu
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Horn-Jiunn Sheen
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Bi-Chang Chen
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
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Lin CY, Nhat Nguyen UT, Hsieh HY, Tahara H, Chang YS, Wang BY, Gu BC, Dai YH, Wu CC, Tsai IJ, Fan YJ. Peptide-based electrochemical sensor with nanogold enhancement for detecting rheumatoid arthritis. Talanta 2022; 236:122886. [PMID: 34635266 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), an autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disorder, is an incurable disease. We developed a peptide-based electrochemical sensor using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy that can be used to detect autoantibodies for RA diagnostics. We first validated that the developed peptide showed high sensitivity and could compliment the current gold standard method of an anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody (anti-CCP) ELISA. The developed peptide can be modified on the nanogold surface of the working electrode of sensing chips through the method of a self-assembling monolayer. The sensing process was first optimized using a positive control cohort and a healthy control cohort. Subsequently, 10 clinically confirmed samples from RA patients and five healthy control samples were used to find the threshold value of the impedance between RA and healthy subjects. Furthermore, 10 clinically confirmed samples but with low values of anti-CCP autoantibodies were used to evaluate the sensitivity of the present method compared to the conventional method. The proposed method showed better sensitivity than the current conventional anti-CCP ELISA method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yu Lin
- PhD Program in Medical Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Uyen Thi Nhat Nguyen
- International PhD Program for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Han-Yun Hsieh
- Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kausmi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan; Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road, Sec. 4, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hidetoshi Tahara
- Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kausmi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Yu-Sheng Chang
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Shuang Ho Hospital, 291 Zhongzheng Rd., Zhonghe District, New Taipei City, 23561, Taiwan; Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Yu Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chung-Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Chen Gu
- Vida BioTechnology Co., Ltd. Taiwan, 145 Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Han Dai
- Vida BioTechnology Co., Ltd. Taiwan, 145 Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Che Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chung-Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - I-Jung Tsai
- PhD Program in Medical Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jui Fan
- International PhD Program for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Taipei, 11031, Taiwan; International PhD Program for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
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5
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Zhukov AA, Pritchard RH, Withers MJ, Hailes T, Gold RD, Hayes C, la Cour MF, Hussein F, Rogers SS. Extremely High-Throughput Parallel Microfluidic Vortex-Actuated Cell Sorting. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:389. [PMID: 33918161 PMCID: PMC8066247 DOI: 10.3390/mi12040389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate extremely high-throughput microfluidic cell sorting by making a parallel version of the vortex-actuated cell sorter (VACS). The set-up includes a parallel microfluidic sorter chip and parallel cytometry instrumentation: optics, electronics and control software. The result is capable of sorting lymphocyte-sized particles at 16 times the rate of our single-stream VACS devices, and approximately 10 times the rate of commercial cell sorters for an equivalent procedure. We believe this opens the potential to scale cell sorting for applications requiring the processing of much greater cell numbers than currently possible with conventional cell sorting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex A. Zhukov
- Cellular Highways Ltd., Melbourn Science Park, Melbourn, Cambridgeshire SG8 6EE, UK;
| | - Robyn H. Pritchard
- TTP PLC, Melbourn Science Park, Melbourn, Cambridgeshire SG8 6EE, UK; (R.H.P.); (M.J.W.); (T.H.); (R.D.G.); (C.H.); (M.F.l.C.); (F.H.)
| | - Mick J. Withers
- TTP PLC, Melbourn Science Park, Melbourn, Cambridgeshire SG8 6EE, UK; (R.H.P.); (M.J.W.); (T.H.); (R.D.G.); (C.H.); (M.F.l.C.); (F.H.)
| | - Tony Hailes
- TTP PLC, Melbourn Science Park, Melbourn, Cambridgeshire SG8 6EE, UK; (R.H.P.); (M.J.W.); (T.H.); (R.D.G.); (C.H.); (M.F.l.C.); (F.H.)
| | - Richard D. Gold
- TTP PLC, Melbourn Science Park, Melbourn, Cambridgeshire SG8 6EE, UK; (R.H.P.); (M.J.W.); (T.H.); (R.D.G.); (C.H.); (M.F.l.C.); (F.H.)
| | - Calum Hayes
- TTP PLC, Melbourn Science Park, Melbourn, Cambridgeshire SG8 6EE, UK; (R.H.P.); (M.J.W.); (T.H.); (R.D.G.); (C.H.); (M.F.l.C.); (F.H.)
| | - Mette F. la Cour
- TTP PLC, Melbourn Science Park, Melbourn, Cambridgeshire SG8 6EE, UK; (R.H.P.); (M.J.W.); (T.H.); (R.D.G.); (C.H.); (M.F.l.C.); (F.H.)
| | - Fred Hussein
- TTP PLC, Melbourn Science Park, Melbourn, Cambridgeshire SG8 6EE, UK; (R.H.P.); (M.J.W.); (T.H.); (R.D.G.); (C.H.); (M.F.l.C.); (F.H.)
| | - Salman Samson Rogers
- Cellular Highways Ltd., Melbourn Science Park, Melbourn, Cambridgeshire SG8 6EE, UK;
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Kung YC, Niazi KR, Chiou PY. Tunnel dielectrophoresis for ultra-high precision size-based cell separation. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:1049-1060. [PMID: 33313615 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00853b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In molecular and cellular biological research, cell isolation and sorting are required for accurate investigation of cell populations of specific physical or biological characteristics. By employing unique cell properties to distinguish between heterogeneous cell populations, rapid and accurate sorting with high efficiency is possible. Dielectrophoresis-based cell manipulation has significant promise for separation of cells based on their physical properties and is used in diverse areas ranging from cellular diagnostics to therapeutic applications. In this study, we present a microfluidic device that can achieve label-free and size-based cell separation with high size differential resolution from a mono-cellular population or complex sample matrices. It was realized by using the tunnel dielectrophoresis (TDEP) technique to manipulate the spatial position of individual cells three dimensionally with high resolution. Cells were processed in high speed flows in high ionic strength buffers. A mixture of different sizes of polystyrene micro-particles with a size difference as small as 1 μm can be separated with high purity (>90%). For the first time, high-pass, low-pass, and band-pass filtering within a mono-cellular mammalian cell population were demonstrated with a tunable bandwidth as small as 3 μm. In addition, leukocyte subtype separation was demonstrated by sorting monocytes out of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from whole blood with high purity (>85%). Its ability to deliver real-time adjustable cut-off threshold size-based cell sorting and its capability to provide an arbitrary cell size pick-up band could potentially enable many research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chun Kung
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles, USA.
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7
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Themelis T, Amini A, De Vos J, Eeltink S. Towards spatial comprehensive three-dimensional liquid chromatography: A tutorial review. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1148:238157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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8
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Dutta P, Lu YJ, Hsieh HY, Lee TY, Lee YT, Cheng CM, Fan YJ. Detection of Candida albicans Using a Manufactured Electrochemical Sensor. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:166. [PMID: 33567542 PMCID: PMC7915424 DOI: 10.3390/mi12020166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans is a commensal fungus that is responsible for a lot of nosocomial infections in immunocompromised people. Cell culture is currently the predominant method for diagnosing candidiasis, but it is time consuming. In this study, we developed a rapid screen procedure by devising a method for detecting C. albicans with the use of electrochemical sensors. Through this experiment, we propose a method for the detection of C. albicans in the system through the use of personal glucose meters. The hemicellulase was used to break down the cell wall of C. albicans to glucose and oligo, which can be detected by a glucose meter. The spiked samples were prepared suspending C. albicans in urine and serum, demonstrating the feasibility of the developed method in a real situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakhar Dutta
- International Ph.D. Program for Biomedical Engineering, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials & Tissue Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Jung Lu
- Division of Family and Operative Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
| | - Han-Yu Hsieh
- Department of Signal Transduction, Research Institute for Microbial Disease, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan;
| | - Tyng-Yuh Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (T.-Y.L.); (C.-M.C.)
| | - Yi-Tzu Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan;
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Min Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (T.-Y.L.); (C.-M.C.)
| | - Yu-Jui Fan
- International Ph.D. Program for Biomedical Engineering, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials & Tissue Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
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Machine learning issues and opportunities in ultrafast particle classification for label-free microflow cytometry. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20724. [PMID: 33244129 PMCID: PMC7691359 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77765-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Machine learning offers promising solutions for high-throughput single-particle analysis in label-free imaging microflow cytomtery. However, the throughput of online operations such as cell sorting is often limited by the large computational cost of the image analysis while offline operations may require the storage of an exceedingly large amount of data. Moreover, the training of machine learning systems can be easily biased by slight drifts of the measurement conditions, giving rise to a significant but difficult to detect degradation of the learned operations. We propose a simple and versatile machine learning approach to perform microparticle classification at an extremely low computational cost, showing good generalization over large variations in particle position. We present proof-of-principle classification of interference patterns projected by flowing transparent PMMA microbeads with diameters of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${18.6}\,\upmu \text {m}$$\end{document}18.6μm. To this end, a simple, cheap and compact label-free microflow cytometer is employed. We also discuss in detail the detection and prevention of machine learning bias in training and testing due to slight drifts of the measurement conditions. Moreover, we investigate the implications of modifying the projected particle pattern by means of a diffraction grating, in the context of optical extreme learning machine implementations.
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Abstract
Lab-on-a-Disc (LoaD) biosensors are increasingly a promising solution for many biosensing applications. In the search for a perfect match between point-of-care (PoC) microfluidic devices and biosensors, the LoaD platform has the potential to be reliable, sensitive, low-cost, and easy-to-use. The present global pandemic draws attention to the importance of rapid sample-to-answer PoC devices for minimising manual intervention and sample manipulation, thus increasing the safety of the health professional while minimising the chances of sample contamination. A biosensor is defined by its ability to measure an analyte by converting a biological binding event to tangible analytical data. With evolving manufacturing processes for both LoaDs and biosensors, it is becoming more feasible to embed biosensors within the platform and/or to pair the microfluidic cartridges with low-cost detection systems. This review considers the basics of the centrifugal microfluidics and describes recent developments in common biosensing methods and novel technologies for fluidic control and automation. Finally, an overview of current devices on the market is provided. This review will guide scientists who want to initiate research in LoaD PoC devices as well as providing valuable reference material to researchers active in the field.
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Cao X, Du Y, Küffner A, Van Wyk J, Arosio P, Wang J, Fischer P, Stavrakis S, deMello A. A Counter Propagating Lens-Mirror System for Ultrahigh Throughput Single Droplet Detection. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1907534. [PMID: 32309905 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201907534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence-based detection schemes provide for multiparameter analysis in a broad range of applications in the chemical and biological sciences. Toward the realization of fully portable analysis systems, microfluidic devices integrating diverse functional components have been implemented in a range of out-of-lab environments. That said, there still exits an unmet and recognized need for miniaturized, low-cost, and sensitive optical detection systems, which provide not only for efficient molecular excitation, but also enhanced photon collection capabilities. To this end, an optofluidic platform that is adept at enhancing fluorescence light collection from microfluidic channels is presented. The central component of the detection module is a monolithic parabolic mirror located directly above the microfluidic channel, which acts to enhance the number of emitted photons reflected toward the detector. In addition, two-photon polymerization is used to print a microscale-lens below the microfluidic flow channel and directly opposite the mirror, to enhance the delivery of excitation radiation into the channel. Using such an approach, it is demonstrated that fluorescence signals can be enhanced by over two orders of magnitude, with component parallelization enabling the detection of pL-volume droplets at rates up to 40 000 droplets per second.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobao Cao
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ying Du
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
- College of Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China
| | - Andreas Küffner
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Jordan Van Wyk
- Nanotechnology Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Paolo Arosio
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Peter Fischer
- IFNH Food Process Engineering Group, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, Zürich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Stavros Stavrakis
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Andrew deMello
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
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12
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Lv N, Zhang L, Jiang L, Muhammad A, Wang H, Yuan L. A Design of Microfluidic Chip with Quasi-Bessel Beam Waveguide for Scattering Detection of Label-Free Cancer Cells. Cytometry A 2019; 97:78-90. [PMID: 31876079 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Light scattering detection in microfluidic chips provides an important tool to identify cancer cells without any label processes. However, forward small-angle scattering signals of cells, which are related to their sizes and morphologies, are hard to be detected accurately when scattering angle is less than 11° in microfluidic chips by traditional lighting design due to the influence of incident beam. Therefore, cell's size and morphology being the golden standard for clinical detection may lose their efficacy in recognizing cancer cells from healthy ones. In this article, a novel lighting design in microfluidic chips is put forward in which traditional incident Gaussian beam can be modulated into quasi-Bessel beam by a microprism and waveguide. The quasi-Bessel beam's advantages of nondiffraction theoretically make forward scattering (FS) detection less than 11° possibly. Our experimental results for peripheral blood lymphocytes of human beings and cultured HeLa cells show that the detection rates increase by 47.87% and 46.79%, respectively, by the novel designed microfluidic chip compared to traditional Gaussian lighting method in microfluidic chips. © 2019 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Lv
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, Shannxi, 710049, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, Shannxi, 710049, China
| | - Lili Jiang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, Shannxi, 710049, China
| | - Amir Muhammad
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, Shannxi, 710049, China
| | - Huijun Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, Shannxi, 710049, China
| | - Li Yuan
- First Affiliated Hospital, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, Shannxi, 710049, China
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Microfluidics-Based Four Fundamental Electronic Circuit Elements Resistor, Inductor, Capacitor and Memristor. ELECTRONICS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/electronics8090960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The microfluidics domain has been progressing rapidly recently, particularly considering its useful applications in the field of biomedicine. This paper presents a novel, microfluidics-based design for four fundamental circuit elements in electronics, namely resistor, inductor, capacitor, and memristor. These widely used passive components were fabricated using a precise and cost-effective xurography technique, which enables the construction of multi-layered structures on foil, with gold used as a conductive material. To complete their assembly, an appropriate fluid was injected into the microfluidic channel of each component: the resistor, inductor, capacitor, and memristor were charged with transformer oil, ferrofluid, NaCl solution, and TiO2 solution, respectively. The electrical performance of these components was determined using an Impedance Analyzer and Keithley 2410 High-Voltage Source Meter instrument and the observed characteristics are promising for a wide range of applications in the field of microfluidic electronics.
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14
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Pritchard RH, Zhukov AA, Fullerton JN, Want AJ, Hussain F, la Cour MF, Bashtanov ME, Gold RD, Hailes A, Banham-Hall E, Rogers SS. Cell sorting actuated by a microfluidic inertial vortex. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:2456-2465. [PMID: 31210196 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00120d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The sorting of specific cell populations is an established tool in biological research, with new applications demanding greater cell throughput, sterility and elimination of cross-contamination. Here we report 'vortex-actuated cell sorting' (VACS), a new technique that deflects cells individually, via the generation of a transient microfluidic vortex by a thermal vapour bubble: a novel mechanism, which is able to sort cells based on fluorescently-labelled molecular markers. Using in silico simulation and experiments on beads, an immortal cell line and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), we demonstrate high-purity and high-recovery sorting with input rates up to 104 cells per s and switching speeds comparable to existing techniques (>40 kHz). A tiny footprint (1 × 0.25 mm) affords miniaturization and the potential to achieve multiplexing: a crucial step in increasing processing rate. Simple construction using biocompatible materials potentially minimizes cost of fabrication and permits single-use sterile cartridges. We believe VACS potentially enables parallel sorting at throughputs relevant to cell therapy, liquid biopsy and phenotypic screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn H Pritchard
- TTP PLC, Melbourn Science Park, Melbourn, Cambridgeshire SG8 6EE, UK.
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15
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Yanai T, Ouchi T, Yamada M, Seki M. Hydrodynamic Microparticle Separation Mechanism Using Three-Dimensional Flow Profiles in Dual-Depth and Asymmetric Lattice-Shaped Microchannel Networks. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10060425. [PMID: 31242547 PMCID: PMC6632020 DOI: 10.3390/mi10060425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We herein propose a new hydrodynamic mechanism of particle separation using dual-depth, lattice-patterned asymmetric microchannel networks. This mechanism utilizes three-dimensional (3D) laminar flow profiles formed at intersections of lattice channels. Large particles, primarily flowing near the bottom surface, frequently enter the shallower channels (separation channels), whereas smaller particles flowing near the microchannel ceiling primarily flow along the deeper channels (main channels). Consequently, size-based continuous particle separation was achieved in the lateral direction in the lattice area. We confirmed that the depth of the main channel was a critical factor dominating the particle separation efficiencies, and the combination of 15-μm-deep separation channels and 40-μm-deep main channels demonstrated the good separation ability for 3–10-μm particles. We prepared several types of microchannels and successfully tuned the particle separation size. Furthermore, the input position of the particle suspension was controlled by adjusting the input flow rates and/or using a Y-shaped inlet connector that resulted in a significant improvement in the separation precision. The presented concept is a good example of a new type of microfluidic particle separation mechanism using 3D flows and may potentially be applicable to the sorting of various types of micrometer-sized objects, including living cells and synthetic microparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Yanai
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
| | - Takatomo Ouchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
| | - Masumi Yamada
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
| | - Minoru Seki
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
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16
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Vembadi A, Menachery A, Qasaimeh MA. Cell Cytometry: Review and Perspective on Biotechnological Advances. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:147. [PMID: 31275933 PMCID: PMC6591278 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell identification and enumeration are essential procedures within clinical and research laboratories. For over 150 years, quantitative investigation of body fluids such as counts of various blood cells has been an important tool for diagnostic analysis. With the current evolution of point-of-care diagnostics and precision medicine, cheap and precise cell counting technologies are in demand. This article reviews the timeline and recent notable advancements in cell counting that have occurred as a result of improvements in sensing including optical and electrical technology, enhancements in image processing capabilities, and contributions of micro and nanotechnologies. Cell enumeration methods have evolved from the use of manual counting using a hemocytometer to automated cell counters capable of providing reliable counts with high precision and throughput. These developments have been enabled by the use of precision engineering, micro and nanotechnology approaches, automation and multivariate data analysis. Commercially available automated cell counters can be broadly classified into three categories based on the principle of detection namely, electrical impedance, optical analysis and image analysis. These technologies have many common scientific uses, such as hematological analysis, urine analysis and bacterial enumeration. In addition to commercially available technologies, future technological trends using lab-on-a-chip devices have been discussed in detail. Lab-on-a-chip platforms utilize the existing three detection technologies with innovative design changes utilizing advanced nano/microfabrication to produce customized devices suited to specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Vembadi
- Division of Engineering, New York University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Anoop Menachery
- Division of Engineering, New York University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammad A. Qasaimeh
- Division of Engineering, New York University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, United States
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17
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Grenci G, Bertocchi C, Ravasio A. Integrating Microfabrication into Biological Investigations: the Benefits of Interdisciplinarity. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:E252. [PMID: 30995747 PMCID: PMC6523848 DOI: 10.3390/mi10040252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The advent of micro and nanotechnologies, such as microfabrication, have impacted scientific research and contributed to meaningful real-world applications, to a degree seen during historic technological revolutions. Some key areas benefitting from the invention and advancement of microfabrication platforms are those of biological and biomedical sciences. Modern therapeutic approaches, involving point-of-care, precision or personalized medicine, are transitioning from the experimental phase to becoming the standard of care. At the same time, biological research benefits from the contribution of microfluidics at every level from single cell to tissue engineering and organoids studies. The aim of this commentary is to describe, through proven examples, the interdisciplinary process used to develop novel biological technologies and to emphasize the role of technical knowledge in empowering researchers who are specialized in a niche area to look beyond and innovate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Grenci
- Mechanobiology Institute (MBI), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore.
- Biomedical Engineering Department, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore.
| | - Cristina Bertocchi
- Department of Physiology, School of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330025, Chile.
| | - Andrea Ravasio
- Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile.
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18
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Luo X, Tsai D, Gu M, Hong M. Extraordinary optical fields in nanostructures: from sub-diffraction-limited optics to sensing and energy conversion. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:2458-2494. [PMID: 30839959 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00864g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Along with the rapid development of micro/nanofabrication technology, the past few decades have seen the flourishing emergence of subwavelength-structured materials and interfaces for optical field engineering at the nanoscale. Three remarkable properties associated with these subwavelength-structured materials are the squeezed optical fields beyond the diffraction limit, gradient optical fields in the subwavelength scale, and enhanced optical fields that are orders of magnitude greater than the incident field. These engineered optical fields have inspired fundamental and practical advances in both engineering optics and modern chemistry. The first property is the basis of sub-diffraction-limited imaging, lithography, and dense data storage. The second property has led to the emergence of a couple of thin and planar functional optical devices with a reduced footprint. The third one causes enhanced radiation (e.g., fluorescence), scattering (e.g., Raman scattering), and absorption (e.g., infrared absorption and circular dichroism), offering a unique platform for single-molecule-level biochemical sensing, and high-efficiency chemical reaction and energy conversion. In this review, we summarize recent advances in subwavelength-structured materials that bear extraordinary squeezed, gradient, and enhanced optical fields, with a particular emphasis on their optical and chemical applications. Finally, challenges and outlooks in this promising field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies on Nano-Fabrication and Micro-Engineering, Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610209, China.
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19
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Holzner G, Du Y, Cao X, Choo J, J deMello A, Stavrakis S. An optofluidic system with integrated microlens arrays for parallel imaging flow cytometry. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:3631-3637. [PMID: 30357206 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00593a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, high-speed imaging has become increasingly effective for the rapid analysis of single cells in flowing environments. Single cell imaging methods typically incorporate a minimum magnification of 10× when extracting sizing and morphological information. Although information content may be significantly enhanced by increasing magnification, this is accompanied by a corresponding reduction in field of view, and thus a decrease in the number of cells assayed per unit time. Accordingly, the acquisition of high resolution data from wide field views remains an unsolved challenge. To address this issue, we present an optofluidic flow cytometer integrating a refractive, microlens array (MLA) for imaging cells at high linear velocities, whilst maximizing the number of cells per field of view. To achieve this, we adopt an elasto-inertial approach for cell focusing within an array of parallel microfluidic channels, each equipped with a microlens. We characterize the optical performance of the microlenses in terms of image formation, magnification and resolution using both ray-tracing simulations and experimental measurements. Results demonstrate that the optofluidic platform can efficiently count and magnify micron-sized objects up to 4 times. Finally, we demonstrate the capabilities of the platform as an imaging flow cyclometer, demonstrating the efficient discrimination of hB and Jurkat cells at throughputs up to 50 000 cells per second.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Holzner
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Ying Du
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland. and College of Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Xiaobao Cao
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Jaebum Choo
- Department of Bionano Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, South Korea
| | - Andrew J deMello
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Stavros Stavrakis
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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20
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Shrirao AB, Fritz Z, Novik EM, Yarmush GM, Schloss RS, Zahn JD, Yarmush ML. Microfluidic flow cytometry: The role of microfabrication methodologies, performance and functional specification. TECHNOLOGY 2018; 6:1-23. [PMID: 29682599 PMCID: PMC5907470 DOI: 10.1142/s2339547818300019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Flow cytometry is an invaluable tool utilized in modern biomedical research and clinical applications requiring high throughput, high resolution particle analysis for cytometric characterization and/or sorting of cells and particles as well as for analyzing results from immunocytometric assays. In recent years, research has focused on developing microfluidic flow cytometers with the motivation of creating smaller, less expensive, simpler, and more autonomous alternatives to conventional flow cytometers. These devices could ideally be highly portable, easy to operate without extensive user training, and utilized for research purposes and/or point-of-care diagnostics especially in limited resource facilities or locations requiring on-site analyses. However, designing a device that fulfills the criteria of high throughput analysis, automation and portability, while not sacrificing performance is not a trivial matter. This review intends to present the current state of the field and provide considerations for further improvement by focusing on the key design components of microfluidic flow cytometers. The recent innovations in particle focusing and detection strategies are detailed and compared. This review outlines performance matrix parameters of flow cytometers that are interdependent with each other, suggesting trade offs in selection based on the requirements of the applications. The ongoing contribution of microfluidics demonstrates that it is a viable technology to advance the current state of flow cytometry and develop automated, easy to operate and cost-effective flow cytometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil B Shrirao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599, Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Zachary Fritz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599, Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Eric M Novik
- Hurel Corporation, 671, Suite B, U.S. Highway 1, North Brunswick, NJ 08902
| | - Gabriel M Yarmush
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599, Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Rene S Schloss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599, Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Jeffrey D Zahn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599, Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Martin L Yarmush
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599, Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854
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21
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Abstract
This critical review summarizes the developments in the integration of micro-optical elements with microfluidic platforms for facilitating detection and automation of bio-analytical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology
- Chinese Academy of Science
- 518055 Shenzhen
- China
| | - Martin A. M. Gijs
- Laboratory of Microsystems
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
- 1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
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22
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Kung YC, Huang KW, Chong W, Chiou PY. Tunnel Dielectrophoresis for Tunable, Single-Stream Cell Focusing in Physiological Buffers in High-Speed Microfluidic Flows. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:4343-8. [PMID: 27348575 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201600996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel tunnel dielectrophoresis (TDEP) mechanism is demonstrated for continuously tunable, sheathless, 3D, and single-stream microparticle and cell focusing in high-speed flows in regular physiological buffers. Particles and cells showing negative DEP responses can be focused at the electric field minimum location regardless of their types and sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chun Kung
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), 14-124 Eng. IV, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1597, USA
| | - Kuo-Wei Huang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), 14-124 Eng. IV, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1597, USA
| | - William Chong
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), 14-124 Eng. IV, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1597, USA
| | - Pei-Yu Chiou
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), 14-124 Eng. IV, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1597, USA
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23
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Xun W, Feng J, Chang H. A Microflow Cytometer Based on a Disposable Microfluidic Chip With Side Scatter and Fluorescence Detection Capability. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2015; 14:850-6. [DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2015.2455073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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24
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Baranski M, Bargiel S, Passilly N, Gorecki C, Jia C, Frömel J, Wiemer M. Micro-optical design of a three-dimensional microlens scanner for vertically integrated micro-opto-electro-mechanical systems. APPLIED OPTICS 2015; 54:6924-6934. [PMID: 26368111 DOI: 10.1364/ao.54.006924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the optical design of a miniature 3D scanning system, which is fully compatible with the vertical integration technology of micro-opto-electro-mechanical systems (MOEMS). The constraints related to this integration strategy are considered, resulting in a simple three-element micro-optical setup based on an afocal scanning microlens doublet and a focusing microlens, which is tolerant to axial position inaccuracy. The 3D scanning is achieved by axial and lateral displacement of microlenses of the scanning doublet, realized by micro-electro-mechanical systems microactuators (the transmission scanning approach). Optical scanning performance of the system is determined analytically by use of the extended ray transfer matrix method, leading to two different optical configurations, relying either on a ball lens or plano-convex microlenses. The presented system is aimed to be a core component of miniature MOEMS-based optical devices, which require a 3D optical scanning function, e.g., miniature imaging systems (confocal or optical coherence microscopes) or optical tweezers.
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25
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Zheng C, Hu A, Li R, Bridges D, Chen T. Fabrication of embedded microball lens in PMMA with high repetition rate femtosecond fiber laser. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:17584-17598. [PMID: 26191766 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.017584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Embedded microball lenses with superior optical properties function as convex microball lens (VMBL) and concave microball lens (CMBL) were fabricated inside a PMMA substrate with a high repetition rate femtosecond fiber laser. The VMBL was created by femtosecond laser-induced refractive index change, while the CMBL was fabricated due to the heat accumulation effect of the successive laser pulses irradiation at a high repetition rate. The processing window for both types of the lenses was studied and optimized, and the optical properties were also tested by imaging a remote object with an inverted microscope. In order to obtain the microball lenses with adjustable focal lengths and suppressed optical aberration, a shape control method was thus proposed and examined with experiments and ZEMAX® simulations. Applying the optimized fabrication conditions, two types of the embedded microball lenses arrays were fabricated and then tested with imaging experiments. This technology allows the direct fabrication of microlens inside transparent bulk polymer material which has great application potential in multi-function integrated microfluidic devices.
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26
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Kung YC, Huang KW, Fan YJ, Chiou PY. Fabrication of 3D high aspect ratio PDMS microfluidic networks with a hybrid stamp. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:1861-8. [PMID: 25710255 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc01211a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We report a novel methodology for fabricating large-area, multilayer, thin-film, high aspect ratio, 3D microfluidic structures with through-layer vias and open channels that can be bonded between hard substrates. It is realized by utilizing a hybrid stamp with a thin plastic sheet embedded underneath a PDMS surface. This hybrid stamp solves an important edge protrusion issue during PDMS molding while maintaining necessary stamp elasticity to ensure the removal of PDMS residues at through-layer regions. Removing edge protrusion is a significant progress toward fabricating 3D structures since high aspect ratio PDMS structures with flat interfaces can be realized to facilitate multilayer stacking and bonding to hard substrates. Our method also allows for the fabrication of 3D deformable channels, which can lead to profound applications in electrokinetics, optofluidics, inertial microfluidics, and other fields where the shape of the channel cross section plays a key role in device physics. To demonstrate, as an example, we have fabricated a microfluidic channel by sandwiching two 20 μm wide, 80 μm tall PDMS membranes between two featureless ITO glass substrates. By applying electrical bias to the two ITO substrates and pressure to deform the thin membrane sidewalls, strong electric field enhancement can be generated in the center of a channel to enable 3D sheathless dielectrophoretic focusing of biological objects including mammalian cells and bacteria at a flow speed up to 14 cm s(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chun Kung
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
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27
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Hu Z, Glidle A, Ironside C, Cooper JM, Yin H. An integrated microspectrometer for localised multiplexing measurements. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:283-289. [PMID: 25367674 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00952e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We describe the development of an integrated lensed Arrayed Waveguide Grating (AWG) microspectrometer for localized multiplexing fluorescence measurements. The device, which has a footprint that is only 1 mm wide and 1 cm long, is capable of spectroscopic measurements on chip. Multiple fluorescence signals were measured simultaneously based upon simple intensity readouts from a CCD camera. We also demonstrate the integration of the AWG spectrometer with a microfluidic platform using a lensing function to confine the beam shape for focused illumination. This capability enhances signal collection, gives better spatial resolution, and provides a route for the analysis of small volume samples (e.g. cells) in flow. To show these capabilities we developed a novel "bead-AWG" platform with which we demonstrate localized multiplexed fluorescence detection either simultaneously or successively. Such an integrated system provides the basis for a portable system capable of optical detection of multi-wavelength fluorescence from a single defined location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiong Hu
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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28
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Parks JW, Olson MA, Kim J, Ozcelik D, Cai H, Carrion R, Patterson JL, Mathies RA, Hawkins AR, Schmidt H. Integration of programmable microfluidics and on-chip fluorescence detection for biosensing applications. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2014; 8:054111. [PMID: 25584111 PMCID: PMC4290670 DOI: 10.1063/1.4897226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We describe the integration of an actively controlled programmable microfluidic sample processor with on-chip optical fluorescence detection to create a single, hybrid sensor system. An array of lifting gate microvalves (automaton) is fabricated with soft lithography, which is reconfigurably joined to a liquid-core, anti-resonant reflecting optical waveguide (ARROW) silicon chip fabricated with conventional microfabrication. In the automaton, various sample handling steps such as mixing, transporting, splitting, isolating, and storing are achieved rapidly and precisely to detect viral nucleic acid targets, while the optofluidic chip provides single particle detection sensitivity using integrated optics. Specifically, an assay for detection of viral nucleic acid targets is implemented. Labeled target nucleic acids are first captured and isolated on magnetic microbeads in the automaton, followed by optical detection of single beads on the ARROW chip. The combination of automated microfluidic sample preparation and highly sensitive optical detection opens possibilities for portable instruments for point-of-use analysis of minute, low concentration biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Parks
- School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz , Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - M A Olson
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University , Provo, Utah 84602, USA
| | | | - D Ozcelik
- School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz , Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - H Cai
- School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz , Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - R Carrion
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute , 7620 NW Loop 410, San Antonio, Texas 78227, USA
| | - J L Patterson
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute , 7620 NW Loop 410, San Antonio, Texas 78227, USA
| | - R A Mathies
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A R Hawkins
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University , Provo, Utah 84602, USA
| | - H Schmidt
- School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz , Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
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29
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Piyasena ME, Graves SW. The intersection of flow cytometry with microfluidics and microfabrication. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:1044-59. [PMID: 24488050 PMCID: PMC4077616 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc51152a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A modern flow cytometer can analyze and sort particles on a one by one basis at rates of 50,000 particles per second. Flow cytometers can also measure as many as 17 channels of fluorescence, several angles of scattered light, and other non-optical parameters such as particle impedance. More specialized flow cytometers can provide even greater analysis power, such as single molecule detection, imaging, and full spectral collection, at reduced rates. These capabilities have made flow cytometers an invaluable tool for numerous applications including cellular immunophenotyping, CD4+ T-cell counting, multiplex microsphere analysis, high-throughput screening, and rare cell analysis and sorting. Many bio-analytical techniques have been influenced by the advent of microfluidics as a component in analytical tools and flow cytometry is no exception. Here we detail the functions and uses of a modern flow cytometer, review the recent and historical contributions of microfluidics and microfabricated devices to field of flow cytometry, examine current application areas, and suggest opportunities for the synergistic application of microfabrication approaches to modern flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menake E. Piyasena
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM USA
- Department of Chemistry, New Mexico Tech, Socorro, NM USA
| | - Steven W. Graves
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM USA
- Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM USA, FAX: 15052771979; TEL:15052772043
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