1
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Finney AR, Salvalaglio M. Properties of aqueous electrolyte solutions at carbon electrodes: effects of concentration and surface charge on solution structure, ion clustering and thermodynamics in the electric double layer. Faraday Discuss 2024; 249:334-362. [PMID: 37781909 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00133d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Surfaces are able to control physical-chemical processes in multi-component solution systems and, as such, find application in a wide range of technological devices. Understanding the structure, dynamics and thermodynamics of non-ideal solutions at surfaces, however, is particularly challenging. Here, we use Constant Chemical Potential Molecular Dynamics (CμMD) simulations to gain insight into aqueous NaCl solutions in contact with graphite surfaces at high concentrations and under the effect of applied surface charges: conditions where mean-field theories describing interfaces cannot (typically) be reliably applied. We discover an asymmetric effect of surface charge on the electric double layer structure and resulting thermodynamic properties, which can be explained by considering the affinity of the surface for cations and anions and the cooperative adsorption of ions that occurs at higher concentrations. We characterise how the sign of the surface charge affects ion densities and water structure in the double layer and how the capacitance of the interface-a function of the electric potential drop across the double layer-is largely insensitive to the bulk solution concentration. Notably, we find that negatively charged graphite surfaces induce an increase in the size and concentration of extended liquid-like ion clusters confined to the double layer. Finally, we discuss how concentration and surface charge affect the activity coefficients of ions and water at the interface, demonstrating how electric fields in this region should be explicitly considered when characterising the thermodynamics of both solute and solvent at the solid/liquid interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron R Finney
- Thomas Young Centre and Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK.
| | - Matteo Salvalaglio
- Thomas Young Centre and Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK.
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2
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Hosseni A, Ashbaugh HS. Osmotic Force Balance Evaluation of Aqueous Electrolyte Osmotic Pressures and Chemical Potentials. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:8826-8838. [PMID: 37978934 PMCID: PMC10720338 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Concentrated aqueous salt solutions are ubiquitous in problems of biological and environmental relevance. The development of accurate force fields that capture the interactions between dissolved species in solution is crucial to simulating these systems to gain molecular insights into the underlying processes under saline conditions. The osmotic pressure is a relatively simple thermodynamic property connecting the experimental and simulation measurements of the associative properties of the ions in solution. Milner [C. Gillespie and S. T. Milner, Soft Matter, 16, 9816 (2020)] proposed a simulation approach to evaluate the osmotic pressures of salts in solution by applying a restraint potential to the ions alone in solution and determining the resulting pressure required to balance that potential, referred to here as the osmotic force balance. Here, we expand Milner's approach, demonstrating that the chemical potentials of the salts in solution as a function of concentration can be fitted to the concentration profiles determined from simulation, additionally providing an analytical expression for the osmotic pressure. This approach is used to determine the osmotic pressures of 15 alkali halide salts in water from simulations. The cross interactions between cations and anions in solution are subsequently optimized to capture their experimental osmotic pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Hosseni
- Department of Chemical and
Biomolecular Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Henry S. Ashbaugh
- Department of Chemical and
Biomolecular Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
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3
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Reinhardt A, Chew PY, Cheng B. A streamlined molecular-dynamics workflow for computing solubilities of molecular and ionic crystals. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:184110. [PMID: 37962445 DOI: 10.1063/5.0173341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Computing the solubility of crystals in a solvent using atomistic simulations is notoriously challenging due to the complexities and convergence issues associated with free-energy methods, as well as the slow equilibration in direct-coexistence simulations. This paper introduces a molecular-dynamics workflow that simplifies and robustly computes the solubility of molecular or ionic crystals. This method is considerably more straightforward than the state-of-the-art, as we have streamlined and optimised each step of the process. Specifically, we calculate the chemical potential of the crystal using the gas-phase molecule as a reference state, and employ the S0 method to determine the concentration dependence of the chemical potential of the solute. We use this workflow to predict the solubilities of sodium chloride in water, urea polymorphs in water, and paracetamol polymorphs in both water and ethanol. Our findings indicate that the predicted solubility is sensitive to the chosen potential energy surface. Furthermore, we note that the harmonic approximation often fails for both molecular crystals and gas molecules at or above room temperature, and that the assumption of an ideal solution becomes less valid for highly soluble substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleks Reinhardt
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Pin Yu Chew
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Bingqing Cheng
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
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4
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Kim J, Belloni L, Rotenberg B. Grand-canonical molecular dynamics simulations powered by a hybrid 4D nonequilibrium MD/MC method: Implementation in LAMMPS and applications to electrolyte solutions. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:144802. [PMID: 37819001 DOI: 10.1063/5.0168878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular simulations in an open environment, involving ion exchange, are necessary to study various systems, from biosystems to confined electrolytes. However, grand-canonical simulations are often computationally demanding in condensed phases. A promising method [L. Belloni, J. Chem. Phys. 151, 021101 (2019)], one of the hybrid nonequilibrium molecular dynamics/Monte Carlo algorithms, was recently developed, which enables efficient computation of fluctuating number or charge density in dense fluids or ionic solutions. This method facilitates the exchange through an auxiliary dimension, orthogonal to all physical dimensions, by reducing initial steric and electrostatic clashes in three-dimensional systems. Here, we report the implementation of the method in LAMMPS with a Python interface, allowing facile access to grand-canonical molecular dynamics simulations with massively parallelized computation. We validate our implementation with two electrolytes, including a model Lennard-Jones electrolyte similar to a restricted primitive model and aqueous solutions. We find that electrostatic interactions play a crucial role in the overall efficiency due to their long-range nature, particularly for water or ion-pair exchange in aqueous solutions. With properly screened electrostatic interactions and bias-based methods, our approach enhances the efficiency of salt-pair exchange in Lennard-Jones electrolytes by approximately four orders of magnitude, compared to conventional grand-canonical Monte Carlo. Furthermore, the acceptance rate of NaCl-pair exchange in aqueous solutions at moderate concentrations reaches about 3% at the maximum efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongmin Kim
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Physico-Chimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Luc Belloni
- LIONS, NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Benjamin Rotenberg
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Physico-Chimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, F-75005 Paris, France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Électrochimique de Énergie (RS2E), FR CNRS 3459, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
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5
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Schaefer D, Kohns M, Hasse H. Molecular modeling and simulation of aqueous solutions of alkali nitrates. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:134508. [PMID: 37031112 DOI: 10.1063/5.0141331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A set of molecular models for the alkali nitrates (LiNO3, NaNO3, KNO3, RbNO3, and CsNO3) in aqueous solutions is presented and used for predicting the thermophysical properties of these solutions with molecular dynamics simulations. The set of models is obtained from a combination of a model for the nitrate anion from the literature with a set of models for the alkali cations developed in previous works of our group. The water model is SPC/E and the Lorentz–Berthelot combining rules are used for describing the unlike interactions. This combination is shown to yield fair predictions of thermophysical and structural properties of the studied aqueous solutions, namely the density, the water activity and the mean ionic activity coefficient, the self-diffusion coefficients of the ions, and radial distribution functions, which were studied at 298 K and 1 bar; except for the density of the solutions of all five nitrates and the activity properties of solutions of NaNO3, which were also studied at 333 K. For calculating the water the activity and the mean ionic activity coefficient, the OPAS ( osmotic pressure for the activity of selvents) method was applied. The new models extend an ion model family for the alkali halides developed in previous works of our group in a consistent way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Schaefer
- Laboratory of Engineering Thermodynamics (LTD), RPTU Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Maximilian Kohns
- Laboratory of Engineering Thermodynamics (LTD), RPTU Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Hans Hasse
- Laboratory of Engineering Thermodynamics (LTD), RPTU Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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6
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Kournopoulos S, Santos MS, Ravipati S, Haslam AJ, Jackson G, Economou IG, Galindo A. The Contribution of the Ion-Ion and Ion-Solvent Interactions in a Molecular Thermodynamic Treatment of Electrolyte Solutions. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:9821-9839. [PMID: 36395498 PMCID: PMC9720728 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c03915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Developing molecular equations of state to treat electrolyte solutions is challenging due to the long-range nature of the Coulombic interactions. Seminal approaches commonly used are the mean spherical approximation (MSA) and the Debye-Hückel (DH) theory to account for ion-ion interactions and, often, the Born theory of solvation for ion-solvent interactions. We investigate the accuracy of the MSA and DH approaches using each to calculate the contribution of the ion-ion interactions to the chemical potential of NaCl in water, comparing these with newly computer-generated simulation data; the ion-ion contribution is isolated by selecting an appropriate primitive model with a Lennard-Jones force field to describe the solvent. A study of mixtures with different concentrations and ionic strengths reveals that the calculations from both MSA and DH theories are of similar accuracy, with the MSA approach resulting in marginally better agreement with the simulation data. We also demonstrate that the Born theory provides a good qualitative description of the contribution of the ion-solvent interactions; we employ an explicitly polar water model in these simulations. Quantitative agreement up to moderate salt concentrations and across the relevant range of temperature is achieved by adjusting the Born radius using simulation data of the free energy of solvation. We compute the radial and orientational distribution functions of the systems, thereby providing further insight on the differences observed between the theory and simulation. We thus provide rigorous benchmarks for use of the MSA, DH, and Born theories as perturbation approaches, which will be of value for improving existing models of electrolyte solutions, especially in the context of equations of state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spiros Kournopoulos
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Sargent Centre for Process Systems Engineering,
and Institute for Molecular Science and Engineering, Imperial College, London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Mirella Simões Santos
- Laboratoire
de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure
de Lyon, 46 Allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon, France
- Australian
Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Srikanth Ravipati
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Sargent Centre for Process Systems Engineering,
and Institute for Molecular Science and Engineering, Imperial College, London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Haslam
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Sargent Centre for Process Systems Engineering,
and Institute for Molecular Science and Engineering, Imperial College, London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - George Jackson
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Sargent Centre for Process Systems Engineering,
and Institute for Molecular Science and Engineering, Imperial College, London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Ioannis G. Economou
- Chemical
Engineering Program, Texas A&M University
at Qatar, Doha 23874, Qatar
| | - Amparo Galindo
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Sargent Centre for Process Systems Engineering,
and Institute for Molecular Science and Engineering, Imperial College, London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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7
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Cheng B. Computing chemical potentials of solutions from structure factors. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:121101. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0107059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical potential of a component in a solution is defined as the free energy change as the amount of the component changes. Computing this fundamental thermodynamic property from atomistic simulations is notoriously difficult, because of the convergence issues in free energy methods and finite size effects. This paper presents the so-called S0 method, which can be used to obtain chemical potentials from static structure factors computed from equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations under the isothermal-isobaric ensemble. This new method is demonstrated on the systems of binary Lennard-Jones particles, urea--water mixtures, a NaCl aqueous solution, and a high-pressure carbon-hydrogen mixture.
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8
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Polarizable force fields for accurate molecular simulations of aqueous solutions of electrolytes, crystalline salts, and solubility: Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, F−, Cl−, Br−, I−. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Dabrowski W, Siwicka-Gieroba D, Robba C, Bielacz M, Sołek-Pastuszka J, Kotfis K, Bohatyrewicz R, Jaroszyński A, Malbrain MLNG, Badenes R. Potentially Detrimental Effects of Hyperosmolality in Patients Treated for Traumatic Brain Injury. J Clin Med 2021; 10:4141. [PMID: 34575255 PMCID: PMC8467376 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10184141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperosmotic therapy is commonly used to treat intracranial hypertension in traumatic brain injury patients. Unfortunately, hyperosmolality also affects other organs. An increase in plasma osmolality may impair kidney, cardiac, and immune function, and increase blood-brain barrier permeability. These effects are related not only to the type of hyperosmotic agents, but also to the level of hyperosmolality. The commonly recommended osmolality of 320 mOsm/kg H2O seems to be the maximum level, although an increase in plasma osmolality above 310 mOsm/kg H2O may already induce cardiac and immune system disorders. The present review focuses on the adverse effects of hyperosmolality on the function of various organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Dabrowski
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Dorota Siwicka-Gieroba
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Chiara Robba
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Policlinico San Martino, 16100 Genova, Italy;
| | - Magdalena Bielacz
- Institute of Tourism and Recreation, State Vocational College of Szymon Szymonowicz, 22-400 Zamosc, Poland;
| | - Joanna Sołek-Pastuszka
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland; (J.S.-P.); (R.B.)
| | - Katarzyna Kotfis
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Therapy and Acute Intoxications, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Romuald Bohatyrewicz
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland; (J.S.-P.); (R.B.)
| | - Andrzej Jaroszyński
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Medical Science, Jan Kochanowski University of Kielce, 25-736 Kielce, Poland;
| | - Manu L. N. G. Malbrain
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland;
- International Fluid Academy, Dreef 3, 3360 Lovenjoel, Belgium
- Medical Department, AZ Jan Palfjin Hospital, Watersportlaan 5, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Rafael Badenes
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Clìnico Universitario de Valencia, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
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10
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Finney AR, McPherson IJ, Unwin PR, Salvalaglio M. Electrochemistry, ion adsorption and dynamics in the double layer: a study of NaCl(aq) on graphite. Chem Sci 2021; 12:11166-11180. [PMID: 34522314 PMCID: PMC8386640 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02289j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphite and related sp2 carbons are ubiquitous electrode materials with particular promise for use in e.g., energy storage and desalination devices, but very little is known about the properties of the carbon–electrolyte double layer at technologically relevant concentrations. Here, the (electrified) graphite–NaCl(aq) interface was examined using constant chemical potential molecular dynamics (CμMD) simulations; this approach avoids ion depletion (due to surface adsorption) and maintains a constant concentration, electroneutral bulk solution beyond the surface. Specific Na+ adsorption at the graphite basal surface causes charging of the interface in the absence of an applied potential. At moderate bulk concentrations, this leads to accumulation of counter-ions in a diffuse layer to balance the effective surface charge, consistent with established models of the electrical double layer. Beyond ∼0.6 M, however, a combination of over-screening and ion crowding in the double layer results in alternating compact layers of charge density perpendicular to the interface. The transition to this regime is marked by an increasing double layer size and anomalous negative shifts to the potential of zero charge with incremental changes to the bulk concentration. Our observations are supported by changes to the position of the differential capacitance minimum measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and are explained in terms of the screening behaviour and asymmetric ion adsorption. Furthermore, a striking level of agreement between the differential capacitance from solution evaluated in simulations and measured in experiments allows us to critically assess electrochemical capacitance measurements which have previously been considered to report simply on the density of states of the graphite material at the potential of zero charge. Our work shows that the solution side of the double layer provides the more dominant contribution to the overall measured capacitance. Finally, ion crowding at the highest concentrations (beyond ∼5 M) leads to the formation of liquid-like NaCl clusters confined to highly non-ideal regions of the double layer, where ion diffusion is up to five times slower than in the bulk. The implications of changes to the speciation of ions on reactive events in the double layer are discussed. CμMD reveals multi-layer electrolyte screening in the double layer beyond 0.6 M, which affects ion activities, speciation and mobility; asymmetric charge screening explains concentration dependent changes to electrochemical properties.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron R Finney
- Thomas Young Centre and Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London London WC1E 7JE UK
| | - Ian J McPherson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Matteo Salvalaglio
- Thomas Young Centre and Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London London WC1E 7JE UK
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11
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Finney A, Salvalaglio M. Multiple Pathways in NaCl Homogeneous Crystal Nucleation. Faraday Discuss 2021; 235:56-80. [DOI: 10.1039/d1fd00089f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
NaCl crystal nucleation from metastable solutions has long been considered to occur according to a single-step mechanism where the growth in the size and crystalline order of the emerging nuclei...
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12
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Panagiotopoulos AZ. Simulations of activities, solubilities, transport properties, and nucleation rates for aqueous electrolyte solutions. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:010903. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0012102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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13
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Dočkal J, Lísal M, Moučka F. Molecular Force Field Development for Aqueous Electrolytes: 2. Polarizable Models Incorporating Crystalline Chemical Potential and Their Accurate Simulations of Halite, Hydrohalite, Aqueous Solutions of NaCl, and Solubility. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:3677-3688. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Dočkal
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, J. E. Purkyně University, 400 96 Ústí n. Lab., Czech Republic
| | - Martin Lísal
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, J. E. Purkyně University, 400 96 Ústí n. Lab., Czech Republic
- Department of Molecular and Mesoscopic Modelling, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, v. v. i., 165 02 Prague 6-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Moučka
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, J. E. Purkyně University, 400 96 Ústí n. Lab., Czech Republic
- Department of Molecular and Mesoscopic Modelling, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, v. v. i., 165 02 Prague 6-Suchdol, Czech Republic
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14
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Shilov IY, Lyashchenko AK. Anion-Specific Effects on Activity Coefficients in Aqueous Solutions of Sodium Salts: Modeling with the Extended Debye–Hückel Theory. J SOLUTION CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10953-019-00860-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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15
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Jiang H, Debenedetti PG, Panagiotopoulos AZ. Communication: Nucleation rates of supersaturated aqueous NaCl using a polarizable force field. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:141102. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5053652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jiang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Pablo G. Debenedetti
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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16
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Di Pasquale N, Davie SJ, Popelier PLA. The accuracy of ab initio calculations without ab initio calculations for charged systems: Kriging predictions of atomistic properties for ions in aqueous solutions. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:241724. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5022174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicodemo Di Pasquale
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB), 131 Princess
Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom and School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL,
United Kingdom
| | - Stuart J. Davie
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB), 131 Princess
Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom and School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL,
United Kingdom
| | - Paul L. A. Popelier
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB), 131 Princess
Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom and School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL,
United Kingdom
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17
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Moučka F, Kolafa J, Lísal M, Smith WR. Chemical potentials of alkaline earth metal halide aqueous electrolytes and solubility of their hydrates by molecular simulation: Application to CaCl2, antarcticite, and sinjarite. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:222832. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5024212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Filip Moučka
- Department of Molecular and Mesoscopic Modelling, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, v. v. i., 165 02 Prague 6-Suchdol, Czech Republic
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, J. E. Purkinje University, 400 96 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kolafa
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, 166 28 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Lísal
- Department of Molecular and Mesoscopic Modelling, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, v. v. i., 165 02 Prague 6-Suchdol, Czech Republic
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, J. E. Purkinje University, 400 96 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - William R. Smith
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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18
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Zimmermann NER, Vorselaars B, Espinosa JR, Quigley D, Smith WR, Sanz E, Vega C, Peters B. NaCl nucleation from brine in seeded simulations: Sources of uncertainty in rate estimates. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:222838. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5024009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nils. E. R. Zimmermann
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Bart Vorselaars
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln LN6 7TS, United Kingdom
| | - Jorge R. Espinosa
- Departmento de Quimica-Fisica I, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Quigley
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - William R. Smith
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G2W1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Eduardo Sanz
- Departmento de Quimica-Fisica I, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Vega
- Departmento de Quimica-Fisica I, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Baron Peters
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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19
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Heidari M, Kremer K, Cortes-Huerto R, Potestio R. Spatially Resolved Thermodynamic Integration: An Efficient Method To Compute Chemical Potentials of Dense Fluids. J Chem Theory Comput 2018; 14:3409-3417. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.8b00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maziar Heidari
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kurt Kremer
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Raffaello Potestio
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Physics Department, University of Trento, via Sommarive 14 Povo, Trento 38123, Italy
- INFN-TIFPA, Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications, I-38123 Trento, Italy
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20
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Mamatkulov S, Schwierz N. Force fields for monovalent and divalent metal cations in TIP3P water based on thermodynamic and kinetic properties. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:074504. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5017694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shavkat Mamatkulov
- Department of Physics, The Centre of Higher Technologies, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Nadine Schwierz
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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21
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Young JM, Panagiotopoulos AZ. System-Size Dependence of Electrolyte Activity Coefficients in Molecular Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:3330-3338. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b09861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M. Young
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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22
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Benavides AL, Portillo MA, Chamorro VC, Espinosa JR, Abascal JLF, Vega C. A potential model for sodium chloride solutions based on the TIP4P/2005 water model. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:104501. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5001190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A. L. Benavides
- Departamento de Ingeniería Física, División de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guanajuato, Loma del Bosque 103, Col. Lomas del Campestre, CP 37150 León, Mexico
| | - M. A. Portillo
- Departamento de Química Física I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - V. C. Chamorro
- Departamento de Química Física I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J. R. Espinosa
- Departamento de Química Física I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J. L. F. Abascal
- Departamento de Química Física I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - C. Vega
- Departamento de Química Física I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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23
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Shilov IY, Lyashchenko AK. Modeling activity coefficients in alkali iodide aqueous solutions using the extended Debye-Hückel theory. J Mol Liq 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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24
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Benavides A, Portillo M, Abascal J, Vega C. Estimating the solubility of 1:1 electrolyte aqueous solutions: the chemical potential difference rule. Mol Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2017.1288939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A.L. Benavides
- División de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - M.A. Portillo
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J.L.F. Abascal
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - C. Vega
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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25
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Benavides AL, Aragones JL, Vega C. Consensus on the solubility of NaCl in water from computer simulations using the chemical potential route. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:124504. [PMID: 27036458 DOI: 10.1063/1.4943780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The solubility of NaCl in water is evaluated by using three force field models: Joung-Cheatham for NaCl dissolved in two different water models (SPC/E and TIP4P/2005) and Smith Dang NaCl model in SPC/E water. The methodology based on free-energy calculations [E. Sanz and C. Vega, J. Chem. Phys. 126, 014507 (2007)] and [J. L. Aragones et al., J. Chem. Phys. 136, 244508 (2012)] has been used, except, that all calculations for the NaCl in solution were obtained by using molecular dynamics simulations with the GROMACS package instead of homemade MC programs. We have explored new lower molalities and made longer runs to improve the accuracy of the calculations. Exploring the low molality region allowed us to obtain an analytical expression for the chemical potential of the ions in solution as a function of molality valid for a wider range of molalities, including the infinite dilute case. These new results are in better agreement with recent estimations of the solubility obtained with other methodologies. Besides, two empirical simple rules have been obtained to have a rough estimate of the solubility of a certain model, by analyzing the ionic pairs formation as a function of molality and/or by calculating the difference between the NaCl solid chemical potential and the standard chemical potential of the salt in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Benavides
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J L Aragones
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C Vega
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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26
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Nezbeda I, Moučka F, Smith WR. Recent progress in molecular simulation of aqueous electrolytes: force fields, chemical potentials and solubility. Mol Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2016.1165296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Nezbeda
- Faculty of Science, J.E. Purkinje University, Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Moučka
- Faculty of Science, J.E. Purkinje University, Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - William R. Smith
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada
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27
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Kohns M, Reiser S, Horsch M, Hasse H. Solvent activity in electrolyte solutions from molecular simulation of the osmotic pressure. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:084112. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4942500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Kohns
- Laboratory of Engineering Thermodynamics, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger Str. 44, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Steffen Reiser
- Laboratory of Engineering Thermodynamics, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger Str. 44, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Martin Horsch
- Laboratory of Engineering Thermodynamics, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger Str. 44, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Hans Hasse
- Laboratory of Engineering Thermodynamics, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger Str. 44, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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28
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Mester Z, Panagiotopoulos AZ. Mean ionic activity coefficients in aqueous NaCl solutions from molecular dynamics simulations. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:044507. [PMID: 25637995 DOI: 10.1063/1.4906320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The mean ionic activity coefficients of aqueous NaCl solutions of varying concentrations at 298.15 K and 1 bar have been obtained from molecular dynamics simulations by gradually turning on the interactions of an ion pair inserted into the solution. Several common non-polarizable water and ion models have been used in the simulations. Gibbs-Duhem equation calculations of the thermodynamic activity of water are used to confirm the thermodynamic consistency of the mean ionic activity coefficients. While the majority of model combinations predict the correct trends in mean ionic activity coefficients, they overestimate their values at high salt concentrations. The solubility predictions also suffer from inaccuracies, with all models underpredicting the experimental values, some by large factors. These results point to the need for further ion and water model development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Mester
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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29
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Mester Z, Panagiotopoulos AZ. Temperature-dependent solubilities and mean ionic activity coefficients of alkali halides in water from molecular dynamics simulations. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:044505. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4926840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Mester
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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30
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Shilov IY, Lyashchenko AK. The Role of Concentration Dependent Static Permittivity of Electrolyte Solutions in the Debye–Hückel Theory. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:10087-95. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b04555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ignat Yu. Shilov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey K. Lyashchenko
- Kurnakov
Institute of General
and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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31
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Jiang H, Mester Z, Moultos OA, Economou IG, Panagiotopoulos AZ. Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of H2O + NaCl from Polarizable Force Fields. J Chem Theory Comput 2015; 11:3802-10. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.5b00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jiang
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Zoltan Mester
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Othonas A. Moultos
- Chemical Engineering Program, Texas A&M University at Qatar, P.O. Box 23874, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ioannis G. Economou
- Chemical Engineering Program, Texas A&M University at Qatar, P.O. Box 23874, Doha, Qatar
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32
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Valiskó M, Boda D. The effect of concentration- and temperature-dependent dielectric constant on the activity coefficient of NaCl electrolyte solutions. J Chem Phys 2015; 140:234508. [PMID: 24952553 DOI: 10.1063/1.4883742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Our implicit-solvent model for the estimation of the excess chemical potential (or, equivalently, the activity coefficient) of electrolytes is based on using a dielectric constant that depends on the thermodynamic state, namely, the temperature and concentration of the electrolyte, ε(c, T). As a consequence, the excess chemical potential is split into two terms corresponding to ion-ion (II) and ion-water (IW) interactions. The II term is obtained from computer simulation using the Primitive Model of electrolytes, while the IW term is estimated from the Born treatment. In our previous work [J. Vincze, M. Valiskó, and D. Boda, "The nonmonotonic concentration dependence of the mean activity coefficient of electrolytes is a result of a balance between solvation and ion-ion correlations," J. Chem. Phys. 133, 154507 (2010)], we showed that the nonmonotonic concentration dependence of the activity coefficient can be reproduced qualitatively with this II+IW model without using any adjustable parameter. The Pauling radii were used in the calculation of the II term, while experimental solvation free energies were used in the calculation of the IW term. In this work, we analyze the effect of the parameters (dielectric constant, ionic radii, solvation free energy) on the concentration and temperature dependence of the mean activity coefficient of NaCl. We conclude that the II+IW model can explain the experimental behavior using a concentration-dependent dielectric constant and that we do not need the artificial concept of "solvated ionic radius" assumed by earlier studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónika Valiskó
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Pannonia, P.O. Box 158, H-8201 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Dezső Boda
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Pannonia, P.O. Box 158, H-8201 Veszprém, Hungary
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33
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Moučka F, Nezbeda I, Smith WR. Chemical Potentials, Activity Coefficients, and Solubility in Aqueous NaCl Solutions: Prediction by Polarizable Force Fields. J Chem Theory Comput 2015; 11:1756-64. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.5b00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Filip Moučka
- Faculty
of Science, J. E. Purkinje University, 400 96 Ústí
nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Ivo Nezbeda
- Faculty
of Science, J. E. Purkinje University, 400 96 Ústí
nad Labem, Czech Republic
- Institute
of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Academy of Sciences, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - William R. Smith
- Department
of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
- Faculty
of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Ontario L1H 7K4, Canada
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34
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Moucka F, Bratko D, Luzar A. Electrolyte pore/solution partitioning by expanded grand canonical ensemble Monte Carlo simulation. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:124705. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4914461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Filip Moucka
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23221, USA
- Faculty of Science, J. E. Purkinje University, 400 96 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Dusan Bratko
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23221, USA
| | - Alenka Luzar
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23221, USA
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35
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Li P, Song LF, Merz KM. Systematic Parameterization of Monovalent Ions Employing the Nonbonded Model. J Chem Theory Comput 2015; 11:1645-57. [PMID: 26574374 DOI: 10.1021/ct500918t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Monovalent ions play fundamental roles in many biological processes in organisms. Modeling these ions in molecular simulations continues to be a challenging problem. The 12-6 Lennard-Jones (LJ) nonbonded model is widely used to model monovalent ions in classical molecular dynamics simulations. A lot of parameterization efforts have been reported for these ions with a number of experimental end points. However, some reported parameter sets do not have a good balance between the two Lennard-Jones parameters (the van der Waals (VDW) radius and potential well depth), which affects their transferability. In the present work, via the use of a noble gas curve we fitted in former work (J. Chem. Theory Comput. 2013, 9, 2733), we reoptimized the 12-6 LJ parameters for 15 monovalent ions (11 positive and 4 negative ions) for three extensively used water models (TIP3P, SPC/E, and TIP4P(EW)). Since the 12-6 LJ nonbonded model performs poorly in some instances for these ions, we have also parameterized the 12-6-4 LJ-type nonbonded model (J. Chem. Theory Comput. 2014, 10, 289) using the same three water models. The three derived parameter sets focused on reproducing the hydration free energies (the HFE set) and the ion-oxygen distance (the IOD set) using the 12-6 LJ nonbonded model and the 12-6-4 LJ-type nonbonded model (the 12-6-4 set) overall give improved results. In particular, the final parameter sets showed better agreement with quantum mechanically calculated VDW radii and improved transferability to ion-pair solutions when compared to previous parameter sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Li
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1322, United States
| | - Lin Frank Song
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1322, United States
| | - Kenneth M Merz
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1322, United States
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37
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Khalansky D, Popova E, Gladyshev P, Dushanov E, Kholmurodov K. A molecular dynamic model for analyzing concentrations of electrolytes: Fractional molar dependences of microstructure properties. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024414120139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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