Experimental inelastic neutron scattering spectrum of hydrogen hexagonal clathrate-hydrate compared with rigorous quantum simulations

Large-cage occupation and quantum dynamics of hydrogen molecules in sII clathrate hydrates

Hydrogen clathrate hydrates are ice-like crystalline substances in which hydrogen molecules are trapped inside polyhedral cages formed by the water molecules. Small cages can host only a single H2 molecule, while each large cage can be occupied by up to four H2 molecules. Here, we present a neutron scattering study on the structure of the sII hydrogen clathrate hydrate and on the low-temperature dynamics of the hydrogen molecules trapped in its large cages, as a function of the gas content in the samples. We observe spectral features at low energy transfer (between 1 and 3 meV), and we show that they can be successfully assigned to the rattling motion of a single hydrogen molecule occupying a large water cage. These inelastic bands remarkably lose their intensity with increasing the hydrogen filling, consistently with the fact that the probability of single occupation (as opposed to multiple occupation) increases as the hydrogen content in the sample gets lower. The spectral intensity of the H2 rattling bands is studied as a function of the momentum transfer for partially emptied samples and compared with three distinct quantum models for a single H2 molecule in a large cage: (i) the exact solution of the Schrödinger equation for a well-assessed semiempirical force field, (ii) a particle trapped in a rigid sphere, and (iii) an isotropic three-dimensional harmonic oscillator. The first model provides good agreement between calculations and experimental data, while the last two only reproduce their qualitative trend. Finally, the radial wavefunctions of the three aforementioned models, as well as their potential surfaces, are presented and discussed.

Smolyak Algorithm Adapted to a System-Bath Separation: Application to an Encapsulated Molecule with Large-Amplitude Motions

A Smolyak algorithm adapted to system-bath separation is proposed for rigorous quantum simulations. This technique combines a sparse grid method with the system-bath concept in a specific configuration without limitations on the form of the Hamiltonian, thus achieving a highly efficient convergence of the excitation transitions for the "system" part. Our approach provides a general way to overcome the perennial convergence problem for the standard Smolyak algorithm and enables the simulation of floppy molecules with more than a hundred degrees of freedom. The efficiency of the present method is illustrated on the simulation of H₂ caged in an sII clathrate hydrate including two kinds of cage modes. The transition energies are converged by increasing the number of normal modes of water molecules. Our results confirm the triplet splittings of both translational and rotational (j = 1) transitions of the H₂ molecule. Furthermore, they show a slight increase of the translational transitions with respect to the ones in a rigid cage.

Does cage quantum delocalisation influence the translation–rotational bound states of molecular hydrogen in clathrate hydrate?

In this study, we examine the effect of a flexible description of the clathrate hydrate framework on the translation–rotation (TR) eigenstates of guest molecules such as molecular hydrogen.

New porous water ice metastable at atmospheric pressure obtained by emptying a hydrogen-filled ice

The properties of some forms of water ice reserve still intriguing surprises. Besides the several stable or metastable phases of pure ice, solid mixtures of water with gases are precursors of other ices, as in some cases they may be emptied, leaving a metastable hydrogen-bound water structure. We present here the first characterization of a new form of ice, obtained from the crystalline solid compound of water and molecular hydrogen called C₀-structure filled ice. By means of Raman spectroscopy, we measure the hydrogen release at different temperatures and succeed in rapidly removing all the hydrogen molecules, obtaining a new form of ice (ice XVII). Its structure is determined by means of neutron diffraction measurements. Of paramount interest is that the emptied crystal can adsorb again hydrogen and release it repeatedly, showing a temperature-dependent hysteresis.

By trapping guest molecules, solid water shows peculiar structures in addition to the known fifteen forms of ice at different conditions. Here, the authors report a new porous ice phase, termed ice XVII, which is metastable at ambient pressure and is able to adsorb and release hydrogen reversibly.

Impact of the Condensed-Phase Environment on the Translation-Rotation Eigenstates and Spectra of a Hydrogen Molecule in Clathrate Hydrates

We systematically investigate the manifestations of the condensed-phase environment of the structure II clathrate hydrate in the translation-rotation (TR) dynamics and the inelastic neutron scattering (INS) spectra of an H2 molecule confined in the small dodecahedral cage of the hydrate. The aim is to elucidate the extent to which these properties are affected by the clathrate water molecules beyond the confining cage and the proton disorder of the water framework. For this purpose, quantum calculations of the TR eigenstates and INS spectra are performed for H2 inside spherical clathrate domains of gradually increasing radius and the number of water molecules ranging from 20 for the isolated small cage to more than 1800. For each domain size, several hundred distinct hydrogen-bonding topologies are constructed in order to simulate the effects of the proton disorder. Our study reveals that the clathrate-induced splittings of the j = 1 rotational level and the translational fundamental of the guest H2 are influenced by the condensed-phase environment to a dramatically different degree, the former very strongly and the latter only weakly.