Communication: Nuclear quadrupole moment-induced Cotton-Mouton effect in noble gas atoms

Insights into localization, energy ordering, and substituent effect in excited states of azobenzenes from coupled cluster calculations of nuclear spin-induced circular dichroism

Nuclear spin-induced circular dichroism (NSCD) is a molecular effect of differential absorption of left- and right-circularly polarized light due to nuclear spins in the molecule. In this work, new tools for its calculation are presented. Specifically, analytic expressions for the computation of the K term of NSCD have been derived and implemented for the second-order coupled cluster singles and doubles (CC2) model. NSCD results obtained thereby for three derivatives of azobenzenes have been compared with results from time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT). The complementary information that could be obtained from NSCD measurements compared to NMR for these three species is discussed.

Characteristic nuclear spin-induced optical rotation in oxygen-containing organic molecules

Nuclear spin-induced optical rotation (NSOR) is a nuclear magneto-optic effect that manifests itself as a rotation of the plane of polarization of linearly polarized light. The effect is induced by ordered nuclear magnetic moments within a molecule. NSOR is sensitive to specific, localized interactions. Hence, the connection between the local chemical environment and the corresponding NSOR signal is crucial to understand. Despite the fact that contributions to better understand the connection have been made, the general systematics still remain unknown. In this paper, NSOR in oxygen compounds is investigated systematically to better understand the impact of oxygen atoms on the NSOR signal. NSOR signals are computed using density-functional theory methods for five different classes of oxygen compounds. The ability of NSOR to distinguish different molecules and individual nuclei in the molecules is studied and the information provided by NSOR is compared to conventional NMR spectroscopy. The results reveal that NSOR is capable of chemical distinction between nuclei and molecules, and by using NMR and NSOR together it is possible to distinguish nuclei near the oxygen atom.

Nuclear spin-induced optical rotation of functional groups in hydrocarbons

Nuclear spin-induced optical rotation (NSOR) is a nuclear magneto-optic effect manifesting as a rotation of the plane of polarization of linearly polarized light induced by nuclear magnetic moments within a molecule. NSOR probes molecular optical properties through localized nuclear interactions and has potential to be developed into a new spectroscopic tool. However, so far the connection between the molecular structure and NSOR response has not been systematically investigated. To obtain insight into this relation and to assess its viability as a foundation for a new spectroscopic method, NSOR of 1H and 13C nuclei in a set of hydrocarbon molecules with various structural motifs is theoretically investigated using density functional theory calculations. The results reveal that NSOR intensities are correlated with several structural features of the molecules, such as the position of the nucleus in the carbon chain, isomerism and presence of nearby unsaturated groups. Specific patterns connecting NSOR to the local chemical environment of the nucleus can be observed. It is also shown that this effect can be to a good approximation modelled as a sum of individual contributions from nearby chemical groups, allowing for a rapid estimation of its values. The demonstrated systematic dependence of the NSOR signal on the molecular structure is a desirable feature for theoretical and experimental development of new spectroscopic methods based on this phenomenon.

Low-Concentration Measurements of Nuclear Spin-Induced Optical Rotation Using SABRE Hyperpolarization

Nuclear spin-induced optical rotation (NSOR) is a promising phenomenon for molecular structure elucidation due to its sensitivity to electronic structure near atomic nuclei. It is the only experimentally verified nuclear magneto-optic effect (NMOE), so far observed usually in neat liquids or in concentrated binary mixtures, with the proportion of the minor component at least 10%. We report a method to extend the lower-concentration range of NSOR measurements by 2 orders of magnitude by employing continuous-flow SABRE (signal amplification by reversible exchange) hyperpolarization. This approach significantly increases the sensitivity of NSOR and enables its detection in dilute samples, as demonstrated with measurements of NSOR of 90 mmol/L solutions of pyridine and pyrazine. The results are compared with first-principles calculations, and good agreement is found. The possibility to measure low-concentration solutions significantly extends the pool of samples available for further studies of NMOEs.

Spatial localization in nuclear spin-induced circular dichroism - a quadratic response function analysis

Nuclear magneto-optic (NMO) effects are recently described phenomena originating from the interaction of light with local magnetic fields produced by nuclear spins. The phenomena border nuclear magnetic resonance and optical spectroscopy and are expected to provide rather unique spectroscopic features, borrowing from both localized response of the atomic nuclei as well as more global excitation properties of the whole molecule or its chromophore moieties. A number of quantum-chemical computational studies have been carried out, offering a reasonable agreement with nuclear magneto-optics experiments performed so far. However, the detailed structure-spectra relation is still poorly understood. In this report we address the question of locality of one of the NMO effects, namely nuclear spin-induced circular dichroism (NSCD). We implement an alternative computational approach for calculation of the NSCD intensities, based on residues of quadratic response functions, and use it to investigate the NSCD response of different nuclei in a model molecular system with well-defined separate chromophores. The results show that significant NSCD at a given energy only occurs at the nuclei which are located in the chromophore that is excited. We rationalize these findings using analysis via difference densities, and approximate sum-over-states calculations. This behaviour of NSCD opens a way to experimental studies of localization of excited states in molecules, potentially with resolution down to the order of bond-length.

Relation between molecular electronic structure and nuclear spin-induced circular dichroism

The recently theoretically described nuclear spin-induced circular dichroism (NSCD) is a promising method for the optical detection of nuclear magnetization. NSCD involves both optical excitations of the molecule and hyperfine interactions and, thus, it offers a means to realize a spectroscopy with spatially localized, high-resolution information. To survey the factors relating the molecular and electronic structure to the NSCD signal, we theoretically investigate NSCD of twenty structures of the four most common nucleic acid bases (adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine). The NSCD signal correlates with the spatial distribution of the excited states and couplings between them, reflecting changes in molecular structure and conformation. This constitutes a marked difference to the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemical shift, which only reflects the local molecular structure in the ground electronic state. The calculated NSCD spectra are rationalized by means of changes in the electronic density and by a sum-over-states approach, which allows to identify the contributions of the individual excited states. Two separate contributions to NSCD are identified and their physical origins and relative magnitudes are discussed. The results underline NSCD spectroscopy as a plausible tool with a power for the identification of not only different molecules, but their specific structures as well.

Nuclear-Spin-Induced Circular Dichroism in the Infrared Region for Liquids

Recently, the nuclear-spin-induced optical rotation (NSOR) and circular dichroism (NSCD) for liquids were discovered and extensively studied and developed. However, so far, nuclear-spin-induced magnetic circular dichroism in the IR region (IR-NSCD) has not been explored, even though all polyatomic molecules exhibit extensive IR spectra. Herein, IR-NSCD is proposed and discussed theoretically. The results indicate that in favorable conditions the IR-NSCD angle may be much larger than the NSOR angle in the UV/Vis region due to a vibrational resonance effect and can be measurable by using the NSOR experiment scheme. IR-NSCD can automatically combine and give NMR spectra and IRCD spectra of the nuclear spin prepolarized samples in liquids, which, in principle, could be developed to become a unique, novel analytical tool.

Nuclear-spin-induced cotton-mouton effect in a strong external magnetic field

Novel, high-sensitivity and high-resolution spectroscopic methods can provide site-specific nuclear information by exploiting nuclear magneto-optic properties. We present a first-principles electronic structure formulation of the recently proposed nuclear-spin-induced Cotton-Mouton effect in a strong external magnetic field (NSCM-B). In NSCM-B, ellipticity is induced in a linearly polarized light beam, which can be attributed to both the dependence of the symmetric dynamic polarizability on the external magnetic field and the nuclear magnetic moment, as well as the temperature-dependent partial alignment of the molecules due to the magnetic fields. Quantum-chemical calculations of NSCM-B were conducted for a series of molecular liquids. The overall order of magnitude of the induced ellipticities is predicted to be 10(-11) -10(-6) rad T(-1)  M(-1)  cm(-1) for fully spin-polarized nuclei. In particular, liquid-state heavy-atom systems should be promising for experiments in the Voigt setup.

Nuclear spin circular dichroism in fullerenes: a computational study

Chemically different carbons in C₇₀ give distinct signals in nuclear spin circular dichroism spectroscopy, a novel candidate for high-resolution identification of chemical compounds.