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Kamphaus EP, Shan N, Jones JC, Martinson ABF, Cheng L. Selective Hydration of Rutile TiO 2 as a Strategy for Site-Selective Atomic Layer Deposition. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:21585-21595. [PMID: 35438979 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c24807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The feasibility of a site-selective hydration strategy that enables site-selective atomic layer deposition (ALD) is investigated among four rutile TiO2 facets [(110), (100), (101) and (001)] and their most prevalent step edges. First-principles simulations of asymmetric slab models were utilized to create accurate representations of pristine terrace and step edge sites. The adsorption free energies for molecular and dissociative adsorption of H2O were calculated to evaluate this strategy as a viable route to step edge selectivity. We predict that selective hydroxylation is possible on the 110 and 001 step edges and further computationally evaluate three metalorganic ALD precursors for their compatibility with the selective hydration strategy. Experimental evidence for delayed nucleation of ALD on rutile (001), (110), and (100) TiO2 single crystals corroborates predictions of the dehydration of the surface and suggests the possibility of site-selective ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan P Kamphaus
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Nannan Shan
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Jessica Catharine Jones
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Alex B F Martinson
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Lei Cheng
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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2
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Miyazaki M, Wen HF, Zhang Q, Adachi Y, Brndiar J, Štich I, Li YJ, Sugawara Y. Imaging the surface potential at the steps on the rutile TiO 2(110) surface by Kelvin probe force microscopy. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 10:1228-1236. [PMID: 31293860 PMCID: PMC6604711 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.10.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Although step structures have generally been considered to be active sites, their role on a TiO2 surface in catalytic reactions is poorly understood. In this study, we measured the contact potential difference around the steps on a rutile TiO2(110)-(1 × 1) surface with O2 exposure using Kelvin probe force microscopy. A drop in contact potential difference was observed at the steps, indicating that the work function locally decreased. Moreover, for the first time, we found that the drop in contact potential difference at a <1-11> step was larger than that at a <001> step. We propose a model for interpreting the surface potential at the steps by combining the upward dipole moment, in analogy to the Smoluchowski effect, and the local dipole moment of surface atoms. This local change in surface potential provides insight into the important role of the steps in the catalytic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Miyazaki
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamdaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Huan Fei Wen
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamdaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Quanzhen Zhang
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamdaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuuki Adachi
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamdaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jan Brndiar
- Institute of Physics, CCMS, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ivan Štich
- Institute of Physics, CCMS, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Yan Jun Li
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamdaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Sugawara
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamdaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Wen HF, Miyazaki M, Zhang Q, Adachi Y, Li YJ, Sugawara Y. Direct observation of atomic step edges on the rutile TiO 2(110)-(1 × 1) surface using atomic force microscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:28331-28337. [PMID: 30398504 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp06156d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Clarifying the atomic configuration of step edges on a rutile TiO2 surface is crucial for understanding its fundamental reactivity, and the direct observation of atomic step edges is still a challenge. AFM is a powerful tool for investigating surface structures with true atomic resolution, and it provides the opportunity to resolve the real structure of step edges with improved techniques. In this work, we successfully imaged the atomic configuration of 001 and 1-11 step edges on the surface of rutile TiO2(110)-(1 × 1), and we present the direct observation of oxygen vacancies along the 1-11 step edges, indicating that one 1-11 step edge site corresponds to one oxygen vacancy using AFM. We also made use of the simultaneous AFM/STM measurements to explore the electronic structure of step edges, which enhanced the evidence of oxygen vacancies existing along the 1-11 step edges and further demonstrated that the 001 step edge was terminated by an O row. The effect of the reduced 1-11 step edges was explored by probing the O2 adsorption and the nucleation behavior of gold clusters. It was found that oxygen vacancies along the 1-11 step edges could contribute to O2 dissociative adsorption and there was no obvious difference compared with the oxygen vacancies on the flat terrace. The reduced step edge and terrace likewise acted as nucleation and growth sites for gold atoms/nanoparticles, in line with previous reports. The present study provides a complete characterization of the atomic configuration of the step edges on the TiO2(110) surface and plays an important role in investigating the surface chemistry of metal oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Fei Wen
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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Ek M, Beinik I, Bruix A, Wendt S, Lauritsen JV, Helveg S. Step edge structures on the anatase TiO2 (001) surface studied by atomic-resolution TEM and STM. Faraday Discuss 2018; 208:325-338. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00222j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Atomic arrangements in oxide surfaces can be uncovered by combining side view imaging using transmission electron microscopy and top view imaging using scanning tunnelling microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Ek
- Haldor Topsoe A/S
- DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby
- Denmark
| | - I. Beinik
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- Aarhus University
- DK-800 Aarhus C
- Denmark
| | - A. Bruix
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- Aarhus University
- DK-800 Aarhus C
- Denmark
| | - S. Wendt
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- Aarhus University
- DK-800 Aarhus C
- Denmark
| | - J. V. Lauritsen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- Aarhus University
- DK-800 Aarhus C
- Denmark
| | - S. Helveg
- Haldor Topsoe A/S
- DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby
- Denmark
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Zhang Y, Zhang CR, Wang W, Gong JJ, Liu ZJ, Chen HS. Density functional theory study of α-cyanoacrylic acid adsorbed on rutile TiO 2 (1 1 0) surface. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2016.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Miccio LA, Setvin M, Müller M, Abadía M, Piquero I, Lobo-Checa J, Schiller F, Rogero C, Schmid M, Sánchez-Portal D, Diebold U, Ortega JE. Interplay between Steps and Oxygen Vacancies on Curved TiO2(110). NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:2017-22. [PMID: 26752001 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b05286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A vicinal rutile TiO2(110) crystal with a smooth variation of atomic steps parallel to the [1-10] direction was analyzed locally with STM and ARPES. The step edge morphology changes across the samples, from [1-11] zigzag faceting to straight [1-10] steps. A step-bunching phase is attributed to an optimal (110) terrace width, where all bridge-bonded O atom vacancies (Obr vacs) vanish. The [1-10] steps terminate with a pair of 2-fold coordinated O atoms, which give rise to bright, triangular protrusions (St) in STM. The intensity of the Ti 3d-derived gap state correlates with the sum of Obr vacs plus St protrusions at steps, suggesting that both Obr vacs and steps contribute a similar effective charge to sample doping. The binding energy of the gap state shifts when going from the flat (110) surface toward densely stepped planes, pointing to differences in the Ti(3+) polaron near steps and at terraces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Miccio
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU) , Manuel Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) , 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Martin Setvin
- Institute of Applied Physics, Vienna University of Technology , Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8-10/134, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Moritz Müller
- CIC nanoGUNE , Avenido Tolosa 76, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Mikel Abadía
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU) , Manuel Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Ignacio Piquero
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU) , Manuel Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Jorge Lobo-Checa
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU) , Manuel Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Frederik Schiller
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU) , Manuel Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Fachbereich Physik und Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften, Philipps-Universität Marburg , 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Celia Rogero
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU) , Manuel Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Michael Schmid
- Institute of Applied Physics, Vienna University of Technology , Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8-10/134, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Sánchez-Portal
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU) , Manuel Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) , 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Ulrike Diebold
- Institute of Applied Physics, Vienna University of Technology , Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8-10/134, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - J Enrique Ortega
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU) , Manuel Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) , 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU) , 20080 San Sebastián, Spain
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7
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Rieboldt F, Helveg S, Bechstein R, Lammich L, Besenbacher F, Lauritsen JV, Wendt S. Formation and sintering of Pt nanoparticles on vicinal rutile TiO2 surfaces. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:21289-99. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp02716g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The formation and sintering of Pt nanoparticles on vicinal and flat rutile TiO2 surfaces is studied by high-resolution STM to unravel the influence of the surface morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Rieboldt
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- Aarhus University
- DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Stig Helveg
- Haldor Topsøe A/S
- DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ralf Bechstein
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- Aarhus University
- DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Lutz Lammich
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- Aarhus University
- DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Flemming Besenbacher
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- Aarhus University
- DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jeppe Vang Lauritsen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- Aarhus University
- DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Stefan Wendt
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- Aarhus University
- DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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