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Zhang K, Wasserman A. Split electrons in partition density functional theory. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:224113. [PMID: 35705418 DOI: 10.1063/5.0091024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Partition density functional theory is a density embedding method that partitions a molecule into fragments by minimizing the sum of fragment energies subject to a local density constraint and a global electron-number constraint. To perform this minimization, we study a two-stage procedure in which the sum of fragment energies is lowered when electrons flow from fragments of lower electronegativity to fragments of higher electronegativity. The global minimum is reached when all electronegativities are equal. The non-integer fragment populations are dealt with in two different ways: (1) An ensemble approach (ENS) that involves averaging over calculations with different numbers of electrons (always integers) and (2) a simpler approach that involves fractionally occupying orbitals (FOO). We compare and contrast these two approaches and examine their performance in some of the simplest systems where one can transparently apply both, including simple models of heteronuclear diatomic molecules and actual diatomic molecules with two and four electrons. We find that, although both ENS and FOO methods lead to the same total energy and density, the ENS fragment densities are less distorted than those of FOO when compared to their isolated counterparts, and they tend to retain integer numbers of electrons. We establish the conditions under which the ENS populations can become fractional and observe that, even in those cases, the total charge transferred is always lower in ENS than in FOO. Similarly, the FOO fragment dipole moments provide an upper bound to the ENS dipoles. We explain why and discuss the implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Zhang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Adam Wasserman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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2
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Janesko BG. Adiabatic projection: Bridging ab initio, density functional, semiempirical, and embedding approximations. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:014111. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0076144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin G. Janesko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, USA
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Schulz A, Jacob CR. Description of intermolecular charge transfer with subsystem density-functional theory. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:131103. [PMID: 31594348 DOI: 10.1063/1.5125218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient quantum-chemical methods that are able to describe intermolecular charge transfer are crucial for modeling organic semiconductors. However, the correct description of intermolecular charge transfer with density-functional theory (DFT) is hampered by the fractional charge error of approximate exchange-correlation (xc) functionals. Here, we investigate the charge transfer induced by an external electric field in a tetrathiafulvalene-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TTF-TCNQ) complex as a test case. For this seemingly simple model system, a supermolecular DFT treatment fails with most conventional xc functionals. Here, we present an extension of subsystem DFT to subsystems with a fractional number of electrons. We show that within such a framework, it becomes possible to overcome the fractional charge error by enforcing the correct dependence of each subsystem's total energy on the subsystem's fractional charge. Such a subsystem DFT approach allows for a correct description of the intermolecular charge transfer in the TTF-TCNQ model complex. The approach presented here can be generalized to larger molecular aggregates and will thus allow for modeling organic semiconductor materials accurately and efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Schulz
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Gaußstr. 17, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christoph R Jacob
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Gaußstr. 17, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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4
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Niffenegger K, Oueis Y, Nafziger J, Wasserman A. Density embedding with constrained chemical potential. Mol Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2019.1618939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Niffenegger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Y. Oueis
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - J. Nafziger
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - A. Wasserman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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5
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Gould T, Kronik L, Pittalis S. Charge transfer excitations from exact and approximate ensemble Kohn-Sham theory. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:174101. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5022832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Gould
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Qld 4111, Australia
| | - Leeor Kronik
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovoth 76100, Israel
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6
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Gould T, Pittalis S. Hartree and Exchange in Ensemble Density Functional Theory: Avoiding the Nonuniqueness Disaster. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:243001. [PMID: 29286753 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.243001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ensemble density functional theory is a promising method for the efficient and accurate calculation of excitations of quantum systems, at least if useful functionals can be developed to broaden its domain of practical applicability. Here, we introduce a guaranteed single-valued "Hartree-exchange" ensemble density functional, E_{Hx}[n], in terms of the right derivative of the universal ensemble density functional with respect to the coupling constant at vanishing interaction. We show that E_{Hx}[n] is straightforwardly expressible using block eigenvalues of a simple matrix [Eq. (14)]. Specialized expressions for E_{Hx}[n] from the literature, including those involving superpositions of Slater determinants, can now be regarded as originating from the unifying picture presented here. We thus establish a clear and practical description for Hartree and exchange in ensemble systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Gould
- Qld Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Stefano Pittalis
- CNR-Istituto di Nanoscienze, Via Campi 213A, I-41125 Modena, Italy
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Śmiga S, Fabiano E, Constantin LA, Della Sala F. Laplacian-dependent models of the kinetic energy density: Applications in subsystem density functional theory with meta-generalized gradient approximation functionals. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:064105. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4975092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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8
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Nafziger J, Jiang K, Wasserman A. Accurate Reference Data for the Nonadditive, Noninteracting Kinetic Energy in Covalent Bonds. J Chem Theory Comput 2017; 13:577-586. [PMID: 28075588 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.6b01050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Nafziger
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Kaili Jiang
- Department
of Physics, Purdue University, 525 Northwestern Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Adam Wasserman
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department
of Physics, Purdue University, 525 Northwestern Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Wesolowski TA, Shedge S, Zhou X. Frozen-Density Embedding Strategy for Multilevel Simulations of Electronic Structure. Chem Rev 2015; 115:5891-928. [DOI: 10.1021/cr500502v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz A. Wesolowski
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Sapana Shedge
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Xiuwen Zhou
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Śmiga S, Fabiano E, Laricchia S, Constantin LA, Della Sala F. Subsystem density functional theory with meta-generalized gradient approximation exchange-correlation functionals. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:154121. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4917257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Śmiga
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Eduardo Fabiano
- Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Euromediterranean Center for Nanomaterial Modelling and Technology (ECMT), Via per Arnesano 16, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
- Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies@UNILE, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Barsanti, 73010 Arnesano, LE, Italy
| | - Savio Laricchia
- Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
| | - Lucian A. Constantin
- Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies@UNILE, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Barsanti, 73010 Arnesano, LE, Italy
| | - Fabio Della Sala
- Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Euromediterranean Center for Nanomaterial Modelling and Technology (ECMT), Via per Arnesano 16, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
- Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies@UNILE, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Barsanti, 73010 Arnesano, LE, Italy
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Nafziger J, Wasserman A. Density-Based Partitioning Methods for Ground-State Molecular Calculations. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:7623-39. [PMID: 24999621 DOI: 10.1021/jp504058s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Nafziger
- Department of Physics and ‡Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Adam Wasserman
- Department of Physics and ‡Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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