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Bhattacharjee S, Feng X, Maji S, Dadhwal P, Zhang Z, Brown ZP, Frank J. Time resolution in cryo-EM using a PDMS-based microfluidic chip assembly and its application to the study of HflX-mediated ribosome recycling. Cell 2024; 187:782-796.e23. [PMID: 38244547 PMCID: PMC10872292 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
The rapid kinetics of biological processes and associated short-lived conformational changes pose a significant challenge in attempts to structurally visualize biomolecules during a reaction in real time. Conventionally, on-pathway intermediates have been trapped using chemical modifications or reduced temperature, giving limited insights. Here, we introduce a time-resolved cryo-EM method using a reusable PDMS-based microfluidic chip assembly with high reactant mixing efficiency. Coating of PDMS walls with SiO2 virtually eliminates non-specific sample adsorption and ensures maintenance of the stoichiometry of the reaction, rendering it highly reproducible. In an operating range from 10 to 1,000 ms, the device allows us to follow in vitro reactions of biological molecules at resolution levels in the range of 3 Å. By employing this method, we show the mechanism of progressive HflX-mediated splitting of the 70S E. coli ribosome in the presence of the GTP via capture of three high-resolution reaction intermediates within 140 ms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Bhattacharjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Xiangsong Feng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
| | - Suvrajit Maji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Prikshat Dadhwal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Zhening Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Zuben P Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Joachim Frank
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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2
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Cai S, Jin Y, Lin Y, He Y, Zhang P, Ge Z, Yang W. Micromixing within microfluidic devices: Fundamentals, design, and fabrication. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2023; 17:061503. [PMID: 38098692 PMCID: PMC10718651 DOI: 10.1063/5.0178396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
As one of the hot spots in the field of microfluidic chip research, micromixers have been widely used in chemistry, biology, and medicine due to their small size, fast response time, and low reagent consumption. However, at low Reynolds numbers, the fluid motion relies mainly on the diffusive motion of molecules under laminar flow conditions. The detrimental effect of laminar flow leads to difficulties in achieving rapid and efficient mixing of fluids in microchannels. Therefore, it is necessary to enhance fluid mixing by employing some external means. In this paper, the classification and mixing principles of passive (T-type, Y-type, obstructed, serpentine, three-dimensional) and active (acoustic, electric, pressure, thermal, magnetic field) micromixers are reviewed based on the presence or absence of external forces in the micromixers, and some experiments and applications of each type of micromixer are briefly discussed. Finally, the future development trends of micromixers are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxiang Cai
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Yawen Jin
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Yun Lin
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Yingzheng He
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Naval Aviation University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Peifan Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Naval Aviation University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Zhixing Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Wenguang Yang
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
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Wang J, Cui B, Liu H, Chen X, Li Y, Wang R, Lang T, Yang H, Pan H, Quan J, Chen Y, Xu J, Liu Y. Tesla Valve-Based Flexible Microhybrid Chip with Unidirectional Flow Properties. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:31744-31755. [PMID: 36120004 PMCID: PMC9475615 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Flexible microfluidic chips have good application prospects in situations with easy bending and complex curvature. An important factor affecting the flexible microfluidic chip is its structural complexity. For example, the hybrid chip includes flow channels, mixing chambers, and one-way valves. How to achieve the same function with as few structures as possible has become an important research topic at present. In this paper, a Tesla valve micromixer with unidirectional flow characteristics is presented. A passive laminar flow Tesla valve micromixer is fabricated through 3D printing technology and limonene dissolution method. The main process is as follows: First of all, high impact polystyrene (HIPS) material was employed to make the Tesla valve channel mold. Second, the channel mold was dissolved in the limonene solvent. The mold of Tesla micromixer is made of HIPS material, the mixing experiment displace that the Tesla valve micromixer is characterized by unidirectional flow compared with the common T-shaped planar channel. At the same time, the 5-AAC Tesla valve micromixer can increase the mixing efficiency to 87%. By using four different groove structures and different flow rates of the mixing effect experiment, the conclusion is that the mixing efficiency of the 6-AAC Tesla valve micromixer is up to 0.89 when the flow rate is 2 mL/min. The results manifest that the Tesla valve structure can effectively improve the mixing efficiency.
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Feng X, Ren Y, Hou L, Tao Y, Jiang T, Li W, Jiang H. Tri-fluid mixing in a microchannel for nanoparticle synthesis. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:2936-2946. [PMID: 31380864 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00425d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
It is becoming more difficult to use bulk mixing and bi-fluid micromixing in multi-step continuous-flow reactions, multicomponent reactions, and nanoparticle synthesis because they typically involve multiple reactants. To date, most micromixing studies, both passive and active, have focused on how to efficiently mix two fluids, while micromixing of three or more fluids together (multi-fluid mixing) has been rarely explored. This study is the first on tri-fluid mixing in microchannels. We investigated tri-fluid mixing in three microchannel models: a straight channel, a classical staggered herringbone mixing (SHM) channel, and a three-dimensional (3D) X-crossing microchannel. Numerical simulations and experiments were jointly conducted. A two-step experimental process was performed to determine the tri-fluid mixing efficiencies of these microchannels. We found that the SHM cannot significantly enhance mixing of three streams especially for a Reynolds number (Re) higher than 10. However, the 3D X-crossing channel based on splitting-and-recombination (SAR) showed effective tri-mixing performance over a wide Re range up to 275 (with a corresponding flow rate of 1972.5 μL min-1), thereby enabling high microchannel throughput. Furthermore, this tri-fluid micromixing process was used to synthesize a kind of Si-based nanoparticle. This achieved a narrower particle size distribution than traditional bulk mixing. Therefore, SAR-based tri-fluid mixing is an alternative for chemical and biochemical reactions where three reactants need to be mixed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangsong Feng
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, P. R. China.
| | - Yukun Ren
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, P. R. China. and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Department of Physics, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, USA
| | - Likai Hou
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, P. R. China.
| | - Ye Tao
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, P. R. China. and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Department of Physics, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, USA
| | - Tianyi Jiang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, P. R. China.
| | - Wenying Li
- Research Center of Applied Solid State Chemistry, Chemistry Institute for Synthesis and Green Application, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Hongyuan Jiang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, P. R. China. and State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, P. R. China
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Hu Q, Guo J, Cao Z, Jiang H. Asymmetrical Induced Charge Electroosmotic Flow on a Herringbone Floating Electrode and Its Application in a Micromixer. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:E391. [PMID: 30424324 PMCID: PMC6187465 DOI: 10.3390/mi9080391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Enhancing mixing is of significant importance in microfluidic devices characterized by laminar flows and low Reynolds numbers. An asymmetrical induced charge electroosmotic (ICEO) vortex pair generated on the herringbone floating electrode can disturb the interface of two-phase fluids and deliver the fluid transversely, which could be exploited to accomplish fluid mixing between two neighbouring fluids in a microscale system. Herein we present a micromixer based on an asymmetrical ICEO flow induced above the herringbone floating electrode array surface. We investigate the average transverse ICEO slip velocity on the Ridge/Vee/herringbone floating electrode and find that the microvortex generated on the herringbone electrode surface has good potential for mixing the miscible liquids in microfluidic systems. In addition, we explore the effect of applied frequencies and bulk conductivity on the slip velocity above the herringbone floating electrode surface. The high dependence of mixing performance on the floating electrode pair numbers is analysed simultaneously. Finally, we investigate systematically voltage intensity, applied frequencies, inlet fluid velocity and liquid conductivity on the mixing performance of the proposed device. The microfluidic micromixer put forward herein offers great opportunity for fluid mixing in the field of micro total analysis systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingming Hu
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Qiqihar University, Wenhua Street 42, Qiqihar 161006, China.
| | - Jianhua Guo
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Qiqihar University, Wenhua Street 42, Qiqihar 161006, China.
| | - Zhongliang Cao
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Qiqihar University, Wenhua Street 42, Qiqihar 161006, China.
| | - Hongyuan Jiang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin 150001, China.
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Chen X, Ren Y, Liu W, Feng X, Jia Y, Tao Y, Jiang H. A Simplified Microfluidic Device for Particle Separation with Two Consecutive Steps: Induced Charge Electro-osmotic Prefocusing and Dielectrophoretic Separation. Anal Chem 2017; 89:9583-9592. [PMID: 28783330 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Continuous dielectrophoretic separation is recognized as a powerful technique for a large number of applications including early stage cancer diagnosis, water quality analysis, and stem-cell-based therapy. Generally, the prefocusing of a particle mixture into a stream is an essential process to ensure all particles are subjected to the same electric field geometry in the separation region. However, accomplishing this focusing process either requires hydrodynamic squeezing, which requires an encumbering peripheral system and a complicated operation to drive and control the fluid motion, or depends on dielectrophoretic forces, which are highly sensitive to the dielectric characterization of particles. An alternative focusing technique, induced charge electro-osmosis (ICEO), has been demonstrated to be effective in focusing an incoming mixture into a particle stream as well as nonselective regarding the particles of interest. Encouraged by these aspects, we propose a hybrid method for microparticle separation based on a delicate combination of ICEO focusing and dielectrophoretic deflection. This method involves two steps: focusing the mixture into a thin particle stream via ICEO vortex flow and separating the particles of differing dielectic properties through dielectrophoresis. To demonstrate the feasibility of the method proposed, we designed and fabricated a microfluidic chip and separated a mixture consisting of yeast cells and silica particles with an efficiency exceeding 96%. This method has good potential for flexible integration into other microfluidic chips in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Chen
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yukun Ren
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiyu Liu
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangsong Feng
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yankai Jia
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Tao
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyuan Jiang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
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7
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Fluid Flow and Mixing Induced by AC Continuous Electrowetting of Liquid Metal Droplet. MICROMACHINES 2017. [PMCID: PMC6190310 DOI: 10.3390/mi8040119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we proposed a novel design of a microfluidic mixer utilizing the amplified Marangoni chaotic advection induced by alternating current (AC) continuous electrowetting of a metal droplet situated in electrolyte solution, due to the linear and quadratic voltage-dependence of flow velocity at small or large voltages, respectively. Unlike previous researchers exploiting the unidirectional surface stress with direct current (DC) bias at droplet/medium interface for pumping of electrolytes where the resulting flow rate is linearly proportional to the field intensity, dominance of another kind of dipolar flow pattern caused by local Marangoni stress at the drop surface in a sufficiently intense AC electric field is demonstrated by both theoretical analysis and experimental observation, which exhibits a quadratic growth trend as a function of the applied voltage. The dipolar shear stress merely appears at larger voltages and greatly enhances the mixing performance by inducing chaotic advection between the neighboring laminar flow. The mixer design developed herein, on the basis of amplified Marangoni chaotic advection around a liquid metal droplet at larger AC voltages, has great potential for chemical reaction and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) actuator applications because of generating high-throughput and excellent mixing performance at the same time.
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8
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Kunti G, Bhattacharya A, Chakraborty S. Rapid mixing with high-throughput in a semi-active semi-passive micromixer. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:1310-1317. [PMID: 28256732 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Golak Kunti
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur; Kharagpur West Bengal India
| | - Anandaroop Bhattacharya
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur; Kharagpur West Bengal India
| | - Suman Chakraborty
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur; Kharagpur West Bengal India
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9
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Feng X, Fu Z, Kaledhonkar S, Jia Y, Shah B, Jin A, Liu Z, Sun M, Chen B, Grassucci RA, Ren Y, Jiang H, Frank J, Lin Q. A Fast and Effective Microfluidic Spraying-Plunging Method for High-Resolution Single-Particle Cryo-EM. Structure 2017; 25:663-670.e3. [PMID: 28286002 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We describe a spraying-plunging method for preparing cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) grids with vitreous ice of controllable, highly consistent thickness using a microfluidic device. The new polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based sprayer was tested with apoferritin. We demonstrate that the structure can be solved to high resolution with this method of sample preparation. Besides replacing the conventional pipetting-blotting-plunging method, one of many potential applications of the new sprayer is in time-resolved cryo-EM, as part of a PDMS-based microfluidic reaction channel to study short-lived intermediates on the timescale of 10-1,000 ms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangsong Feng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Ziao Fu
- Integrated Program in Cellular, Molecular, and Biophysical Studies, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sandip Kaledhonkar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Yuan Jia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Binita Shah
- Department of Biological Sciences, Barnard College, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Amy Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Ming Sun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Robert A Grassucci
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University New York, NY 10027, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yukun Ren
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Hongyuan Jiang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Joachim Frank
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University New York, NY 10027, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Qiao Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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Wu Y, Ren Y, Tao Y, Hou L, Hu Q, Jiang H. A novel micromixer based on the alternating current-flow field effect transistor. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 17:186-197. [PMID: 27934980 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc01346e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Induced-charge electroosmosis (ICEO) phenomena have been attracting considerable attention as a means for pumping and mixing in microfluidic systems with the advantage of simple structures and low-energy consumption. We propose the first effort to exploit a fixed-potential ICEO flow around a floating electrode for microfluidic mixing. In analogy with the field effect transistor (FET) in microelectronics, the floating electrode act as a "gate" electrode for generating asymmetric ICEO flow and thus the device is called an AC-flow FET (AC-FFET). We take advantage of a tandem electrode configuration containing two biased center metal strips arranged in sequence at the bottom of the channel to generate asymmetric vortexes. The current device is manufactured on low-cost glass substrates via an easy and reliable process. Mixing experiments were conducted in the proposed device and the comparison between simulation and experimental results was also carried out, which indicates that the micromixer permits an efficient mixing effect. The mixing performance can be further enhanced by the application of a suitable phase difference between the driving electrode and the gate electrode or a square wave signal. Finally, we performed a critical analysis of the proposed micromixer in comparison with different mixer designs using a comparative mixing index (CMI). The novel methods put forward here offer a simple solution to mixing issues in microfluidic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupan Wu
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001 PR China.
| | - Yukun Ren
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001 PR China. and State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001 PR China
| | - Ye Tao
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001 PR China.
| | - Likai Hou
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001 PR China.
| | - Qingming Hu
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001 PR China.
| | - Hongyuan Jiang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001 PR China. and State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001 PR China
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11
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Lang Q, Ren Y, Hobson D, Tao Y, Hou L, Jia Y, Hu Q, Liu J, Zhao X, Jiang H. In-plane microvortices micromixer-based AC electrothermal for testing drug induced death of tumor cells. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2016; 10:064102. [PMID: 27917250 PMCID: PMC5106430 DOI: 10.1063/1.4967455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we first describe a perfusion chip integrated with an AC electrothermal (ACET) micromixer to supply a uniform drug concentration to tumor cells. The in-plane fluid microvortices for mixing were generated by six pairs of reconstructed novel ACET asymmetric electrodes. To enhance the mixing efficiency, the novel ACET electrodes with rotating angles of 0°, 30°, and 60° were investigated. The asymmetric electrodes with a rotating angle of 60° exhibited the highest mixing efficiency by both simulated and experimental results. The length of the mixing area is 7 mm, and the mixing efficiency is 89.12% (approximate complete mixing) at a voltage of 3 V and a frequency of 500 kHz. The applicability of our micromixer with electrodes rotating at 60° was demonstrated by the drug (tamoxifen) test of human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) for five days, which implies that our ACET in-plane microvortices micromixer has great potential for the application of drug induced rapid death of tumor cells and mixing of biomaterials in organs-on-a-chip systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Divia Hobson
- Interdisciplinary division of Biomedical Engineering, the Hong King Polytechnique University , Hunghom, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ye Tao
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001, China
| | - Likai Hou
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yankai Jia
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001, China
| | - Qingming Hu
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jiangwei Liu
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Interdisciplinary division of Biomedical Engineering, the Hong King Polytechnique University , Hunghom, Hong Kong, China
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12
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Wu Y, Ren Y, Jiang H. Enhanced model-based design of a high-throughput three dimensional micromixer driven by alternating-current electrothermal flow. Electrophoresis 2016; 38:258-269. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yupan Wu
- School of Mechatronics Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin P. R. China
| | - Yukun Ren
- School of Mechatronics Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin P. R. China
| | - Hongyuan Jiang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin P. R. China
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13
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Rapid three-dimensional microfluidic mixer for high viscosity solutions to unravel earlier folding kinetics of G-quadruplex under molecular crowding conditions. Talanta 2016; 149:237-243. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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14
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Chen B, Frank J. Two promising future developments of cryo-EM: capturing short-lived states and mapping a continuum of states of a macromolecule. Microscopy (Oxf) 2015; 65:69-79. [PMID: 26520784 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfv344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The capabilities and application range of cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) method have expanded vastly in the last two years, thanks to the advances provided by direct detection devices and computational classification tools. We take this review as an opportunity to sketch out promising developments of cryo-EM in two important directions: (i) imaging of short-lived states (10-1000 ms) of biological molecules by using time-resolved cryo-EM, particularly the mixing-spraying method and (ii) recovering an entire continuum of coexisting states from the same sample by employing a computational technique called manifold embedding. It is tempting to think of combining these two methods, to elucidate the way the states of a molecular machine such as the ribosome branch and unfold. This idea awaits further developments of both methods, particularly by increasing the data yield of the time-resolved cryo-EM method and by developing the manifold embedding technique into a user-friendly workbench.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, 650 W. 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Joachim Frank
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, 650 W. 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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