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Song Y, Zou X, Gong X, Becoulet A, Buttery R, Bonoli P, Hoang T, Maingi R, Qian J, Zhong X, Liu A, Li E, Ding R, Huang J, Zang Q, Liu H, Wang L, Zhang L, Li G, Sun Y, Garofalo A, Osborne T, Leonard T, Baek SG, Wallace G, Xu L, Zhang B, Wang S, Chu Y, Zhang T, Duan Y, Lian H, Zhang X, Jin Y, Zeng L, Lyu B, Xiao B, Huang Y, Wang Y, Shen B, Xiang N, Wu Y, Wu J, Wang X, Ding B, Li M, Zhang X, Qin C, Xi W, Zhang J, Huang L, Yao D, Hu Y, Zuo G, Yuan Q, Zhou Z, Wang M, Xu H, Xie Y, Wang Z, Chen J, Xu G, Hu J, Lu K, Liu F, Wu X, Wan B, Li J. Realization of thousand-second improved confinement plasma with Super I-mode in Tokamak EAST. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eabq5273. [PMID: 36608124 PMCID: PMC9821864 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq5273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Mastering nuclear fusion, which is an abundant, safe, and environmentally competitive energy, is a great challenge for humanity. Tokamak represents one of the most promising paths toward controlled fusion. Obtaining a high-performance, steady-state, and long-pulse plasma regime remains a critical issue. Recently, a big breakthrough in steady-state operation was made on the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST). A steady-state plasma with a world-record pulse length of 1056 s was obtained, where the density and the divertor peak heat flux were well controlled, with no core impurity accumulation, and a new high-confinement and self-organizing regime (Super I-mode = I-mode + e-ITB) was discovered and demonstrated. These achievements contribute to the integration of fusion plasma technology and physics, which is essential to operate next-step devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuntao Song
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xiaolan Zou
- CEA, IRFM, F-13108 St Paul Les Durance, France
| | - Xianzu Gong
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | | | - Richard Buttery
- General Atomics, PO Box 85608, San Diego, CA 92186-5608, USA
| | - Paul Bonoli
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Tuong Hoang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Rajesh Maingi
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Jinping Qian
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhong
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Adi Liu
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Erzhong Li
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Rui Ding
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Qing Zang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Haiqing Liu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Guoqiang Li
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Youwen Sun
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Andrea Garofalo
- General Atomics, PO Box 85608, San Diego, CA 92186-5608, USA
| | - Tom Osborne
- General Atomics, PO Box 85608, San Diego, CA 92186-5608, USA
| | - Tony Leonard
- General Atomics, PO Box 85608, San Diego, CA 92186-5608, USA
| | - Seung Gyou Baek
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Greg Wallace
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Liqing Xu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Shouxin Wang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yuqi Chu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yanmin Duan
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Hui Lian
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xuexi Zhang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yifei Jin
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Long Zeng
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Bo Lyu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Binjia Xiao
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yao Huang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Biao Shen
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Nong Xiang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yu Wu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Jiefeng Wu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Bojiang Ding
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Miaohui Li
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xinjun Zhang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Chengming Qin
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Weibin Xi
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Liansheng Huang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Damao Yao
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yanlan Hu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Guizhong Zuo
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Qiping Yuan
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhou
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Mao Wang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Handong Xu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yahong Xie
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Zhengchu Wang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Junling Chen
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Guosheng Xu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Jiansheng Hu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Kun Lu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Fukun Liu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xinchao Wu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Baonian Wan
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Jiangang Li
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
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Siju V, Pandya SP, Pathak SK, Nagora U, Purohit S, Patel A, Gupta MK, Tahiliani K, Tanna RL, Jadeja K, Kumar R, Ghosh J. Investigating the effect of density variation on pitch angle scattering events of runaway electrons as observed through electron cyclotron emission diagnostic at Aditya-upgrade tokamak. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:113529. [PMID: 36461525 DOI: 10.1063/5.0101766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nascent observations about the influence of kinetic instabilities on electron cyclotron emission (ECE) from runaway electrons (REs) have been detected and explored at the Aditya-Upgrade (Aditya-U) tokamak. The developed broadband ECE radiometer system offers wideband measurements by integrating several radio frequency units with a fixed intermediate frequency receiver with multiple channels, which is a novel approach to meet the needs of the localized measurements at various toroidal fields and extend the system dynamic range. The low density (ne ≤ 1 × 10-19 m-3) plasma discharges at Aditya-U are consistently accompanied by a 20%-40% increase in the ECE radiometer signal amplitude within 100 µs and sporadic step-like modulations. The Pitch Angle Scattering (PAS) of REs induced by kinetic instabilities is a potential candidate for their occurrence. This steep jump in the radiometer signals was detected due to its high temporal resolution of 10 µs. A "PREDICT" code that employs the relativistic test particle model validates these experimental findings of the radiometer diagnostic for the first time for Aditya-U tokamak. Preliminary observations of the ECE radiometer signals also show that additional gas puffs can be used to vary the trigger timings of such PAS events or even lead to their complete avoidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Siju
- Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar 382428, India
| | | | - S K Pathak
- Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar 382428, India
| | - Umesh Nagora
- Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar 382428, India
| | - Shishir Purohit
- Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar 382428, India
| | - Ansh Patel
- Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 AZ, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - M K Gupta
- Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar 382428, India
| | - K Tahiliani
- Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar 382428, India
| | - R L Tanna
- Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar 382428, India
| | | | - Rohit Kumar
- Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar 382428, India
| | - J Ghosh
- Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar 382428, India
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Zhu Y, Yu JH, Yu G, Ye Y, Chen Y, Tobias B, Diallo A, Kramer G, Ren Y, Tang W, Dong G, Churchill R, Domier CW, Li X, Luo C, Chen M, Luhmann NC. System-on-chip upgrade of millimeter-wave imaging diagnostics for fusion plasma. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:053522. [PMID: 34243257 DOI: 10.1063/5.0040449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Monolithic, millimeter wave "system-on-chip" technology has been employed in chip heterodyne radiometers in a newly developed Electron Cyclotron Emission Imaging (ECEI) system on the DIII-D tokamak for 2D electron temperature and fluctuation diagnostics. The system employs 20 horn-waveguide receiver modules each with customized W-band (75-110 GHz) monolithic microwave integrated circuit chips comprising a W-band low noise amplifier, a balanced mixer, a ×2 local oscillator (LO) frequency doubler, and two intermediate frequency amplifier stages in each module. Compared to previous quasi-optical ECEI arrays with Schottky mixer diodes mounted on planar antennas, the upgraded W-band array exhibits >30 dB additional gain and 20× improvement in noise temperature; an internal eight times multiplier chain is used to provide LO coupling, thereby eliminating the need for quasi-optical coupling. The horn-waveguide shielding housing avoids out-of-band noise interference on each module. The upgraded ECEI system plays an important role for absolute electron temperature and fluctuation measurements for edge and core region transport physics studies. An F-band receiver chip (up to 140 GHz) is under development for additional fusion facilities with a higher toroidal magnetic field. Visualization diagnostics provide multi-scale and multi-dimensional data in plasma profile evolution. A significant aspect of imaging measurement is focusing on artificial intelligence for science applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhu
- University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - J-H Yu
- University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - G Yu
- University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Y Ye
- University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Y Chen
- University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - B Tobias
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - A Diallo
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - G Kramer
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - Y Ren
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - W Tang
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - G Dong
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - R Churchill
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - C W Domier
- University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - X Li
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230000, China
| | - C Luo
- University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - M Chen
- University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - N C Luhmann
- University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
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4
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A multi-channel correlation ECE system for electron temperature fluctuation measurement on EAST tokamak. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2019.111336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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5
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Hoefel U, Hirsch M, Kwak S, Pavone A, Svensson J, Stange T, Hartfuß HJ, Schilling J, Weir G, Oosterbeek JW, Bozhenkov S, Braune H, Brunner KJ, Chaudhary N, Damm H, Fuchert G, Knauer J, Laqua H, Marsen S, Moseev D, Pasch E, Scott ER, Wilde F, Wolf R. Bayesian modeling of microwave radiometer calibration on the example of the Wendelstein 7-X electron cyclotron emission diagnostic. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:043502. [PMID: 31042980 DOI: 10.1063/1.5082542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports about a novel approach to the absolute intensity calibration of an electron cyclotron emission (ECE) spectroscopy system. Typically, an ECE radiometer consists of tens of separated frequency channels corresponding to different plasma locations. An absolute calibration of the overall diagnostic including near plasma optics and transmission line is achieved with blackbody sources at LN2 temperature and room temperature via a hot/cold calibration mirror unit. As the thermal emission of the calibration source is typically a few thousand times lower than the receiver noise temperature, coherent averaging over several hours is required to get a sufficient signal to noise ratio. A forward model suitable for any radiometer calibration using the hot/cold method and a periodic switch between them has been developed and used to extract the voltage difference between the hot and cold temperature source via Bayesian analysis. In contrast to the classical analysis which evaluates only the reference temperatures, the forward model takes into account intermediate effective temperatures caused by the finite beam width and thus uses all available data optimally. This allows the evaluation of weak channels where a classical analysis would not be feasible, is statistically rigorous, and provides a measurement of the beam width. By using a variance scaling factor, a model sensitive adaptation of the absolute uncertainties can be implemented, which will be used for the combined diagnostic Bayesian modeling analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udo Hoefel
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Wendelsteinstr. 1, D-17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthias Hirsch
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Wendelsteinstr. 1, D-17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sehyun Kwak
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Wendelsteinstr. 1, D-17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Andrea Pavone
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Wendelsteinstr. 1, D-17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jakob Svensson
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Wendelsteinstr. 1, D-17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Torsten Stange
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Wendelsteinstr. 1, D-17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Hartfuß
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Wendelsteinstr. 1, D-17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jonathan Schilling
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Wendelsteinstr. 1, D-17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gavin Weir
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Wendelsteinstr. 1, D-17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Sergey Bozhenkov
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Wendelsteinstr. 1, D-17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Harald Braune
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Wendelsteinstr. 1, D-17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Kai-Jakob Brunner
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Wendelsteinstr. 1, D-17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Neha Chaudhary
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Wendelsteinstr. 1, D-17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Hannes Damm
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Wendelsteinstr. 1, D-17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Golo Fuchert
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Wendelsteinstr. 1, D-17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jens Knauer
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Wendelsteinstr. 1, D-17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Heinrich Laqua
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Wendelsteinstr. 1, D-17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stefan Marsen
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Wendelsteinstr. 1, D-17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dmitry Moseev
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Wendelsteinstr. 1, D-17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ekkehard Pasch
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Wendelsteinstr. 1, D-17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Evan R Scott
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Wendelsteinstr. 1, D-17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Fabian Wilde
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Wendelsteinstr. 1, D-17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Robert Wolf
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Wendelsteinstr. 1, D-17491 Greifswald, Germany
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Liu Y, Zhou T, Hu Y, Zhao H, Zhu Z, Liu X, Ling B, Zhou R, Zhang T. Intense intermittent radiation at the plasma frequency on EAST. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201920303009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intense intermittent radiation has been observed regularly in EAST by using a Michelson interfer-ometer and a Q-band radiometer system. The radiation bursts are related to a fast process with characterization time of a few microseconds. An electron density window exists for the occurrence of the bursts, and the upper electron density threshold is dependent of the toroidal magnetic field. The frequency of the emission f is at the plasma frequency, and the frequency bandwidth Δ f is very narrow (∼1.5 MHz FWHM, Δ f / f ∼ 3 × 10−5). Fine structure of the spectrum with multi-peaks have been observed, and the frequency interval is around 3 MHz. Numerical simulation results of cavity modes indicate that the frequencies of these modes are close to the central plasma frequency, and the departure from the central plasma frequency becomes larger for higher order modes.
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7
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Liu Y, Zhao H, Zhou T, Liu X, Zhu Z, Han X, Schmuck S, Fessey J, Trimble P, Domier C, Luhmann N, Ti A, Li E, Ling B, Hu L, Feng X, Liu A, Rowan W, Huang H, Phillips P, Figini L. Overview of the ECE measurements on EAST. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201920303008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiometer systems and a Michelson interferometer, have been operated routinely to detect the elec-tron cyclotron emission (ECE) from EAST plasmas for diagnosing the local electron temperature. A common quasi-optical antenna placed inside the vacuum vessel is employed to collect and focus the plasma emission, and the line of sight is along a radial chord. All of the systems are located in a diagnostic room where the plasma emission is transmitted by overmoded corrugated waveguide. In-situ absolute intensity calibration has been carried out for both the radiometer systems and the Michelson interferometer independently, to ensure that the ECE diagnostic provides an independent electron temperature measurement. In order to diagnose the small-amplitude electron temperature fluctuation, a correlation ECE (CECE) diagnostic has been designed and commissioned recently. The CECE diagnostic employs an independent antenna system which has improved poloidal resolution. A synthetic diagnostic is realized by using the simulation code SPECE to interpret the ECE data in plasmas with non-Maxwellian distribution, and preliminary results imply that the ECE data could be still useful as a localized measurement in plasmas with non-thermal electrons, such as the LHW-heated plasmas on EAST.
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Liu Y, Zhao H, Zhou T, Liu X, Zhu Z, Han X, Schmuck S, Fessey J, Trimble P, Domier C, Luhmann N, Ti A, Li E, Ling B, Hu L, Feng X, Liu A, Rowan W, Huang H, Phillips P. Overview of the electron cyclotron emission measurements on EAST. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2017.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zhao H, Zhou T, Liu Y, Ti A, Ling B, Austin ME, Houshmandyar S, Huang H, Rowan WL, Hu L. Upgrade of the ECE diagnostic on EAST. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:10H111. [PMID: 30399748 DOI: 10.1063/1.5035452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The electron cyclotron emission (ECE) diagnostic on the experimental advanced superconducting tokamak (EAST) was upgraded recently to provide electron temperature profile measurement with wider radial coverage and better precision. The lower limit of the ECE detection frequency band was extended from 104 GHz to 97 GHz by adding a new 8-channel heterodyne radiometer, which ensures capability for the measurement of the second harmonic ECE with toroidal magnetic field down to 1.75 T. Also, the existing 32-channel heterodyne radiometer has been upgraded, with the frequency interval for the lower frequency range up to 120 GHz reduced from 2 GHz to 1 GHz by introducing eight channels in the intermediate frequency part. In addition, a plan is presented to incorporate tunable yttrium iron garnet filters into the existing heterodyne radiometer to obtain detailed measurements of the electron temperature gradient scale length as well as finer spatial pinpointing of magnetohydrodynamic modes. Examples from DIII-D are provided where similar ECE diagnostic allowed precise measurement of the center and width of neoclassical tearing modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailin Zhao
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Tianfu Zhou
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Ang Ti
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Bili Ling
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - M E Austin
- Institute for Fusion Studies, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Saeid Houshmandyar
- Institute for Fusion Studies, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - H Huang
- Institute for Fusion Studies, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - W L Rowan
- Institute for Fusion Studies, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Liqun Hu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
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10
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Zhou T, Liu Y, Ti A, Figini L, Zhao H, Zhu Z, Ling B. Synthetic Diagnostic for Interpreting the ECE Spectrum on EAST. FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/15361055.2017.1396165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianfu Zhou
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plasma Physics, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plasma Physics, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Ang Ti
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plasma Physics, Hefei 230031, China
| | | | - Hailin Zhao
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plasma Physics, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Zeying Zhu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plasma Physics, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Bili Ling
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plasma Physics, Hefei 230031, China
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11
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Zhang L, Morita S, Xu Z, Wu Z, Zhang P, Wu C, Gao W, Ohishi T, Goto M, Shen J, Chen Y, Liu X, Wang Y, Dong C, Zhang H, Huang X, Gong X, Hu L, Chen J, Zhang X, Wan B, Li J. A fast-time-response extreme ultraviolet spectrometer for measurement of impurity line emissions in the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:123509. [PMID: 26724029 DOI: 10.1063/1.4937723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A flat-field extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectrometer working in the 20-500 Å wavelength range with fast time response has been newly developed to measure line emissions from highly ionized tungsten in the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) with a tungsten divertor, while the monitoring of light and medium impurities is also an aim in the present development. A flat-field focal plane for spectral image detection is made by a laminar-type varied-line-spacing concave holographic grating with an angle of incidence of 87°. A back-illuminated charge-coupled device (CCD) with a total size of 26.6 × 6.6 mm(2) and pixel numbers of 1024 × 255 (26 × 26 μm(2)/pixel) is used for recording the focal image of spectral lines. An excellent spectral resolution of Δλ0 = 3-4 pixels, where Δλ0 is defined as full width at the foot position of a spectral line, is obtained at the 80-400 Å wavelength range after careful adjustment of the grating and CCD positions. The high signal readout rate of the CCD can improve the temporal resolution of time-resolved spectra when the CCD is operated in the full vertical binning mode. It is usually operated at 5 ms per frame. If the vertical size of the CCD is reduced with a narrow slit, the time response becomes faster. The high-time response in the spectral measurement therefore makes possible a variety of spectroscopic studies, e.g., impurity behavior in long pulse discharges with edge-localized mode bursts. An absolute intensity calibration of the EUV spectrometer is also carried out with a technique using the EUV bremsstrahlung continuum at 20-150 Å for quantitative data analysis. Thus, the high-time resolution tungsten spectra have been successfully observed with good spectral resolution using the present EUV spectrometer system. Typical tungsten spectra in the EUV wavelength range observed from EAST discharges are presented with absolute intensity and spectral identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Institute of Plasma Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Shigeru Morita
- National Institute for Fusion Science, Toki 509-5292, Gifu, Japan
| | - Zong Xu
- Institute of Plasma Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Zhenwei Wu
- Institute of Plasma Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Institute of Plasma Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Chengrui Wu
- Institute of Plasma Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Institute of Plasma Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | | | - Motoshi Goto
- National Institute for Fusion Science, Toki 509-5292, Gifu, Japan
| | - Junsong Shen
- Institute of Plasma Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Yingjie Chen
- Institute of Plasma Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Institute of Plasma Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Yumin Wang
- Institute of Plasma Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Chunfeng Dong
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongmin Zhang
- Department of Fusion Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Toki 509-5292, Gifu, Japan
| | - Xianli Huang
- Department of Fusion Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Toki 509-5292, Gifu, Japan
| | - Xianzu Gong
- Institute of Plasma Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Liqun Hu
- Institute of Plasma Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Junlin Chen
- Institute of Plasma Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Institute of Plasma Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Baonian Wan
- Institute of Plasma Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Jiangang Li
- Institute of Plasma Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
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Liu X, Zhao HL, Liu Y, Li EZ, Han X, Domier CW, Luhmann NC, Ti A, Hu LQ, Zhang XD. Absolute intensity calibration of the 32-channel heterodyne radiometer on experimental advanced superconducting tokamak. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2014; 85:093508. [PMID: 25273727 DOI: 10.1063/1.4896047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the results of the in situ absolute intensity calibration for the 32-channel heterodyne radiometer on the experimental advanced superconducting tokamak. The hot/cold load method is adopted, and the coherent averaging technique is employed to improve the signal to noise ratio. Measured spectra and electron temperature profiles are compared with those from an independent calibrated Michelson interferometer, and there is a relatively good agreement between the results from the two different systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Liu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - H L Zhao
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Y Liu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - E Z Li
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - X Han
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - C W Domier
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - N C Luhmann
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - A Ti
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - L Q Hu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - X D Zhang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
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