1
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Yadav K, Luo Y, Kaiser RI, Sun R. Initial decomposition pathways of 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene (α-FOX-7) in the condensed phase. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:11395-11405. [PMID: 38572584 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00001c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The initial decomposition pathways of α-FOX-7 in the condensed phase (crystal) were investigated via density functional theory. Calculations were carried out using three FOX-7 systems with increasing complexity from 1-layer (sheet) via 2-layer (surface) to 3-layer (bulk). The encapsulated environment of the central α-FOX-7 molecule, where decomposition takes place, is reconstructed by neighbouring molecules following a crystal structure. A minimal number of neighbouring molecules that have an impact on the energetics of decomposition are identified among all surrounding molecules. The results show that the presence of intermolecular hydrogen bonds due to the encapsulated environment in the condensed phase decreases the sensitivity of α-FOX-7, i.e. it increases the barrier of decomposition, but it does not alter the initial decomposition pathways of the reaction compared to the gas phase. Moreover, increasing the complexity of the system from a single gas phase molecule via sheet and surface to bulk increases the decomposition barriers. The calculations reveal a remarkable agreement with experimental data [A. M. Turner, Y. Luo, J. H. Marks, R. Sun, J. T. Lechner, T. M. Klapötke and R. I. Kaiser, Exploring the Photochemistry of Solid 1, 1-Diamino-2, 2-Dinitroethylene (FOX-7) Spanning Simple Bon Ruptures, Nitro-to-Nitrite Isomerization, and Nonadiabatic Dynamics, J. Phys. Chem. A, 2022, 126, 29, 4747-4761] and suggest that the initial decomposition of α-FOX-7 likely takes place at the surface of the crystal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
| | - Yuheng Luo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
| | - Ralf I Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
- W. M. Keck Research Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Rui Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
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2
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Turner AM, Marks JH, Lechner JT, Klapötke TM, Sun R, Kaiser RI. Ultraviolet-Initiated Decomposition of Solid 1,1-Diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene (FOX-7). J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:7707-7717. [PMID: 37682229 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c03215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
FOX-7 (1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene) was photolyzed with 202 nm photons to probe reaction energies, leading to the decomposition of this energetic material and to compare results from irradiations using lower-energy 532 and 355 nm photons as well as higher-energy electrons. The photolysis occurred at 5 K to suppress thermal reactions, and the solid samples were monitored using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), which observed carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), cyanide (CN-), and cyanate (OCN-) after irradiation. During warming to 300 K, subliming products were detected using electron-impact quadrupole mass spectrometry (EI-QMS) and photoionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PI-ReTOF-MS). Five products were observed in QMS: water (H2O), carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide (NO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and cyanogen (NCCN). The ReTOF-MS results showed overlap with electron irradiation products but also included three intermediates for the oxidation of ammonia and nitric oxide: hydroxylamine (NH2OH), nitrosamine (NH2NO), and the largest product at 76 amu with the proposed assignment of hydroxyurea (NH2C(O)NHOH). These results highlight the role of reactive oxygen intermediates and nitro-to-nitrite isomerization as key early reactions that lead to a diverse array of decomposition products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Turner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
- W. M. Keck Research Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Joshua H Marks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
- W. M. Keck Research Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Jasmin T Lechner
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, München 81377, Germany
| | - Thomas M Klapötke
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, München 81377, Germany
| | - Rui Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Ralf I Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
- W. M. Keck Research Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
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3
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Turner AM, Marks JH, Luo Y, Lechner JT, Klapötke TM, Sun R, Kaiser RI. Electron-Induced Decomposition of Solid 1,1-Diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene (FOX-7) at Cryogenic Temperatures. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:3390-3401. [PMID: 37027514 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c01035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Solid FOX-7 (1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene), an energetic material of interest due to its high stability and low shock/thermal sensitivity, was exposed to energetic electrons at 5 K to explore the fundamental mechanisms leading to decomposition products and provide a better understanding of the reaction pathways involved. As a result of the radiation exposure, infrared spectroscopy revealed carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) trapped in the FOX-7 matrix, while these compounds along with water (H2O), nitrogen monoxide (NO), and cyanogen (C2N2) were detected exploiting quadrupole mass spectrometry both during irradiation and during the warming phase from 5 to 300 K. Photoionization reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometry detected small molecules such as ammonia (NH3), nitrogen monoxide (NO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) as well as more complex molecules up to 96 amu. Potential reaction pathways are presented and assignments are discussed. Among the reaction mechanisms, the importance of an initial nitro-to-nitrite isomerization is highlighted by the observed decomposition products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Turner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
- W. M. Keck Research Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Joshua H Marks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
- W. M. Keck Research Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Yuheng Luo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Jasmin T Lechner
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, München 81377, Germany
| | - Thomas M Klapötke
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, München 81377, Germany
| | - Rui Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Ralf I Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
- W. M. Keck Research Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
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Yang X, Tan B, Wang B, Yao L, Li X, Zhao D, Li W, Cao L, Huang Y, Wang X. 3D Electron-Rich ZIF-67 Coordination Compounds Based on 2-Methylimidazole: Synthesis, Characterization and Effect on Thermal Decomposition of RDX, HMX, CL-20, DAP-4 and AP. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238370. [PMID: 36500463 PMCID: PMC9740727 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
ZIF-67 is a three-dimensional zeolite imidazole ester framework material with a porous rhombic dodecahedral structure, a large specific surface area and excellent thermal stability. In this paper, the catalytic effect of ZIF-67 on five kinds of energetic materials, including RDX, HMX, CL-20, AP and the new heat-resistant energetic compound DAP-4, was investigated. It was found that when the mass fraction of ZIF-67 was 2%, it showed excellent performance in catalyzing the said compounds. Specifically, ZIF-67 reduced the thermal decomposition peak temperatures of RDX, HMX, CL-20 and DAP-4 by 22.3 °C, 18.8 °C, 4.7 °C and 10.5 °C, respectively. In addition, ZIF-67 lowered the low-temperature and high-temperature thermal decomposition peak temperatures of AP by 27.1 °C and 82.3 °C, respectively. Excitingly, after the addition of ZIF-67, the thermal decomposition temperature of the new heat-resistant high explosive DAP-4 declined by approximately 10.5 °C. In addition, the kinetic parameters of the RDX+ZIF-67, HMX+ZIF-67, CL-20+ZIF-67 and DAP-4+ZIF-67 compounds were analyzed. After the addition of the ZIF-67 catalyst, the activation energy of the four energetic materials decreased, especially HMX+ZIF-67, whose activation energy was approximately 190 kJ·mol-1 lower than that reported previously for HMX. Finally, the catalytic mechanism of ZIF-67 was summarized. ZIF-67 is a potential lead-free, green, insensitive and universal EMOFs-based energetic burning rate catalyst with a bright prospect for application in solid propellants in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bojun Tan
- Correspondence: (B.T.); (Y.H.); (X.W.)
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5
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Turner AM, Luo Y, Marks JH, Sun R, Lechner JT, Klapötke TM, Kaiser RI. Exploring the Photochemistry of Solid 1,1-Diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene (FOX-7) Spanning Simple Bond Ruptures, Nitro-to-Nitrite Isomerization, and Nonadiabatic Dynamics. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:4747-4761. [PMID: 35852300 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c02696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The UV photolysis of solid FOX-7 at 5 K with 355 and 532 nm photons was investigated to unravel initial isomerization and decomposition pathways. Isomer-selective single photon ionization coupled with reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ReTOF-MS) documented the nitric oxide (NO) loss channel at 355 nm along with a nitro-to-nitrite isomerization, which was observed by using infrared spectroscopy, representing the initial reaction pathway followed by O─NO bond rupture of the nitrite moiety. A residual gas analyzer detected molecular oxygen for the 355 and 532 nm photolysis at a ratio of 4.3 ± 0.3:1, which signifies FOX-7 as an energetic material that provides its own oxidant once the decomposition starts. Overall branching ratios for molecular oxygen versus nitric oxide were derived to be 700 ± 100:1 at 355 nm. It is notable that this is the first time that molecular oxygen was detected as a decomposition product of FOX-7. Computations show that atomic oxygen, which later combines to form molecular oxygen, is likely released from a nitro group involving conical intersections. The condensed phase potential energy profile computed at the CCSD(T) and CASPT2 level correlates well with the experiments and highlights the critical roles of conical intersections, nonadiabatic dynamics, and the encapsulated environment that dictate the mechanism of the reaction through intermolecular hydrogen bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Turner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
- W. M. Keck Research Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Yuheng Luo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Joshua H Marks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
- W. M. Keck Research Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Rui Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Jasmin T Lechner
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Thomas M Klapötke
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Ralf I Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
- W. M. Keck Research Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
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6
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Ma Y, Lv M, Shang F, Zhang C, Liu J, Zhou P. Mechanistic Investigation on the Initial Thermal Decomposition of Energetic Materials FOX-7 and RDX in the Crystal and Gas Phase: An MM/DFT-Based ONIOM Calculation. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:1666-1673. [PMID: 35258304 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c10900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Interpreting the initial decomposition mechanism is important for evaluating the thermal stability of explosives. In this study, we theoretically investigated the initial thermal decomposition reactions for two typical energetic materials, FOX-7 and RDX, in both the gas phase and crystal phase. Single molecular decomposition pathways in the gas phase are calculated using the density functional theory (DFT) method, and the crystal phase reactions are simulated through the MM/DFT-based ONIOM method. The calculation results indicate that the crystal environment has a significant influence on the initial thermal decomposition mechanism of FOX-7 and RDX. The cage effect induced by the crystal environment greatly confines molecular mobility and diffusion, rendering the generated small molecules to react with the remaining fragment and yield new decomposition channels compared with the gas phase condition. The crystal packing structures and intermolecular interactions (hydrogen bonds/π-π stacking) significantly increase the reaction barriers of FOX-7 and RDX, leading to the crystal phase reactions being more difficult to occur than in the gas phase. Since the practical application of explosives is mostly in the crystal state, it is important to consider the environmental effects on the initial decomposition reactions. The same insight can also be relevant for other energetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinhua Ma
- Department of Physics, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Meiheng Lv
- College of Science, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, P.R. China
| | - Fangjian Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Chaoyang Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, P.R. China
| | - Jianyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Panwang Zhou
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266235, P.R. China
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7
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Luo Y, Kang C, Kaiser R, Sun R. The potential energy profile of the decomposition of 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene (FOX-7) in the gas phase. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:26836-26847. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03719j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The decomposition products of 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene (FOX-7) in the gas phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuheng Luo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Christopher Kang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Ralf Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
- W. M. Keck Research Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Rui Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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8
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Guan Y, Zhu X, Gao Y, Ma H, Song J. Initial Thermal Decomposition Mechanism of (NH 2) 2C=C(NO 2)(ONO) Revealed by Double-Hybrid Density Functional Calculations. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:15292-15299. [PMID: 34151108 PMCID: PMC8210442 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This work employs double-hybrid density functionals to re-examine the CO-NO bond dissociation mechanism of nitrite isomer of 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitro-ethylene (DADNE) into (NH2)2C=C(NO2)O and nitric monoxide (NO). The calculated results confirm that an activated barrier is present in the CO-NO bond dissociation process of (NH2)2C=C(NO2)(ONO). Furthermore, it is proposed that a radical-radical adduct is involved in the exit dissociation path with subsequent dissociation to separate (NH2)2C=C(NO2)O and NO radicals. The activation and reaction enthalpies at 298.15 K for the nitrite isomer dissociation are predicted to be 43.6 and 5.4 kJ mol-1 at the B2PLYP/6-31G(d,p) level, respectively. Employing the B2PLYP/6-31G(d,p) reaction energetics, gradient, Hessian, and geometries, the kinetic model for the CO-NO bond dissociation of (NH2)2C=C(NO2)(ONO) is obtained by a fitting to the modified Arrhenius form 1.05 × 1013(T/300)0.39 exp[-27.80(T + 205.32)/R(T 2 + 205.322)] in units of per second over the temperature range 200-3000 K based on the canonical variational transition-state theory with multidimensional small-curvature tunneling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulei Guan
- . Tel: +86-29-88307755. Fax: +86-29-88302632
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9
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Fu J, Wang B, Chen Y, Li Y, Tan X, Wang B, Ye B. Computational analysis the relationships of energy and mechanical properties with sensitivity for FOX-7 based PBXs via MD simulation. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:200345. [PMID: 33972835 PMCID: PMC8074742 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.200345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been applied to investigate 1, 1-diamino-2, 2-dinitroethene (FOX-7) crystal and FOX-7 (011)-based polymer-bonded explosives (PBXs) with four typical polymers, polyethylene glycol (PEG), fluorine-polymer (F2603), ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and ester urethane (ESTANE5703) under COMPASS force field. Binding energy (E bind), cohesive energy density (CED), initiation bond length distribution, RDG analysis and isotropic mechanical properties of FOX-7 and its PBXs at different temperatures were reported for the first time, and the relationship between them and sensitivity. Using quantum chemistry, FOX-7 was optimized with the four polymers at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level, and the structure and RDG of the optimized composite system were analysed. The results indicated that the binding energy presented irregular changes with the increase in temperature. The order of binding ability of different binders to the FOX-7 (011) crystal surface is PEG > ESTANE5703 > EVA > F2603. When the temperature increases, the maximum bond length (L max) of the induced bond increases and the CED decreases. This result is achieved in agreement with the known experimental fact that the sensitivity of explosives increases with temperature, and they can be used as the criterion to predict the sensitivity of explosives. The descending order of L max is FOX-7 > F2603 > ESTANE5703≈EVA > PEG. The intermolecular interactions between FOX-7 and the four polymers were mainly weak hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions, and these interactions helped to reduce the bond length of C-NO2, leading to a decrease in the sensitivity of FOX-7. The addition of polymers can effectively improve the mechanical properties of explosives. Among the four polymers, EVA has the best effect on improving the mechanical properties of FOX-7 (011). At the same temperature, the modulus can be used to predict the sensitivity of high-energy materials. Cauchy pressure can predict the sensitivity of non-brittle energetic materials. The nature of the interaction between FOX-7 and the four polymers is hydrogen bonding and van der Waals force, of which hydrogen bonding is the main one. These studies are meaningful for the formulation design and sensitivity prediction of FOX-7 and its PBXs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Fu
- 1North Univ China, Sch Environm and Safety Engn, Taiyuan 030051, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoguo Wang
- 1North Univ China, Sch Environm and Safety Engn, Taiyuan 030051, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yafang Chen
- 1North Univ China, Sch Environm and Safety Engn, Taiyuan 030051, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunchuan Li
- 1North Univ China, Sch Environm and Safety Engn, Taiyuan 030051, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Tan
- 1North Univ China, Sch Environm and Safety Engn, Taiyuan 030051, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Biyuan Wang
- 1North Univ China, Sch Environm and Safety Engn, Taiyuan 030051, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoyun Ye
- 1North Univ China, Sch Environm and Safety Engn, Taiyuan 030051, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
- North Univ China, Shanxi Engn Technol Res Ctr Ultrafine Powder, Taiyuan 030051, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
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10
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Krisyuk BE. Quantum chemical calculation of the primary thermolysis reactions of 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene (FOX-7). Russ Chem Bull 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-020-3046-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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11
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Yang X, Zhou J, Xing X, Huang Y, Yan Z, Xue Q, Wang X, Wang B. A promising TNT alternative 3,3'-bi(1,2,4-oxadiazole)-5,5'-diylbis(methylene)dinitrate (BOM): thermal behaviors and eutectic characteristics. RSC Adv 2020; 10:26425-26432. [PMID: 35519764 PMCID: PMC9059166 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra04517a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
3,3′-Bi(1,2,4-oxadiazole)-5,5′-diylbis(methylene)dinitrate (BOM) is a liquid phase carrier for melt cast explosives that is expected to replace TNT. The combination of a conjugated 1,2,4-oxadiazole backbone and nitrate ester groups endows BOM with both good energetic performance and impressive insensitivity. In this paper, the thermal behaviors of BOM were investigated using a TG–DSC synchronous thermal analyzer, proving that BOM is basically non-volatile under heating and melting processes. The apparent activation energy of BOM calculated by the Kissinger method was 158.2 kJ mol−1 at atmospheric pressure, which is higher than that of DNTF at atmospheric pressure and TNT at 2 MPa, indicating good thermal stability at low temperatures. The thermal decomposition mechanism of BOM was studied through both DSC-MS and in situ FTIR technologies. The low eutectic characteristics of BOM and DNTF were also investigated carefully and the best ratio of BOM/DNTF was 40/60 with a melting point at 75.5 °C. Finally, the detonation performances of TNT/HMX, BOM/HMX and BOM/DNTF(40/60)/HMX explosive formulations were calculated, showing that the detonation performances of the latter two formulations were significantly higher than that of TNT/HMX. 3,3′-Bi(1,2,4-oxadiazole)-5,5′-diylbis(methylene)dinitrate (BOM) is a liquid phase carrier for melt cast explosives that is expected to replace TNT.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Yang
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 China
| | - Xiaoling Xing
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 China
| | - Yafeng Huang
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 China
| | - Zhengfeng Yan
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 China
| | - Qi Xue
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 China
| | - Bozhou Wang
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 China .,State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemical Xi'an 710065 China
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12
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Jiang L, Fu X, Zhou Z, Zhang C, Li J, Qi F, Fan X, Zhang G. Study of the thermal decomposition mechanism of FOX-7 by molecular dynamics simulation and online photoionization mass spectrometry. RSC Adv 2020; 10:21147-21157. [PMID: 35518768 PMCID: PMC9054391 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03443f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The thermal decomposition mechanism of energetic materials is important for analyzing the combustion mechanisms of propellants and evaluating the safety of propellants during transport and storage. 1,1-Diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene (FOX-7) is an important insensitive energetic material that can be used as an oxidizer in propellants. However, the initial decomposition mechanism of FOX-7 is not clear to date. The ReaxFF molecular dynamics method is widely used in the investigation of the thermal decomposition mechanisms of energetic materials. Meanwhile, the combination of thermogravimetry with online photoionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TG-PI-TOF-MS) and online single-photon ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SPI-TOF-MS) can reveal the decomposition products, which may be integrated with the results of the simulation. In this study, the primary thermal decomposition mechanism of 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene (FOX-7) was studied by the ReaxFF molecular dynamics simulations and online photoionization mass spectrometry. The results of the molecular dynamics simulations showed that the primary decomposition step of FOX-7 is C–NO2 cleavage; after this, C
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O formation occurs via a three-membered ring transition state, followed by NO elimination. The remaining structure loses NH2 and H, resulting in the formation of the NHCCO structure, which finally breaks down into HNC and CO. NH2 reacts with an H atom to produce NH3. A reversible intramolecular hydrogen transfer was also observed at 2500 K; however, it failed to dominate the decomposition reaction. During the decomposition of FOX-7, the major products are N2, NH3, CO2, and H2N2 and the minor products are H2O, HN2, and H2. The TG-PI-TOF-MS spectrum shows three signals, i.e., m/z = 18, 28, and 30, which can be assigned to H2O, CO, and NO, respectively. Moreover, four signals at m/z = 72.72, 55.81, 45.79, and 29.88 corresponding to the products (NH2)2CCO, (NH2)CCO, NO2, and NO have been obtained in the SPI-TOF-MS spectrum. The experimental data obtained via online photoionization mass spectrometry further validated the results of the molecular dynamics simulations. In this work, the primary thermal decomposition mechanism of 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene (FOX-7) was studied by ReaxFF molecular dynamics simulations and online photoionization mass spectrometry.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Jiang
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 PR China
| | - Xiaolong Fu
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 PR China
| | - Zhongyue Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education (MOE), Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 PR China
| | - Chongmin Zhang
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 PR China
| | - Jizhen Li
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 PR China
| | - Fei Qi
- Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education (MOE), Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 PR China
| | - Xuezhong Fan
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 PR China
| | - Guofang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710062 PR China
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Lu M, Zhou P, Yang Y, Liu J, Jin B, Han K. Thermochemistry and Initial Decomposition Pathways of Triazole Energetic Materials. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:2951-2960. [PMID: 32223135 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b11852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A thorough investigation of the initial decomposition pathways of triazoles and their nitro-substituted derivatives has been conducted using the MP2 method for optimization and DLPNO-CCSD(T) method for energy. Different initial thermolysis mechanisms are proposed for 1,2,4-triazole and 1,2,3-triazole, the two kinds of triazoles. The higher energy barrier of the primary decomposition path of 1,2,4-triazole (H-transfer path, ∼52 kcal/mol) compared with that of 1,2,3-triazole (ring-open path, ∼45 kcal/mol) shows that 1,2,4-triazole is more stable, consistent with experimental observations. For nitro-substituted triazoles, more dissociation channels associated with the nitro group have been obtained and found to be competitive with the primary decomposition paths of the triazole skeleton in some cases. Besides, the effect of the nitro group on the decomposition pattern of the triazole skeleton has been explored, and it has been found that the electron-withdrawing nitro group has an opposite effect on the primary dissociation channels of 1,2,4-triazole derivatives and 1,2,3-triazole derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiheng Lu
- College of Applied Chemistry, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Panwang Zhou
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266235, P. R. China
| | - Yanqiang Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Chengdu 610200, P. R. China
| | - Jianyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Bing Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Keli Han
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
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14
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Xiong G, Zhu W. Coupling effects of high temperature and pressure on the decomposition mechanisms of 1,1‐diamino‐2,2‐dinitroehethe crystal: Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201900504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guolin Xiong
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Computation in Molecular and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing China
| | - Weihua Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Computation in Molecular and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing China
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15
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Zhang M, Zhao F, An T, Yang Y, Li H, Pan Q, Wang X, Jiang Z. Catalytic Effects of rGO–MFe2O4 (M = Ni, Co, and Zn) Nanocomposites on the Thermal Decomposition Performance and Mechanism of Energetic FOX-7. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:1673-1681. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b09711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- Science and Technology on Combustion and Explosion Laboratory, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Fengqi Zhao
- Science and Technology on Combustion and Explosion Laboratory, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Ting An
- Science and Technology on Combustion and Explosion Laboratory, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Yanjing Yang
- Science and Technology on Combustion and Explosion Laboratory, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Hui Li
- Science and Technology on Combustion and Explosion Laboratory, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Qing Pan
- Science and Technology on Combustion and Explosion Laboratory, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Science and Technology on Combustion and Explosion Laboratory, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Zhoufeng Jiang
- Science and Technology on Combustion and Explosion Laboratory, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
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16
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Jadhav PM, Sarangapani R, Patil RS, Pandey RK. Process Optimization, Product Profile Mapping, and Intensification of 1,1-Diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pandurang M. Jadhav
- High Energy Materials Research Laboratory, Pune 411021, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-NCL Campus, Pune 411008, India
| | | | | | - Raj K. Pandey
- High Energy Materials Research Laboratory, Pune 411021, India
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17
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Zhang JD, Zhang LL. Theoretical study on the mechanism of the reaction of FOX-7 with OH and NO2 radicals: bimolecular reactions with low barrier during the decomposition of FOX-7. Mol Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2017.1339917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Dong Zhang
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Phase Transitions and Microstructures in Condensed Matters, Yili Normal University, Yining, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Ecophysics and Department of Physics, College of Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, P.R. China
| | - Li-Li Zhang
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Phase Transitions and Microstructures in Condensed Matters, Yili Normal University, Yining, P.R. China
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18
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Wu WJ, Chi WJ, Li QS, Ji JN, Li ZS. Strategy of improving the stability and detonation performance for energetic material by introducing the boron atoms. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jie Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing China
| | - Wei-Jie Chi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing China
| | - Quan-Song Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing China
| | - Jian-Nan Ji
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing China
| | - Ze-Sheng Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing China
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19
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Tao Z, Wang X, Wei Y, Lv L, Wu D, Yang M. A theoretical study of molecular structure, optical properties and bond activation of energetic compound FOX-7 under intense electric fields. Chem Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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20
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CHATRAGADDA KRANTHI, VARGEESE ANUJA. A Kinetics Investigation on the Nitro-Nitrite Rearrangement Mediated Thermal Decomposition of High Temperature Monoclinic Phase of 1,1-Diamino-2,2-Dinitroethylene (γ-Fox-7). J CHEM SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-016-1220-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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21
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Molecular Theory of Detonation Initiation: Insight from First Principles Modeling of the Decomposition Mechanisms of Organic Nitro Energetic Materials. Molecules 2016; 21:236. [PMID: 26907231 PMCID: PMC6273078 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21020236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review presents a concept, which assumes that thermal decomposition processes play a major role in defining the sensitivity of organic energetic materials to detonation initiation. As a science and engineering community we are still far away from having a comprehensive molecular detonation initiation theory in a widely agreed upon form. However, recent advances in experimental and theoretical methods allow for a constructive and rigorous approach to design and test the theory or at least some of its fundamental building blocks. In this review, we analyzed a set of select experimental and theoretical articles, which were augmented by our own first principles modeling and simulations, to reveal new trends in energetic materials and to refine known existing correlations between their structures, properties, and functions. Our consideration is intentionally limited to the processes of thermally stimulated chemical reactions at the earliest stage of decomposition of molecules and materials containing defects.
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22
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Gao H, Shreeve JM. The Many Faces of FOX-7: A Precursor to High-Performance Energetic Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201501973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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23
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Gao H, Shreeve JM. The Many Faces of FOX-7: A Precursor to High-Performance Energetic Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:6335-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201501973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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