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Shah DD, Carter P, Shivdasani MN, Fong N, Duan W, Esrafilzadeh D, Poole-Warren LA, Aregueta Robles UA. Deciphering platinum dissolution in neural stimulation electrodes: Electrochemistry or biology? Biomaterials 2024; 309:122575. [PMID: 38677220 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2024.122575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Platinum (Pt) is the metal of choice for electrodes in implantable neural prostheses like the cochlear implants, deep brain stimulating devices, and brain-computer interfacing technologies. However, it is well known since the 1970s that Pt dissolution occurs with electrical stimulation. More recent clinical and in vivo studies have shown signs of corrosion in explanted electrode arrays and the presence of Pt-containing particulates in tissue samples. The process of degradation and release of metallic ions and particles can significantly impact on device performance. Moreover, the effects of Pt dissolution products on tissue health and function are still largely unknown. This is due to the highly complex chemistry underlying the dissolution process and the difficulty in decoupling electrical and chemical effects on biological responses. Understanding the mechanisms and effects of Pt dissolution proves challenging as the dissolution process can be influenced by electrical, chemical, physical, and biological factors, all of them highly variable between experimental settings. By evaluating comprehensive findings on Pt dissolution mechanisms reported in the fuel cell field, this review presents a critical analysis of the possible mechanisms that drive Pt dissolution in neural stimulation in vitro and in vivo. Stimulation parameters, such as aggregate charge, charge density, and electrochemical potential can all impact the levels of dissolved Pt. However, chemical factors such as electrolyte types, dissolved gases, and pH can all influence dissolution, confounding the findings of in vitro studies with multiple variables. Biological factors, such as proteins, have been documented to exhibit a mitigating effect on the dissolution process. Other biological factors like cells and fibro-proliferative responses, such as fibrosis and gliosis, impact on electrode properties and are suspected to impact on Pt dissolution. However, the relationship between electrical properties of stimulating electrodes and Pt dissolution remains contentious. Host responses to Pt degradation products are also controversial due to the unknown chemistry of Pt compounds formed and the lack of understanding of Pt distribution in clinical scenarios. The cytotoxicity of Pt produced via electrical stimulation appears similar to Pt-based compounds, including hexachloroplatinates and chemotherapeutic agents like cisplatin. While the levels of Pt produced under clinical and acute stimulation regimes were typically an order of magnitude lower than toxic concentrations observed in vitro, further research is needed to accurately assess the mass balance and type of Pt produced during long-term stimulation and its impact on tissue response. Finally, approaches to mitigating the dissolution process are reviewed. A wide variety of approaches, including stimulation strategies, coating electrode materials, and surface modification techniques to avoid excess charge during stimulation and minimise tissue response, may ultimately support long-term and safe operation of neural stimulating devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhyey Devashish Shah
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paul Carter
- Cochlear Ltd, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Nicole Fong
- Cochlear Ltd, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia
| | - Wenlu Duan
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Dorna Esrafilzadeh
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Laura Anne Poole-Warren
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; The Tyree Foundation Institute of Health Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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Hou H, Schütz HM, Giffin J, Wippermann K, Gao X, Mariani A, Passerini S, Korte C. Acidic Ionic Liquids Enabling Intermediate Temperature Operation Fuel Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:8370-8382. [PMID: 33573380 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c20679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Herein we show that protic ionic liquids (PILs) are promising electrolytes for fuel cells operating in the temperature range 100-120 °C. N,N-Diethyl-N-methyl-3-sulfopropan-1-ammonium hydrogen sulfate ([DEMSPA][HSA]), N,N-diethyl-N-methyl-3-sulfopropan-1-ammonium triflate ([DEMSPA][TfO]), N,N-diethyl-3-sulfopropan-1-ammonium hydrogen sulfate ([DESPA][HSA]), and N,N-diethyl-3-sulfopropan-1-ammonium triflate ([DESPA][TfO]) are investigated in this study with regard to their specific conductivity, thermal stability, viscosity, and electrochemical properties. The [DEMSPA][TfO] and [DESPA][TfO] electrolytes offer high limiting current densities for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on platinum electrodes, that is, about 1 order of magnitude larger than 98% H3PO4. This is explained by the minor poisoning of the Pt catalyst and the significantly larger product of the oxygen self-diffusion coefficient and concentration in these two PILs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Hou
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Electrochemical Process Engineering (IEK-14), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hanno Maria Schütz
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstrasse 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jürgen Giffin
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Electrochemical Process Engineering (IEK-14), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Klaus Wippermann
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Electrochemical Process Engineering (IEK-14), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Xinpei Gao
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstrasse 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alessandro Mariani
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstrasse 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefano Passerini
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstrasse 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Carsten Korte
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Electrochemical Process Engineering (IEK-14), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Khan J, Muhammad S, Shah LA, Ali J, Ibrar M, Rehman KU. Synthesis, characterization and electrochemistry of triethyl ammonium sulphate ionic liquid. Z PHYS CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2020-1704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Protic ionic liquids (PILs) being intrinsic proton conducting ionic species are considered as potential green electrolytes for study of electrocatalytic reactions and for fabrication of IL-based fuel cells (FCs) and batteries. We have prepared a sulfate anion based protic ionic liquid (PIL), triethylammonium sulfate (TEAS) through a reaction involving transfer of proton from H2SO4 to triethylamine (TEA). 1H NMR and FT-IR spectroscopic techniques were employed for confirmation of the synthesis of TEAS and water content of the PIL was quantified using coulometric Karl–Fischer (KF) titration. 1H NMR and FT-IR analysis confirm the synthesis of the PILs and KF-titration analysis shows that TEAS contains 1.43 w/w % water. Electrical conductivity of TEAS was determined at different temperatures showing that the PIL has excellent ionic conductivity that enhances with rise in temperature of the medium. The temperature dependence of the conductivity of the PIL follows the Arrhenius equation as the logσ versus 1/T plot is linear. The electrochemical windows (EWs) of the electrolyte were found using cyclic voltammetry at Pt and Au working electrodes and found to decrease with increase in temperature of the medium. The data revealed that the surfaces of the electrodes are covered with oxide layers due to oxidation of trace water (1.43 w/w %) present in the PIL. The oxide layers growth increase and their onset potential moves to less positive values as the temperature of the PILs is increased. The data was compared with the literature and would be helpful in understanding of the surface electrochemistry in this neoteric medium for being used as potential electrolyte in industry for various electrochemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalal Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Islamia College Peshawar , 25120 , Peshawar , Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa , Pakistan
| | - Sayyar Muhammad
- Department of Chemistry, Islamia College Peshawar , 25120 , Peshawar , Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa , Pakistan
| | - Luqman Ali Shah
- National Centre of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar , Peshawar , 25120 , Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa , Pakistan
| | - Javed Ali
- Department of Chemistry , Kohat University of Science & Technology , Kohat , 26000 , Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa , Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ibrar
- Department of Physics , Islamia College Peshawar , 25120 , Peshawar , Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa , Pakistan
| | - Khushnood Ur Rehman
- Department of Botany , Islamia College Peshawar , 25120 , Peshawar , Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa , Pakistan
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Muhammad S, Khan J, Javed S, Iqbal R, Wali H, Ali Shah L, Khan K, Ahmad S. Synthesis and physioelectrochemical characterization of triethylammonium bisulphate ionic liquid and the role of the electrode surface oxides during ethanol oxidation. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.137902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Degradation kinetics of Pt during high-temperature PEM fuel cell operation part I: Kinetics of Pt surface oxidation and dissolution in concentrated H3PO4 electrolyte at elevated temperatures. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.04.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Bengio D, Mendes E, Pellet-Rostaing S, Moisy P. Electrochemical behavior of platinum and gold electrodes in the aprotic ionic liquid N,N-Trimethylbutylammonium Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kim J, Urchaga P, Baranton S, Coutanceau C, Jerkiewicz G. Interfacial structure of atomically flat polycrystalline Pt electrodes and modified Sauerbrey equation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:21955-21963. [PMID: 28678291 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp02528a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The electrochemical quartz-crystal nanobalance (EQCN) measures in situ mass changes associated with interfacial electrode processes. Real electrodes are not atomically flat, thus their surface roughness affects the conversion of frequency variations (Δf) to mass changes (Δm) associated with electrochemical processes. Here, we analyze Δm associated with the electrochemical H adsorption/desorption and surface oxide formation/reduction on Pt electrodes of gradually increasing surface roughness using the EQCN and cyclic-voltammetry in an aqueous H2SO4 solution. These two interfacial processes are ideal to probe changes in the electrochemically active surface area. The surface roughness of Pt-coated resonators is fine-tuned through Pt electrodeposition and examined using atomic force microscopy. The results acquired using Pt electrodes of increasing roughness factor (1.61 ≤ R ≤ 13.0) reveal a linear relationship between Δm and R. Extrapolation of this relationship to R = 1.00 leads to the determination of Δm associated with H adsorption/desorption and oxide formation/reduction on an atomically flat polycrystalline Pt electrode. The values of Δm associated with these processes are analyzed in terms of the number of H, O, water, and ionic species interacting with each Pt atom of the electrode surface. We find that the charge densities associated with these electrochemical processes and mass variations do not scale up by the same factor. This leads to a modified version of the Sauerbrey equation for Pt electrodes, which takes into account the intrinsic surface roughness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutae Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
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Sugawara Y, Konno M, Muto I, Hara N. Formation of Pt Skin Layer on Ordered and Disordered Pt-Co Alloys and Corrosion Resistance in Sulfuric Acid. Electrocatalysis (N Y) 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12678-017-0448-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Malek A, Eikerling MH. Chemisorbed Oxygen at Pt(111): a DFT Study of Structural and Electronic Surface Properties. Electrocatalysis (N Y) 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12678-017-0436-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Wippermann K, Giffin J, Kuhri S, Lehnert W, Korte C. The influence of water content in a proton-conducting ionic liquid on the double layer properties of the Pt/PIL interface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:24706-24723. [PMID: 28861561 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp04003b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The influence of the water content of 2-sulfoethylmethylammonium trifluoromethanesulfonate [2-Sema][TfO] on the double layer properties of the interface of platinum and the proton conducting ionic liquid (PIL) is investigated by means of impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. By fitting the impedance spectra as complex capacitances, up to four differential double layer capacitances and corresponding time constants are obtained, depending on the potential (U = 0-1.6 V/RHE), water content (0.7-6.1 wt%) and temperature (T = 70-110 °C). Within the whole potential range investigated, a high frequency capacitance, C1, and a low frequency capacitance, C2, can be calculated. In the potential region of hydrogen underpotential deposition (HUPD), C1 can be separated into two parts, C1a and C1b. Whereas the high frequency capacitive processes can mainly be attributed to ion transport processes in the double layer, the low frequency process is ascribed to changes in the interfacial layer, including ad-/desorption and Faradaic processes. Alternative interpretations regarding the reorientation of ions, reconstruction of the metal surface and partial electron transfer between anions and Pt are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wippermann
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Energy and Climate Research - Fuel Cells (IEK-3), 52425 Jülich, Germany.
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Baroody HA, Jerkiewicz G, Eikerling MH. Modelling oxide formation and growth on platinum. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:144102. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4979121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Heather A. Baroody
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Gregory Jerkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Michael H. Eikerling
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
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Tahmasebi S, McMath AA, van Drunen J, Jerkiewicz G. Catalytic Duality of Platinum Surface Oxides in the Oxygen Reduction and Hydrogen Oxidation Reactions. Electrocatalysis (N Y) 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12678-017-0372-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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