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Lipp V, Grünert J, Liu J, Ziaja B. Picosecond to microsecond dynamics of X-ray irradiated materials at MHz pulse repetition rate. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16344. [PMID: 37770502 PMCID: PMC10539529 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42943-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) produce intense femtosecond X-ray pulses able to cause significant damage to irradiated targets. Energetic photoelectrons created upon X-ray absorption, and Auger electrons emitted after relaxation of core-hole states trigger secondary electron cascades, which contribute to the increasing transient free electron density on femtosecond timescales. Further evolution may involve energy and particle diffusion, creation of point defects, and lattice heating. This long-timescale (up to a microsecond) X-ray-induced dynamics is discussed on the example of silicon in two-dimensional geometry. For modeling, we apply an extended Two-Temperature model with electron density dynamics, nTTM, which describes relaxation of an irradiated sample between two successive X-ray pulses, emitted from XFEL at MHz pulse repetition rate. It takes into account ambipolar carrier diffusion, electronic and atomic heat conduction, as well as electron-ion coupling. To solve the nTTM system of equations in two dimensions, we developed a dedicated finite-difference integration algorithm based on Alternating Direction Implicit method with an additional predictor-corrector scheme. We show first results obtained with the model and discuss its possible applications for XFEL optics, detectors, and for diagnostics tools. In particular, the model can estimate the timescale of material relaxation relevant for beam diagnostic applications during MHz operation of contemporary and future XFELs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Lipp
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342, Kraków, Poland.
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Jan Grünert
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Jia Liu
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Beata Ziaja
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342, Kraków, Poland
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
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2
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Lipp V, Milov I, Medvedev N. Quantifying electron cascade size in various irradiated materials for free-electron laser applications. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2022; 29:323-330. [PMID: 35254294 PMCID: PMC8900838 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577522000339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Studying electron- and X-ray-induced electron cascades in solids is essential for various research areas at free-electron laser facilities, such as X-ray imaging, crystallography, pulse diagnostics or X-ray-induced damage. To better understand the fundamental factors that define the duration and spatial size of such cascades, this work investigates the electron propagation in ten solids relevant for the applications of X-ray lasers: Au, B4C, diamond, Ni, polystyrene, Ru, Si, SiC, Si3N4 and W. Using classical Monte Carlo simulation in the atomic approximation, we study the dependence of the cascade size on the incident electron or photon energy and on the target parameters. The results show that an electron-induced cascade is systematically larger than a photon-induced cascade. Moreover, in contrast with the common assumption, the maximal cascade size does not necessarily coincide with the electron range. It was found that the cascade size can be controlled by careful selection of the photon energy for a particular material. Photon energy, just above an ionization potential, can essentially split the absorbed energy between two electrons (photo- and Auger), reducing their initial energy and thus shrinking the cascade size. This analysis suggests a way of tailoring the electron cascades for applications requiring either small cascades with a high density of excited electrons or large-spread cascades with lower electron densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Lipp
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Igor Milov
- Industrial Focus Group XUV Optics, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Nikita Medvedev
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Za Slovankou 3, 18200 Prague 8, Czech Republic
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3
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Groß F, Träger N, Schulz F, Weigand M, Dippon T, Gräfe J. A high frequency builder software for arbitrary radio frequency signals. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:034704. [PMID: 35364984 DOI: 10.1063/5.0082934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
While the frequencies accessible by signal generators steadily rise, the synthesization of complex and arbitrary waveforms with high frequency components remains challenging, especially when restricted by an external reference clock. In this article, we present a comprehensive software package combined with state-of-the-art hardware as a solution for the generation of highly sampled, arbitrary radio frequency waveforms. The software can be used to conduct both synchronous and heterodyne pump-probe experiments due to a variety of different synchronization modules. While both kinds of modules allow for standard waveforms, such as sines, pulses, and bursts, as well as any arbitrary signal, the heterodyne modules additionally are not restricted by the reference clock frequency. Both the output and the synchronization module can be adapted to support additional measurement devices. Due to the modular software structure, individual classes can be exchanged while maintaining all functionalities. The software provides a user friendly graphical interface that allows us to compose, save, and load complex arbitrary waveforms within only a few steps. The frequency selectivity provided by the software-hardware combination allows us to directly target specific excitation states of physical systems. Conducting a heterodyne scanning transmission x-ray microscopy experiment, we are able to demonstrate the capabilities of the software when paired with a high sample rate arbitrary waveform generator. The heterodyne synchronization modules allow for unlimited flexibility leveraging arbitrary waveform generation to their full power. By solving the challenges of synthesizing highly complex electromagnetic waves, the software enables a large variety of experiments to be performed more conveniently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Groß
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nick Träger
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Frank Schulz
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Markus Weigand
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Joachim Gräfe
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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4
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Design of a Hybrid Split-Delay Line for Hard X-ray Free-Electron Lasers. PHOTONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics9030136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
High repetition-rate X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) enable the study of fast dynamics on microsecond time scales. Split-delay lines (SDLs) further bring the time scale down to femtoseconds by splitting and delaying the XFEL pulses. Crystals and multilayers are two common types of optical elements in SDLs, offering either long delay ranges or high temporal accuracy. In this work, we introduce the design of a hybrid SDL for the coherent diffraction endstation of Shanghai High Repetition Rate XFEL and Extreme Light Facility (SHINE). It uses crystals for the first branch and multilayers for the second one, thus simultaneously offering a relatively long delay range and high temporal accuracy. Moreover, a third branch can be installed to switch the SDL to the all-crystal configuration for longer delay ranges.
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5
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Madsen A, Hallmann J, Ansaldi G, Roth T, Lu W, Kim C, Boesenberg U, Zozulya A, Möller J, Shayduk R, Scholz M, Bartmann A, Schmidt A, Lobato I, Sukharnikov K, Reiser M, Kazarian K, Petrov I. Materials Imaging and Dynamics (MID) instrument at the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser Facility. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2021; 28:637-649. [PMID: 33650576 PMCID: PMC7941285 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577521001302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The Materials Imaging and Dynamics (MID) instrument at the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser (EuXFEL) facility is described. EuXFEL is the first hard X-ray free-electron laser operating in the MHz repetition range which provides novel science opportunities. The aim of MID is to enable studies of nano-structured materials, liquids, and soft- and hard-condensed matter using the bright X-ray beams generated by EuXFEL. Particular emphasis is on studies of structure and dynamics in materials by coherent scattering and imaging using hard X-rays. Commission of MID started at the end of 2018 and first experiments were performed in 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Madsen
- European X-ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - J. Hallmann
- European X-ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - G. Ansaldi
- European X-ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - T. Roth
- European X-ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - W. Lu
- European X-ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - C. Kim
- European X-ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - U. Boesenberg
- European X-ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - A. Zozulya
- European X-ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - J. Möller
- European X-ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - R. Shayduk
- European X-ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - M. Scholz
- European X-ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - A. Bartmann
- European X-ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - A. Schmidt
- European X-ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - I. Lobato
- European X-ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - K. Sukharnikov
- European X-ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - M. Reiser
- European X-ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - K. Kazarian
- European X-ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - I. Petrov
- European X-ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
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van Thor JJ. Advances and opportunities in ultrafast X-ray crystallography and ultrafast structural optical crystallography of nuclear and electronic protein dynamics. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2019; 6:050901. [PMID: 31559317 PMCID: PMC6759419 DOI: 10.1063/1.5110685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Both nuclear and electronic dynamics contribute to protein function and need multiple and complementary techniques to reveal their ultrafast structural dynamics response. Real-space information obtained from the measurement of electron density dynamics by X-ray crystallography provides aspects of both, while the molecular physics of coherence parameters and frequency-frequency correlation needs spectroscopy methods. Ultrafast pump-probe applications of protein dynamics in crystals provide real-space information through direct X-ray crystallographic structure analysis or through structural optical crystallographic analysis. A discussion of methods of analysis using ultrafast macromolecular X-ray crystallography and ultrafast nonlinear structural optical crystallography is presented. The current and future high repetition rate capabilities provided by X-ray free electron lasers for ultrafast diffraction studies provide opportunities for optical control and optical selection of nuclear coherence which may develop to access higher frequency dynamics through improvements of sensitivity and time resolution to reveal coherence directly. Specific selection of electronic coherence requires optical probes, which can provide real-space structural information through photoselection of oriented samples and specifically in birefringent crystals. Ultrafast structural optical crystallography of photosynthetic energy transfer has been demonstrated, and the theory of two-dimensional structural optical crystallography has shown a method for accessing the structural selection of electronic coherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper J. van Thor
- Molecular Biophysics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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Lu W, Friedrich B, Noll T, Zhou K, Hallmann J, Ansaldi G, Roth T, Serkez S, Geloni G, Madsen A, Eisebitt S. Development of a hard X-ray split-and-delay line and performance simulations for two-color pump-probe experiments at the European XFEL. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:063121. [PMID: 29960553 DOI: 10.1063/1.5027071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A hard X-ray Split-and-Delay Line (SDL) under construction for the Materials Imaging and Dynamics station at the European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser (XFEL) is presented. This device aims at providing pairs of X-ray pulses with a variable time delay ranging from -10 ps to 800 ps in a photon energy range from 5 to 10 keV for photon correlation and X-ray pump-probe experiments. A custom designed mechanical motion system including active feedback control ensures that the high demands for stability and accuracy can be met and the design goals achieved. Using special radiation configurations of the European XFEL's SASE-2 undulator (SASE: Self-Amplified Spontaneous Emission), two-color hard x-ray pump-probe schemes with varying photon energy separations have been proposed. Simulations indicate that more than 109 photons on the sample per pulse-pair and up to about 10% photon energy separation can be achieved in the hard X-ray region using the SDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Lu
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - B Friedrich
- Max Born Institute, Max-Born-Strasse 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - T Noll
- Max Born Institute, Max-Born-Strasse 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - K Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201800 Shanghai, China
| | - J Hallmann
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - G Ansaldi
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - T Roth
- ESRF-The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - S Serkez
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - G Geloni
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - A Madsen
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - S Eisebitt
- Max Born Institute, Max-Born-Strasse 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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8
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Buzzi M, Makita M, Howald L, Kleibert A, Vodungbo B, Maldonado P, Raabe J, Jaouen N, Redlin H, Tiedtke K, Oppeneer PM, David C, Nolting F, Lüning J. Single-shot Monitoring of Ultrafast Processes via X-ray Streaking at a Free Electron Laser. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7253. [PMID: 28775262 PMCID: PMC5543111 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07069-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of x-ray free electron lasers has extended the unique capabilities of resonant x-ray spectroscopy techniques to ultrafast time scales. Here, we report on a novel experimental method that allows retrieving with a single x-ray pulse the time evolution of an ultrafast process, not only at a few discrete time delays, but continuously over an extended time window. We used a single x-ray pulse to resolve the laser-induced ultrafast demagnetisation dynamics in a thin cobalt film over a time window of about 1.6 ps with an excellent signal to noise ratio. From one representative single shot measurement we extract a spin relaxation time of (130 ± 30) fs with an average value, based on 193 single shot events of (113 ± 20) fs. These results are limited by the achieved experimental time resolution of 120 fs, and both values are in excellent agreement with previous results and theoretical modelling. More generally, this new experimental approach to ultrafast x-ray spectroscopy paves the way to the study of non-repetitive processes that cannot be investigated using traditional repetitive pump-probe schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Buzzi
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
| | - Mikako Makita
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Boris Vodungbo
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA ParisTech - CNRS UMR 7639 École Polytechnique, Chemin de la Hunière, 91761, Palaiseau, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, CNRS, LCPMR, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Pablo Maldonado
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, SE-75120, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jörg Raabe
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Jaouen
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Harald Redlin
- HASYLAB/DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kai Tiedtke
- HASYLAB/DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter M Oppeneer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, SE-75120, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Jan Lüning
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, CNRS, LCPMR, 75005, Paris, France. .,Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
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9
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Photon Beam Transport and Scientific Instruments at the European XFEL. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/app7060592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Hutchison CD, van Thor JJ. Populations and coherence in femtosecond time resolved X-ray crystallography of the photoactive yellow protein. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/0144235x.2017.1276726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jasper J. van Thor
- Molecular Biophysics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK
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11
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Loether A, Adams BW, DiCharia A, Gao Y, Henning R, Walko DA, DeCamp MF. Pump-probe spectrometer for measuring x-ray induced strain. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:1977-1980. [PMID: 27128053 PMCID: PMC5540162 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.001977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A hard x-ray pump-probe spectrometer using a multi-crystal Bragg reflector is demonstrated at a third generation synchrotron source. This device derives both broadband pump and monochromatic probe pulses directly from a single intense, broadband x-ray pulse centered at 8.767 keV. We present a proof-of-concept experiment which directly measures x-ray induced crystalline lattice strain.
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