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Wang J, Cui X, Wang W, Wang J, Zhang Q, Guo X, Liang Y, Lin S, Chu B, Cui D. Microfluidic-based electrically driven particle manipulation techniques for biomedical applications. RSC Adv 2025; 15:167-198. [PMID: 39758908 PMCID: PMC11697266 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra05571c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 09/29/2024] [Indexed: 01/07/2025] Open
Abstract
Microfluidic chips exhibit unique advantages in both economy and rapidity, particularly for the separation and detection of biomolecules. In this review, we first introduced the mechanisms of several electrically driven methods, such as electrophoresis, dielectrophoresis, electro-wetting and electro-rotation. We then discussed in detail the application of these methods in nucleic acid analysis, protein manipulation and cell treatment. In addition, we outlined the considerations for material selection, manufacturing processes and structural design of microfluidic chips based on electrically driven mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiulin Wang
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai JiaoTong University Shanghai 200240 PR China
| | - Xinyuan Cui
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai 200025 PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai JiaoTong University Shanghai 200240 PR China
| | - Junhao Wang
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai JiaoTong University Shanghai 200240 PR China
| | - Quili Zhang
- First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University School of Medicine Kaifeng 475000 PR China
| | - Xiaonan Guo
- First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University School of Medicine Kaifeng 475000 PR China
| | - Yanfeng Liang
- First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University School of Medicine Kaifeng 475000 PR China
| | - Shujin Lin
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai JiaoTong University Shanghai 200240 PR China
| | - Bingfeng Chu
- Department of Stomatology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital Beijing 100853 PR China
| | - Daxiang Cui
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai JiaoTong University Shanghai 200240 PR China
- First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University School of Medicine Kaifeng 475000 PR China
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2
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Zhang X, Dumčius P, Mikhaylov R, Qi J, Stringer M, Sun C, Nguyen VD, Zhou Y, Sun X, Liang D, Liu D, Yan B, Feng X, Mei C, Xu C, Feng M, Fu Y, Clayton A, Zhi R, Tian L, Dong Z, Yang X. Surface Acoustic Wave-Enhanced Multi-View Acoustofluidic Rotation Cytometry (MARC) for Pre-Cytopathological Screening. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2403574. [PMID: 39136049 PMCID: PMC11497091 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202403574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 10/25/2024]
Abstract
Cytopathology, crucial in disease diagnosis, commonly uses microscopic slides to scrutinize cellular abnormalities. However, processing high volumes of samples often results in numerous negative diagnoses, consuming significant time and resources in healthcare. To address this challenge, a surface acoustic wave-enhanced multi-view acoustofluidic rotation cytometry (MARC) technique is developed for pre-cytopathological screening. MARC enhances cellular morphology analysis through comprehensive and multi-angle observations and amplifies subtle cell differences, particularly in the nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio, across various cell types and between cancerous and normal tissue cells. By prioritizing MARC-screened positive cases, this approach can potentially streamline traditional cytopathology, reducing the workload and resources spent on negative diagnoses. This significant advancement enhances overall diagnostic efficiency, offering a transformative vision for cytopathological screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, School of EngineeringCardiff UniversityCardiffCF24 3AAUK
- International Joint Laboratory of Biomedicine and EngineeringCollege of Biomedicine and HealthCollege of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070P. R. China
| | - Povilas Dumčius
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, School of EngineeringCardiff UniversityCardiffCF24 3AAUK
| | - Roman Mikhaylov
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, School of EngineeringCardiff UniversityCardiffCF24 3AAUK
| | - Jiangfa Qi
- International Joint Laboratory of Biomedicine and EngineeringCollege of Biomedicine and HealthCollege of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070P. R. China
| | - Mercedes Stringer
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, School of EngineeringCardiff UniversityCardiffCF24 3AAUK
| | - Chao Sun
- School of Life SciencesNorthwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an710072P. R. China
| | - Van Dien Nguyen
- Systems Immunity University Research InstituteCardiff UniversityCardiffCF14 4XNUK
- Division of Infection and ImmunityCardiff UniversityCardiffCF14 4XNUK
| | - You Zhou
- Systems Immunity University Research InstituteCardiff UniversityCardiffCF14 4XNUK
- Division of Infection and ImmunityCardiff UniversityCardiffCF14 4XNUK
| | - Xianfang Sun
- School of Computer Science and InformaticsCardiff UniversityCardiffCF24 4AGUK
| | - Dongfang Liang
- Department of EngineeringUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 1PZUK
| | - Dongge Liu
- Department of PathologyBeijing HospitalBeijing100730P. R. China
| | - Bing Yan
- Department of Information ManagementBeijing HospitalBeijing100730P. R. China
| | - Xi Feng
- Department of PathologyHubei Cancer HospitalWuhan430079P. R. China
| | - Changjun Mei
- Department of PathologyXiangzhou District People's Hospital of XiangyangXiangyang441000P. R. China
| | - Cong Xu
- Department of PathologyXiangzhou District People's Hospital of XiangyangXiangyang441000P. R. China
| | - Mingqian Feng
- International Joint Laboratory of Biomedicine and EngineeringCollege of Biomedicine and HealthCollege of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070P. R. China
| | - Yongqing Fu
- Faculty of Engineering and EnvironmentNorthumbria UniversityNewcastle Upon TyneNE1 8STUK
| | - Aled Clayton
- School of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffCF14 4XNUK
| | - Ruicong Zhi
- School of Computer and Communication EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing100083P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Knowledge Engineering for Materials ScienceBeijing100083P.R. China
| | - Liangfei Tian
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringMOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Dong
- International Joint Laboratory of Biomedicine and EngineeringCollege of Biomedicine and HealthCollege of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070P. R. China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, School of EngineeringCardiff UniversityCardiffCF24 3AAUK
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3
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Kim H, Zhbanov A, Yang S. Microfluidic Systems for Blood and Blood Cell Characterization. BIOSENSORS 2022; 13:13. [PMID: 36671848 PMCID: PMC9856090 DOI: 10.3390/bios13010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A laboratory blood test is vital for assessing a patient's health and disease status. Advances in microfluidic technology have opened the door for on-chip blood analysis. Currently, microfluidic devices can reproduce myriad routine laboratory blood tests. Considerable progress has been made in microfluidic cytometry, blood cell separation, and characterization. Along with the usual clinical parameters, microfluidics makes it possible to determine the physical properties of blood and blood cells. We review recent advances in microfluidic systems for measuring the physical properties and biophysical characteristics of blood and blood cells. Added emphasis is placed on multifunctional platforms that combine several microfluidic technologies for effective cell characterization. The combination of hydrodynamic, optical, electromagnetic, and/or acoustic methods in a microfluidic device facilitates the precise determination of various physical properties of blood and blood cells. We analyzed the physical quantities that are measured by microfluidic devices and the parameters that are determined through these measurements. We discuss unexplored problems and present our perspectives on the long-term challenges and trends associated with the application of microfluidics in clinical laboratories. We expect the characterization of the physical properties of blood and blood cells in a microfluidic environment to be considered a standard blood test in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojin Kim
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Dongseo University, Busan 47011, Republic of Korea
| | - Alexander Zhbanov
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
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Choi S, Park I, Lee SH, Yeo KI, Min G, Woo SH, Kim YS, Lee SY, Lee SW. On-Chip Single-Cell Bioelectrical Analysis for Identification of Cell Electrical Phenotyping in Response to Sequential Electric Signal Modulation. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:1037. [PMID: 36421154 PMCID: PMC9688586 DOI: 10.3390/bios12111037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, an interesting biomarker called membrane breakdown voltage has been examined using artificial planar lipid bilayers. Even though they have great potential to identify cell electrical phenotyping for distinguishing similar cell lines or cells under different physiological conditions, the biomarker has not been evaluated in the context of living cell electrical phenotyping. Herein, we present a single-cell analysis platform to continuously measure the electric response in a large number of cells in parallel using electric frequency and voltage variables. Using this platform, we measured the direction of cell displacement and transparent cell image alteration as electric polarization of the cell responds to signal modulation, extracting the dielectrophoretic crossover frequency and membrane breakdown voltage for each cell, and utilizing the measurement results in the same spatiotemporal environment. We developed paired parameters using the dielectrophoretic crossover frequency and membrane breakdown voltage for each cell and evaluated the paired parameter efficiency concerning the identification of two different breast cancer cells and cell drug response. Moreover, we showed that the platform was able to identify cell electrical phenotyping, which was generated by subtle changes in cholesterol depletion-induced cell membrane integrity disruption when the paired parameter was used. Our platform introduced in this paper is extremely useful for facilitating more accurate and efficient evaluation of cell electrical phenotyping in a variety of applications, such as cell biology and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungyeop Choi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Insu Park
- Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang In Yeo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeongjun Min
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hun Woo
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Suk Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Sei Young Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Woo Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea
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5
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Wu H, Dang D, Yang X, Wang J, Qi R, Yang W, Liang W. Accurate and Automatic Extraction of Cell Self-Rotation Speed in an ODEP Field Using an Area Change Algorithm. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13060818. [PMID: 35744432 PMCID: PMC9229272 DOI: 10.3390/mi13060818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cells are complex biological units that can sense physicochemical stimuli from their surroundings and respond positively to them through characterization of the cell behavior. Thus, understanding the motions of cells is important for investigating their intrinsic properties and reflecting their various states. Computer-vision-based methods for elucidating cell behavior offer a novel approach to accurately extract cell motions. Here, we propose an algorithm based on area change to automatically extract the self-rotation of cells in an optically induced dielectrophoresis field. To obtain a clear and complete outline of the cell structure, dark corner removal and contrast stretching techniques are used in the pre-processing stage. The self-rotation speed is calculated by determining the frequency of the cell area changes in all of the captured images. The algorithm is suitable for calculating in-plane and out-of-plane rotations, while addressing the problem of identical images at different rotation angles when dealing with rotations of spherical and flat cells. In addition, the algorithm can be used to determine the motion trajectory of cells. The experimental results show that the algorithm can efficiently and accurately calculate cell rotation speeds of up to ~155 rpm. Potential applications of the proposed algorithm include cell morphology extraction, cell classification, and characterization of the cell mechanical properties. The algorithm can be very helpful for those who are interested in using computer vision and artificial-intelligence-based ideology in single-cell studies, drug treatment, and other bio-related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Wu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China; (H.W.); (X.Y.); (J.W.)
| | - Dan Dang
- School of Science, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China
- Correspondence: (D.D.); (R.Q.); (W.L.)
| | - Xieliu Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China; (H.W.); (X.Y.); (J.W.)
| | - Junhai Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China; (H.W.); (X.Y.); (J.W.)
| | - Ruolong Qi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China; (H.W.); (X.Y.); (J.W.)
- Correspondence: (D.D.); (R.Q.); (W.L.)
| | - Wenguang Yang
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China;
| | - Wenfeng Liang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China; (H.W.); (X.Y.); (J.W.)
- Correspondence: (D.D.); (R.Q.); (W.L.)
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6
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Zhang S, Xu B, Elsayed M, Nan F, Liang W, Valley JK, Liu L, Huang Q, Wu MC, Wheeler AR. Optoelectronic tweezers: a versatile toolbox for nano-/micro-manipulation. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:9203-9242. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00359g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review covers the fundamentals, recent progress and state-of-the-art applications of optoelectronic tweezers technology, and demonstrates that optoelectronic tweezers technology is a versatile and powerful toolbox for nano-/micro-manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuailong Zhang
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Room 711, Building No 6, Science and Technology Park, 5 Zhongguancun South St, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems (Beijing Institute of Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Bingrui Xu
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Room 711, Building No 6, Science and Technology Park, 5 Zhongguancun South St, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Mohamed Elsayed
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Fan Nan
- Institute of Nanophotonics, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Wenfeng Liang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang, 110168, China
| | - Justin K. Valley
- Berkeley Lights, Inc, 5858 Horton Street #320, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Lianqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Qiang Huang
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Room 711, Building No 6, Science and Technology Park, 5 Zhongguancun South St, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems (Beijing Institute of Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ming C. Wu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Aaron R. Wheeler
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada
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7
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Jiang M, Wang X, Zhao X, Teng Y, Chen J, Wang J, Yue W. Classification of tumor subtypes leveraging constriction-channel based impedance flow cytometry and optical imaging. Cytometry A 2021; 99:1114-1122. [PMID: 33909347 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
As label-free biomarkers, electrical properties of single cells have been widely used for cell-type classification and cell-status evaluation. However, as intrinsic bioelectrical markers, previously reported membrane capacitance and cytoplasmic resistance (e.g., specific membrane capacitance Cspecific membrane and cytoplasmic conductivity σcytoplasm ) of tumor subtypes were derived from tens of single cells, lacking statistical significance due to low cell numbers. In this study, tumor subtypes were constructed based on phenotype (treatment with 4-methylumbelliferone) or genotype (knockdown of ROCK1) modifications and then aspirated through a constriction-channel based impedance flow cytometry to characterize single-cell Cspecific membrane and σcytoplasm . Thousands of single tumor cells with phenotype modifications were measured, resulting in significant differences in 1.64 ± 0.43 μF/cm2 vs. 1.55 ± 0.47 μF/cm2 of Cspecific membrane and 0.96 ± 0.37 S/m vs. 1.24 ± 0.47 S/m of σcytoplasm for 95C cells (792 cells of 95C-control vs. 1529 cells of 95C-pheno-mod); 2.56 ± 0.88 μF/cm2 vs. 2.33 ± 0.56 μF/cm2 of Cspecific membrane and 0.83 ± 0.18 S/m vs. 0.93 ± 0.25 S/m of σcytoplasm for H1299 cells (962 cells of H1299-control vs. 637 cells of H1299-pheno-mod). Furthermore, thousands of single tumor cells with genotype modifications were measured, resulting in significant differences in 3.82 ± 0.92 vs. 3.18 ± 0.47 μF/cm2 of Cspecific membrane and 0.47 ± 0.05 vs. 0.52 ± 0.05 S/m of σcytoplasm (1100 cells of A549-control vs. 1100 cells of A549-geno-mod). These results indicate that as intrinsic bioelectrical markers, specific membrane capacitance and cytoplasmic conductivity can be used to classify tumor subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Jiang
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- Department of Human Reproductive Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoting Zhao
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Teng
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junbo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wentao Yue
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Liang W, Yang X, Wang J, Wang Y, Yang W, Liu L. Determination of Dielectric Properties of Cells using AC Electrokinetic-based Microfluidic Platform: A Review of Recent Advances. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E513. [PMID: 32438680 PMCID: PMC7281274 DOI: 10.3390/mi11050513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cell dielectric properties, a type of intrinsic property of cells, can be used as electrophysiological biomarkers that offer a label-free way to characterize cell phenotypes and states, purify clinical samples, and identify target cancer cells. Here, we present a review of the determination of cell dielectric properties using alternating current (AC) electrokinetic-based microfluidic mechanisms, including electro-rotation (ROT) and dielectrophoresis (DEP). The review covers theoretically how ROT and DEP work to extract cell dielectric properties. We also dive into the details of differently structured ROT chips, followed by a discussion on the determination of cell dielectric properties and the use of these properties in bio-related applications. Additionally, the review offers a look at the future challenges facing the AC electrokinetic-based microfluidic platform in terms of acquiring cell dielectric parameters. Our conclusion is that this platform will bring biomedical and bioengineering sciences to the next level and ultimately achieve the shift from lab-oriented research to real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Liang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China; (X.Y.); (J.W.)
| | - Xieliu Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China; (X.Y.); (J.W.)
| | - Junhai Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China; (X.Y.); (J.W.)
| | - Yuechao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China;
| | - Wenguang Yang
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China;
| | - Lianqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China;
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9
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Liang W, Yang X, Wang J, Wang Y, Zhang H, Yang W, Liu L. Label-free characterization of different kinds of cells using optoelectrokinetic-based microfluidics. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:2454-2457. [PMID: 32287257 DOI: 10.1364/ol.384883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report a novel, to the best of our knowledge, method to rapidly characterize different kinds of cells and drug-treated cancer cells using a label-free biomarker of self-rotation in an optoelectrokinetics (OEK)-based microfluidic platform. OEK incorporates optics and electrokinetics into microfluidics, thereby offering a contact-free, label-free, and rapid approach to the cellular manipulation community. Self-rotational behaviors of four different kinds of cells were experimentally investigated by the frequency-sweeping of an AC bias potential in an optically induced nonuniform and irrotational electric field. The results revealed that these kinds of cells displayed a Gaussian distribution versus the AC frequency as well as different self-rotational speeds under the same conditions. Furthermore, the peak self-rotational speed varied from one kind of cell to another, with that of cancer cells higher than that of normal cells. In addition, MCF-7 cells treated by various concentrations of drug showed remarkably different self-rotational speeds. This finding suggests a high potential of developing a new label-free biomarker to rapidly distinguish different kinds of cancer cells and quantitatively monitor the response of cancer patients to various treatments.
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10
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Liang W, Liu L, Wang J, Yang X, Wang Y, Li WJ, Yang W. A Review on Optoelectrokinetics-Based Manipulation and Fabrication of Micro/Nanomaterials. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11010078. [PMID: 31936694 PMCID: PMC7019850 DOI: 10.3390/mi11010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Optoelectrokinetics (OEK), a fusion of optics, electrokinetics, and microfluidics, has been demonstrated to offer a series of extraordinary advantages in the manipulation and fabrication of micro/nanomaterials, such as requiring no mask, programmability, flexibility, and rapidness. In this paper, we summarize a variety of differently structured OEK chips, followed by a discussion on how they are fabricated and the ways in which they work. We also review how three differently sized polystyrene beads can be separated simultaneously, how a variety of nanoparticles can be assembled, and how micro/nanomaterials can be fabricated into functional devices. Another focus of our paper is on mask-free fabrication and assembly of hydrogel-based micro/nanostructures and its possible applications in biological fields. We provide a summary of the current challenges facing the OEK technique and its future prospects at the end of this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Liang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China; (W.L.); (J.W.); (X.Y.)
| | - Lianqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China;
- CAS-CityU Joint Laboratory on Robotics, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (W.J.L.); Tel.: +86-24-2397-0181 (L.L.); +852-3442-9266 (W.J.L.)
| | - Junhai Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China; (W.L.); (J.W.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xieliu Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China; (W.L.); (J.W.); (X.Y.)
| | - Yuechao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China;
- CAS-CityU Joint Laboratory on Robotics, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Wen Jung Li
- CAS-CityU Joint Laboratory on Robotics, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (W.J.L.); Tel.: +86-24-2397-0181 (L.L.); +852-3442-9266 (W.J.L.)
| | - Wenguang Yang
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China;
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Liang W, Liu L, Zhang H, Wang Y, Li WJ. Optoelectrokinetics-based microfluidic platform for bioapplications: A review of recent advances. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2019; 13:051502. [PMID: 31558919 PMCID: PMC6748859 DOI: 10.1063/1.5116737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of optoelectrokinetics (OEK) into lab-on-a-chip systems has facilitated a new cutting-edge technique-the OEK-based micro/nanoscale manipulation, separation, and assembly processes-for the microfluidics community. This technique offers a variety of extraordinary advantages such as programmability, flexibility, high biocompatibility, low-cost mass production, ultralow optical power requirement, reconfigurability, rapidness, and ease of integration with other microfluidic units. This paper reviews the physical mechanisms that govern the manipulation of micro/nano-objects in microfluidic environments as well as applications related to OEK-based micro/nanoscale manipulation-applications that span from single-cell manipulation to single-molecular behavior determination. This paper wraps up with a discussion of the current challenges and future prospects for the OEK-based microfluidics technique. The conclusion is that this technique will allow more opportunities for biomedical and bioengineering researchers to improve lab-on-a-chip technologies and will have far-reaching implications for biorelated researches and applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Liang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China
| | - Lianqing Liu
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: and
| | - Hemin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The People’s Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110016, China
| | | | - Wen Jung Li
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: and
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12
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Elucidating the mechanism governing cell rotation under DEP using the volumetric polarization and integration method. Biomed Microdevices 2018; 20:81. [PMID: 30196336 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-018-0327-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cell rotation can be achieved by utilizing rotating electric fields through which torques are generated due to phase difference between the dipole moment of cells and the external electric field. While reports of cell rotation under non-rotating electrical fields, such as dielectrophoresis (DEP), are abound, the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. Because of this, contradicting arguments remain regarding if a single cell can rotate under conventional DEP. What's more, the current prevailing DEP theory is not adequate for identifying the cause for such disagreements. In this work we applied our recently developed Volumetric Polarization and Integration (VPI) method to investigate the possible causes for cell rotation under conventional DEP. Three-dimensional (3D) computer models dealing with a cell in a DEP environment were developed to quantify the force and torque imparted on the cell by the external DEP field using COMSOL Multiphysics software. Modeling results suggest that eccentric inclusions with low conductivity inside the cell will generate torques (either in clockwise or counter-clockwise directions) sufficient to cause cell rotation under DEP. For validation of modeling predictions, experiments with rat adipose stem cells containing large lipid droplets were conducted. Good agreement between our modeling and experimental results suggests that the VPI method is powerful in elucidating the underlying mechanisms governing the complicated DEP phenomena.
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Wang K, Chang CC, Chiu TK, Zhao X, Chen D, Chou WP, Zhao Y, Wang HM, Wang J, Wu MH, Chen J. Membrane capacitance of thousands of single white blood cells. J R Soc Interface 2018; 14:rsif.2017.0717. [PMID: 29212758 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2017.0717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As label-free biomarkers, the electrical properties of single cells are widely used for cell type classification and cellular status evaluation. However, as intrinsic cellular electrical markers, previously reported membrane capacitances (e.g. specific membrane capacitance Cspec and total membrane capacitance Cmem) of white blood cells were derived from tens of single cells, lacking statistical significance due to low cell numbers. In this study, white blood cells were first separated into granulocytes and lymphocytes by density gradient centrifugation and were then aspirated through a microfluidic constriction channel to characterize both Cspec and Cmem Thousands of granulocytes (ncell = 3327) and lymphocytes (ncell = 3302) from 10 healthy blood donors were characterized, resulting in Cspec values of 1.95 ± 0.22 µF cm-2 versus 2.39 ± 0.39 µF cm-2 and Cmem values of 6.81 ± 1.09 pF versus 4.63 ± 0.57 pF. Statistically significant differences between granulocytes and lymphocytes were located for both Cspec and Cmem In addition, neural network-based pattern recognition was used to classify white blood cells, producing successful classification rates of 78.1% for Cspec and 91.3% for Cmem, respectively. These results indicate that as intrinsic bioelectrical markers, membrane capacitances may contribute to the classification of white blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Chieh Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biochemical and Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tzu-Keng Chiu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Xiaoting Zhao
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Deyong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Pin Chou
- Graduate Institute of Biochemical and Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hung-Ming Wang
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Junbo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Min-Hsien Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biochemical and Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan, Republic of China .,Division of Haematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Liang W, Zhao Y, Liu L, Wang Y, Li WJ, Lee GB. Determination of Cell Membrane Capacitance and Conductance via Optically Induced Electrokinetics. Biophys J 2017; 113:1531-1539. [PMID: 28978446 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell membrane capacitance and conductance are key pieces of intrinsic information correlated with the cellular dielectric parameters and morphology of the plasma membrane; these parameters have been used as electrophysiological biomarkers to characterize cellular phenotype and state, and they have many associated clinical applications. Here, we present our work on the non-invasive determination of cell membrane capacitance and conductance by an optically activated microfluidics chip. The model for determining the cell membrane capacitance and conductance was established by a single layer of the shell-core polarization model. Three-dimensional finite-element analyses of the positive and negative optically induced dielectrophoresis forces generated by the projected light arrays of spots were performed, thus providing a theoretical validation of the feasibility of this approach. Then, the crossover frequency spectra for four typical types of cells (Raji cells, MCF-7 cells, HEK293 cells, and K562 cells) were experimentally investigated by using a micro-vision based motion-tracking technique. The different responses of these cells to the positive and negative ODEP forces were studied under four different liquid conductivities by automatic observation and tracking of the cellular trajectory and texture during the cells' translation. The cell membrane capacitance and conductance were determined from the curve-fitted spectra, which were 11.1 ± 0.9 mF/m2 and 782 ± 32 S/m2, respectively, for Raji cells, 11.5 ± 0.8 mF/m2 and 114 ± 28 S/m2 for MCF-7 cells, 9.0 ± 0.9 mF/m2 and 187 ± 22 S/m2 for HEK293 cells, and 10.2 ± 0.7 mF/m2 and 879 ± 24 S/m2 for K562 cells. Furthermore, as an application of this technique, the membrane capacitances of MCF-7 cells treated with four different concentrations of drugs were acquired. This technique introduces a determination of cell membrane capacitance and conductance that yields statistically significant data while allowing information from individual cells to be obtained in a non-invasive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China; School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuliang Zhao
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Lianqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China.
| | - Yuechao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Wen Jung Li
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China; Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Gwo-Bin Lee
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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Yang X, Niu X, Liu Z, Zhao Y, Zhang G, Liang W, Li WJ. Accurate Extraction of the Self-Rotational Speed for Cells in an Electrokinetics Force Field by an Image Matching Algorithm. MICROMACHINES 2017; 8:E282. [PMID: 30400472 PMCID: PMC6190232 DOI: 10.3390/mi8090282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We present an image-matching-based automated algorithm capable of accurately determining the self-rotational speed of cancer cells in an optically-induced electrokinetics-based microfluidic chip. To automatically track a specific cell in a video featuring more than one cell, a background subtraction technique was used. To determine the rotational speeds of cells, a reference frame was automatically selected and curve fitting was performed to improve the stability and accuracy. Results show that the algorithm was able to accurately calculate the self-rotational speeds of cells up to ~150 rpm. In addition, the algorithm could be used to determine the motion trajectories of the cells. Potential applications for the developed algorithm include the differentiation of cell morphology and characterization of cell electrical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xieliu Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China.
| | - Xihui Niu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China.
| | - Zhu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Yuliang Zhao
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Guanglie Zhang
- Institute of Advanced and Intelligent Sensing Systems, Shenzhen Academy of Robotics, Shenzhen 518057, China.
| | - Wenfeng Liang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Wen Jung Li
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China.
- Institute of Advanced and Intelligent Sensing Systems, Shenzhen Academy of Robotics, Shenzhen 518057, China.
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Liang W, Wang Y, Zhang H, Liu L. Characterization of the self-rotational motion of stored red blood cells by using optically-induced electrokinetics. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:2763-6. [PMID: 27304283 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.002763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We report a label-free approach toward the object of characterizing the self-rotational motions of red blood cells (RBCs) during storage under the optically-induced electrokinetics-based microfluidics mechanism. A theoretical analysis of the transmembrane potential across RBCs was performed getting a threshold voltage for keeping cellular biological integrity. Then, by investigation of the self-rotational behaviors of the individual RBCs in larger population, the RBCs that were stored more than three weeks statistically showed the distinctive self-rotational speed. Results verified that the self-rotational biomarkers of the RBCs could be used to label-free reckon the qualities of the stored RBCs in this kind of microfluidics chip. This finding may be further developed as a new criterion to real-time and label-free monitoring of the banked blood qualities, thereby diminishing the blood transfusion venture.
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