1
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Budkov YA, Brandyshev PE, Kalikin NN. Theory of self-coacervation in semi-dilute and concentrated zwitterionic polymer solutions. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:3281-3289. [PMID: 37089119 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00140g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Based on the random phase approximation, we develop a molecular theory of self-coacervation in zwitterionic polymer solutions. We show that the interplay between the volume interactions of the monomeric units and electrostatic correlations of charged groups on a polymer backbone can result in liquid-liquid phase separation (self-coacervation). We analyse the behavior of the coacervate phase polymer concentration depending on the electrostatic interaction strength - the ratio of the Bjerrum length to the bond length of the chain. We establish that in a wide range of polymer concentration values - from a semi-dilute to a rather concentrated solution - the chain connectivity and excluded volume interaction of the monomeric units have an extremely weak effect on the contribution of the electrostatic interactions of the dipolar monomeric units to the total free energy. We show that for rather weak electrostatic interactions, the electrostatic correlations manifest themselves as Keesom interactions of point-like freely rotating dipoles (Keesom regime), while in the region of strong electrostatic interactions the electrostatic free energy is described by the Debye-Hückel limiting law (Debye regime). We show that for real zwitterionic coacervates the Keesom regime is realized only for sufficiently small polymer concentrations of the coacervate phase, while the Debye regime is approximately realized for rather dense coacervates. Using the mean-field variant of the density functional theory, we calculate the surface tension (surface free energy) of the "coacervate-solvent" interface as a function of the bulk polymer concentration. Obtained results can be used to estimate the parameters of the polymer chains needed for practical applications such as drug encapsulation and delivery, as well as the design of adhesive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury A Budkov
- School of Applied Mathematics, HSE University, Tallinskaya st. 34, 123458 Moscow, Russia.
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademicheskaya st. 1, Ivanovo, 153045, Russia
| | - Petr E Brandyshev
- School of Applied Mathematics, HSE University, Tallinskaya st. 34, 123458 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Nikolai N Kalikin
- School of Applied Mathematics, HSE University, Tallinskaya st. 34, 123458 Moscow, Russia.
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademicheskaya st. 1, Ivanovo, 153045, Russia
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2
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Beckinghausen M, Spakowitz AJ. Interplay of Polymer Structure, Solvent Ordering, and Charge Fluctuations in Polyelectrolyte Solution Thermodynamics. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Beckinghausen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California94305, United States
| | - Andrew J. Spakowitz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California94305, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California94305, United States
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California94305, United States
- Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California94305, United States
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3
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Lin YH, Brady JP, Chan HS, Ghosh K. A unified analytical theory of heteropolymers for sequence-specific phase behaviors of polyelectrolytes and polyampholytes. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:045102. [PMID: 32007034 DOI: 10.1063/1.5139661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The physical chemistry of liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of polymer solutions bears directly on the assembly of biologically functional dropletlike bodies from proteins and nucleic acids. These biomolecular condensates include certain extracellular materials and intracellular compartments that are characterized as "membraneless organelles." Analytical theories are a valuable, computationally efficient tool for addressing general principles. LLPS of neutral homopolymers is quite well described by theory, but it has been a challenge to develop general theories for the LLPS of heteropolymers involving charge-charge interactions. Here, we present a theory that combines a random-phase-approximation treatment of polymer density fluctuations and an account of intrachain conformational heterogeneity based on renormalized Kuhn lengths to provide predictions of LLPS properties as a function of pH, salt, and charge patterning along the chain sequence. Advancing beyond more limited analytical approaches, our LLPS theory is applicable to a wide variety of charged sequences ranging from highly charged polyelectrolytes to neutral or nearly neutral polyampholytes. This theory should be useful in high-throughput screening of protein and other sequences for their LLPS propensities and can serve as a basis for more comprehensive theories that incorporate nonelectrostatic interactions. Experimental ramifications of our theory are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jacob P Brady
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Hue Sun Chan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Kingshuk Ghosh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Denver, Colorado, Colorado 80208, USA
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4
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Zhao XJ, Gao ZF. A Theoretical Investigation on the pH Responses of Strong Polyelectrolyte Brushes. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x19030209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Chudoba R, Heyda J, Dzubiella J. Tuning the collapse transition of weakly charged polymers by ion-specific screening and adsorption. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:9631-9642. [PMID: 30457144 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01646a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The experimentally observed swelling and collapse response of weakly charged polymers to the addition of specific salts displays quite convoluted behavior that is not easy to categorize. Here we use a minimalistic implicit-solvent/explicit-salt simulation model with a focus on ion-specific interactions between ions and a single weakly charged polyelectrolyte to qualitatively explain the observed effects. In particular, we demonstrate ion-specific screening and bridging effects cause collapse at low salt concentrations whereas the same strong ion-specific direct interactions drive re-entrant swelling at high concentrations. Consistently with experiments, a distinct salt concentration at which the salting-out power of anions inverts from the reverse to direct Hofmeister series is observed. At this so called isospheric point, the ion-specific effects vanish. Furthermore, with additional simplifying assumptions, an ion-specific mean-field model is developed for the collapse transition which quantitatively agrees with the simulations. Our work demonstrates the sensitivity of the structural behavior of charged polymers to the addition of specific salt beyond simple screening and shall be useful for further guidance of experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Chudoba
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstraße 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
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6
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Zhang P, Shen K, Alsaifi NM, Wang ZG. Salt Partitioning in Complex Coacervation of Symmetric Polyelectrolytes. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zhang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Kevin Shen
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Nayef M. Alsaifi
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- Chemical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zhen-Gang Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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7
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Shen K, Wang ZG. Electrostatic correlations and the polyelectrolyte self energy. J Chem Phys 2018; 146:084901. [PMID: 28249457 DOI: 10.1063/1.4975777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We address the effects of chain connectivity on electrostaticfluctuations in polyelectrolyte solutions using a field-theoretic, renormalizedGaussian fluctuation (RGF) theory. As in simple electrolyte solutions [Z.-G. Wang,Phys. Rev. E 81, 021501 (2010)], the RGF provides a unified theory forelectrostatic fluctuations, accounting for both dielectric and charge correlationeffects in terms of the self-energy. Unlike simple ions, the polyelectrolyte self energydepends intimately on the chain conformation, and our theory naturally provides aself-consistent determination of the response of intramolecular chain structure topolyelectrolyte and salt concentrations. The effects of the chain-conformation on theself-energy and thermodynamics are especially pronounced for flexiblepolyelectrolytes at low polymer and salt concentrations, where application of thewrong chain structure can lead to a drastic misestimation of the electrostaticcorrelations. By capturing the expected scaling behavior of chain size from dilute tosemi-dilute regimes, our theory provides improved estimates of the self energy at lowpolymer concentrations and correctly predicts the eventual N-independenceof the critical temperature and concentration of salt-free solutions of flexiblepolyelectrolytes. We show that the self energy can be interpreted in terms of aninfinite-dilution energy μm,0el and a finite concentrationcorrelation correction μcorr which tends to cancel out the formerwith increasing concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Shen
- Division of Chemistry andChemical Engineering, California Institute of TechnologyPasadena, Pasadena, California 91125,USA
| | - Zhen-Gang Wang
- Division of Chemistry andChemical Engineering, California Institute of TechnologyPasadena, Pasadena, California 91125,USA
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8
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Gordievskaya YD, Budkov YA, Kramarenko EY. An interplay of electrostatic and excluded volume interactions in the conformational behavior of a dipolar chain: theory and computer simulations. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:3232-3235. [PMID: 29683178 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm00346g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The effect of an interplay between electrostatic and excluded volume interactions on the conformational behavior of a dipolar chain has been studied theoretically and by means of molecular dynamics simulations. Every monomer unit of the dipolar chain comprises a dipole formed by a charged group of the chain and an oppositely charged counterion. The counterion is assumed to freely move around the chain but keeping the distance between oppositely charged ions (the dipole length) fixed. The novelty of the developed mean-field theory is that variations of the dipole parameters (the dipole length and the counterion size) have been accounted for in both electrostatic and excluded volume contributions to the total free energy of the dipolar chain. It has been shown that conformational transitions between swollen and collapsed states of the chain can be induced by fine-tuning the balance between electrostatic and excluded volume interactions. In particular, in low-polar media not only globule but also extended coil conformations can be realized even under strong electrostatic attraction. The results of MD simulations of a dipolar chain with variable dipolar length support theoretical conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu D Gordievskaya
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, 1-2, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Shen
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Zhen-Gang Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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10
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Muthukumar M. 50th Anniversary Perspective: A Perspective on Polyelectrolyte Solutions. Macromolecules 2017; 50:9528-9560. [PMID: 29296029 PMCID: PMC5746850 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
From the beginning of life with the information-containing polymers until the present era of a plethora of water-based materials in health care industry and biotechnology, polyelectrolytes are ubiquitous with a broad range of structural and functional properties. The main attribute of polyelectrolyte solutions is that all molecules are strongly correlated both topologically and electrostatically in their neutralizing background of charged ions in highly polarizable solvent. These strong correlations and the necessary use of numerous variables in experiments on polyelectrolytes have presented immense challenges toward fundamental understanding of the various behaviors of charged polymeric systems. This Perspective presents the author's subjective summary of several conceptual advances and the remaining persistent challenges in the contexts of charge and size of polymers, structures in homogeneous solutions, thermodynamic instability and phase transitions, structural evolution with oppositely charged polymers, dynamics in polyelectrolyte solutions, kinetics of phase separation, mobility of charged macromolecules between compartments, and implications to biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Muthukumar
- Department of Polymer Science
and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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11
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Tom AM, Rajesh R, Vemparala S. Aggregation of flexible polyelectrolytes: Phase diagram and dynamics. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:144903. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4993684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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12
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Lei QL, Hadinoto K, Ni R. Complexation of Polyelectrolytes with Hydrophobic Drug Molecules in Salt-Free Solution: Theory and Simulations. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:3900-3909. [PMID: 28350174 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The delivery and dissolution of poorly soluble drugs is challenging in the pharmaceutical industry. One way to significantly improve the delivery efficiency is to incorporate these hydrophobic small molecules into a colloidal polyelectrolyes(PE)-drug complex in their ionized states. Despite its huge application value, the general mechanism of PE collapse and complex formation in this system has not been well understood. In this work, by combining a mean-field theory with extensive molecular simulations, we unveil the phase behaviors of the system under dilute and salt-free conditions. We find that the complexation is a first-order-like phase transition triggered by the hydrophobic attraction between the drug molecules. Importantly, the valence ratio between the drug molecule and PE monomer plays a crucial role in determining the stability and morphology of the complex. Moreover, the sign of the zeta potential and the net charge of the complex are found to be inverted as the hydrophobicity of the drug molecules increases. Both theory and simulation indicate that the complexation point and complex morphology and the electrostatic properties of the complex have a weak dependence on chain length. Finally, the dynamics aspect of PE-drug complexation is also explored, and it is found that the complex can be trapped into a nonequilibrium glasslike state when the hydropobicity of the drug molecule is too strong. Our work gives a clear physical picture behind the PE-drug complexation phenomenon and provides guidelines to fabricate the colloidal PE-drug complex with the desired physical characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun-Li Lei
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 637459 Singapore
| | - Kunn Hadinoto
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 637459 Singapore
| | - Ran Ni
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 637459 Singapore
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13
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Budkov YA, Kalikin NN, Kolesnikov AL. Polymer chain collapse induced by many-body dipole correlations. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2017; 40:47. [PMID: 28417323 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2017-11533-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present a simple analytical theory of a flexible polymer chain dissolved in a good solvent, carrying permanent freely oriented dipoles on the monomers. We take into account the dipole correlations within the random phase approximation (RPA), as well as a dielectric heterogeneity in the internal polymer volume relative to the bulk solution. We demonstrate that the dipole correlations of monomers can be taken into account as pairwise ones only when the polymer chain is in a coil conformation. In this case the dipole correlations manifest themselves through the Keesom interactions of the permanent dipoles. On the other hand, the dielectric heterogeneity effect (dielectric mismatch effect) leads to the effective interaction between the monomers of the polymeric coil. Both of these effects can be taken into account by renormalizing the second virial coefficient of the monomer-monomer volume interactions. We establish that in the case when the solvent dielectric permittivity exceeds the dielectric permittivity of the polymeric material, the dielectric mismatch effect competes with the dipole attractive interactions, leading to polymer coil expansion. In the opposite case, both the dielectric mismatch effect and the dipole attractive interaction lead to the polymer coil collapse. We analyse the coil-globule transition caused by the dipole correlations of monomers within the many-body theory. We demonstrate that accounting for the dipole correlations higher than the pairwise ones smooths this pure electrostatics driven coil-globule transition of the polymer chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu A Budkov
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, Department of Applied Mathematics, Moscow, Russia.
| | - N N Kalikin
- Ivanovo State University, Department of Physics, Ivanovo, Russia
| | - A L Kolesnikov
- Institut für Nichtklassische Chemie e.V., Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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14
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Rumyantsev AM, Potemkin II. Explicit description of complexation between oppositely charged polyelectrolytes as an advantage of the random phase approximation over the scaling approach. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:27580-27592. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp05300b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Formation of single globules via 1 : 1 complexation of oppositely charged linear chains occurs prior to coacervation. Fcorr is proved to be negative which is the difference between the random phase approximation (RPA) correction term and the self-energy of the chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem M. Rumyantsev
- Physics Department
- Lomonosov Moscow State University
- 119991 Moscow
- Russian Federation
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials
| | - Igor I. Potemkin
- Physics Department
- Lomonosov Moscow State University
- 119991 Moscow
- Russian Federation
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials
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15
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Zhang P, Alsaifi NM, Wu J, Wang ZG. Salting-Out and Salting-In of Polyelectrolyte Solutions: A Liquid-State Theory Study. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zhang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- Chemical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Nayef M. Alsaifi
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- Chemical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Jianzhong Wu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- Chemical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Zhen-Gang Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- Chemical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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Muthukumar M. Electrostatic Correlations in Polyelectrolyte Solutions. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2016; 58:852-863. [PMID: 29707042 DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x16060146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The major attribute of polyelectrolyte solutions is that all chains are strongly correlated both electrostatically and topologically. Even in very dilute solutions such that the chains are not interpenetrating, the chains are still strongly correlated. These correlations are manifest in the measured scattering intensity when such solutions are subjected to light, X-ray, and neutron radiation. The behavior of scattering intensity from polyelectrolyte solutions is qualitatively different from that of solutions of uncharged polymers. Using the technique introduced by Sir Sam Edwards, and extending the earlier work by the author on the thermodynamics of polyelectrolyte solutions, extrapolation formulas are derived for the scattering intensity from polyelectrolyte solutions. The emergence of the polyelectrolyte peak and its concentration dependence are derived. The derived theory shows that there are five regimes. Published experimental data from many laboratories are also collected into a master figure and a comparison between the present theory and experiments is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Muthukumar
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01003 USA
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17
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Machinskaya AE, Vasilevskaya VV. The formation of interpolymer complexes in mixtures of weak polyelectrolytes. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x1604009x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Budkov YA, Kolesnikov AL, Kiselev MG. Communication: Polarizable polymer chain under external electric field in a dilute polymer solution. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:201102. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4936661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yu. A. Budkov
- G. A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of NMR Spectroscopy and Numerical Investigations of Liquids, Ivanovo, Russia
- Department of Applied Mathematics, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - A. L. Kolesnikov
- Institut für Nichtklassische Chemie e.V., Universitat Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - M. G. Kiselev
- G. A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of NMR Spectroscopy and Numerical Investigations of Liquids, Ivanovo, Russia
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Budkov YA, Kolesnikov AL, Georgi N, Nogovitsyn EA, Kiselev MG. Erratum: “A new equation of state of a flexible-chain polyelectrolyte solution: Phase equilibria and osmotic pressure in the salt-free case” [J. Chem. Phys. 142, 174901 (2015)]. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:189903. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4935827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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