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Shasha C, Krishnan KM. Nonequilibrium Dynamics of Magnetic Nanoparticles with Applications in Biomedicine. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e1904131. [PMID: 32557879 PMCID: PMC7746587 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201904131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles are currently the focus of investigation for a wide range of biomedical applications that fall into the categories of imaging, sensing, and therapeutics. A deep understanding of nanoparticle magnetization dynamics is fundamental to optimization and further development of these applications. Here, a summary of theoretical models of nanoparticle dynamics is presented, and computational nonequilibrium models are outlined, which currently represent the most sophisticated methods for modeling nanoparticle dynamics. Nanoparticle magnetization response is explored in depth; the effect of applied field amplitude, as well as nanoparticle size, on the resulting rotation mechanism and timescale is investigated. Two applications in biomedicine, magnetic particle imaging and magnetic fluid hyperthermia, are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Shasha
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Kannan M Krishnan
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Materials Sciences & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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Brueckl H, Shoshi A, Schrittwieser S, Schmid B, Schneeweiss P, Mitteramskogler T, Haslinger MJ, Muehlberger M, Schotter J. Nanoimprinted multifunctional nanoprobes for a homogeneous immunoassay in a top-down fabrication approach. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6039. [PMID: 33727602 PMCID: PMC7971043 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85524-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multifunctional nanoparticles are discussed as versatile probes for homogeneous immunoassays for in-vitro diagnostics. Top-down fabrication allows to combine and tailor magnetic and plasmonic anisotropic properties. The combination of nanoimprint lithography, thin film deposition, and lift-off processing provides a top-down fabrication platform, which is both flexible and reliable. Here, we discuss the material compositions and geometrical designs of monodisperse multicomponent nanoparticles and their consequences on optical and magnetic properties. The rotational hydrodynamics of nanoparticles is measured and considered under the influence of magnetic shape anisotropy in the framework of the Stoner-Wohlfarth theory. The plasmon-optical properties are explained by discrete-dipole finite-element simulations. Rotational dynamical measurements of imprinted nanoprobes for two test proteins demonstrate the applicability as highly sensitive biomolecular nanoprobes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Brueckl
- Department for Integrated Sensor Systems, Danube University Krems, Wiener Neustadt, Austria.
| | - Astrit Shoshi
- Department for Integrated Sensor Systems, Danube University Krems, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | | | | | - Pia Schneeweiss
- Department for Integrated Sensor Systems, Danube University Krems, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
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Kobayashi A, Horikawa M, Kirschvink JL, Golash HN. Magnetic control of heterogeneous ice nucleation with nanophase magnetite: Biophysical and agricultural implications. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:5383-5388. [PMID: 29735681 PMCID: PMC6003474 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1800294115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In supercooled water, ice nucleation is a stochastic process that requires ∼250-300 molecules to transiently achieve structural ordering before an embryonic seed crystal can nucleate. This happens most easily on crystalline surfaces, in a process termed heterogeneous nucleation; without such surfaces, water droplets will supercool to below -30 °C before eventually freezing homogeneously. A variety of fundamental processes depends on heterogeneous ice nucleation, ranging from desert-blown dust inducing precipitation in clouds to frost resistance in plants. Recent experiments have shown that crystals of nanophase magnetite (Fe3O4) are powerful nucleation sites for this heterogeneous crystallization of ice, comparable to other materials like silver iodide and some cryobacterial peptides. In natural materials containing magnetite, its ferromagnetism offers the possibility that magneto-mechanical motion induced by external oscillating magnetic fields could act to disrupt the water-crystal interface, inhibiting the heterogeneous nucleation process in subfreezing water and promoting supercooling. For this to act, the magneto-mechanical rotation of the particles should be higher than the magnitude of Brownian motions. We report here that 10-Hz precessing magnetic fields, at strengths of 1 mT and above, on ∼50-nm magnetite crystals dispersed in ultrapure water, meet these criteria and do indeed produce highly significant supercooling. Using these rotating magnetic fields, we were able to elicit supercooling in two representative plant and animal tissues (celery and bovine muscle), both of which have detectable, natural levels of ferromagnetic material. Tailoring magnetic oscillations for the magnetite particle size distribution in different tissues could maximize this supercooling effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Kobayashi
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro, 152-8550 Tokyo, Japan;
| | - Masamoto Horikawa
- Department of Systems and Control Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro, 152-8552 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Joseph L Kirschvink
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro, 152-8550 Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Harry N Golash
- Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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Serantes D, Chantrell R, Gavilán H, Morales MDP, Chubykalo-Fesenko O, Baldomir D, Satoh A. Anisotropic magnetic nanoparticles for biomedicine: bridging frequency separated AC-field controlled domains of actuation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:30445-30454. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp02768d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Hexagonal-shape magnetic nanoparticles for efficient alternation between magneto-mechanical actuation and heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Serantes
- Applied Physics Department and Instituto de Investigacións Tecnolóxicas
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
- Spain
- Department of Physics
- University of York
| | - Roy Chantrell
- Department of Physics
- University of York
- York YO10 5DD
- UK
| | - Helena Gavilán
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid
- CSIC
- ES-28049 Madrid
- Spain
| | | | | | - Daniel Baldomir
- Applied Physics Department and Instituto de Investigacións Tecnolóxicas
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
- Spain
| | - Akira Satoh
- Faculty of System Science and Technology
- Akita Prefecture University
- Yuri-Honjo 015-0055
- Japan
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Reeves DB, Shi Y, Weaver JB. Generalized Scaling and the Master Variable for Brownian Magnetic Nanoparticle Dynamics. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150856. [PMID: 26959493 PMCID: PMC4784917 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the dynamics of magnetic particles can help to advance several biomedical nanotechnologies. Previously, scaling relationships have been used in magnetic spectroscopy of nanoparticle Brownian motion (MSB) to measure biologically relevant properties (e.g., temperature, viscosity, bound state) surrounding nanoparticles in vivo. Those scaling relationships can be generalized with the introduction of a master variable found from non-dimensionalizing the dynamical Langevin equation. The variable encapsulates the dynamical variables of the surroundings and additionally includes the particles' size distribution and moment and the applied field's amplitude and frequency. From an applied perspective, the master variable allows tuning to an optimal MSB biosensing sensitivity range by manipulating both frequency and field amplitude. Calculation of magnetization harmonics in an oscillating applied field is also possible with an approximate closed-form solution in terms of the master variable and a single free parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B. Reeves
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755 United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Yipeng Shi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755 United States of America
| | - John B. Weaver
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755 United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, 03755 United States of America
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Reeves DB, Weaver JB. Combined Néel and Brown rotational Langevin dynamics in magnetic particle imaging, sensing, and therapy. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 2015; 107:223106. [PMID: 26648595 PMCID: PMC4670450 DOI: 10.1063/1.4936930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles have been studied intensely because of their possible uses in biomedical applications. Biosensing using the rotational freedom of particles has been used to detect biomarkers for cancer, hyperthermia therapy has been used to treat tumors, and magnetic particle imaging is a promising new imaging modality that can spatially resolve the concentration of nanoparticles. There are two mechanisms by which the magnetization of a nanoparticle can rotate, a fact that poses a challenge for applications that rely on precisely one mechanism. The challenge is exacerbated by the high sensitivity of the dominant mechanism to applied fields. Here, we demonstrate stochastic Langevin equation simulations for the combined rotation in magnetic nanoparticles exposed to oscillating applied fields typical to these applications to both highlight the existing relevant theory and quantify which mechanism should occur in various parameter ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Reeves
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dartmouth College , Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
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Shah SA, Reeves DB, Ferguson RM, Weaver JB, Krishnan KM. Mixed Brownian alignment and Néel rotations in superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle suspensions driven by an ac field. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER AND MATERIALS PHYSICS 2015; 92:094438. [PMID: 26504371 PMCID: PMC4617785 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.92.094438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with highly nonlinear magnetic behavior are attractive for biomedical applications like magnetic particle imaging and magnetic fluid hyperthermia. Such particles display interesting magnetic properties in alternating magnetic fields and here we document experiments that show differences between the magnetization dynamics of certain particles in frozen and melted states. This effect goes beyond the small temperature difference (ΔT ~ 20 °C) and we show the dynamics to be a mixture of Brownian alignment of the particles and Néel rotation of their moments occurring in liquid particle suspensions. These phenomena can be modeled in a stochastic differential equation approach by postulating log-normal distributions and partial Brownian alignment of an effective anisotropy axis. We emphasize that precise particle-specific characterization through experiments and nonlinear simulations is necessary to predict dynamics in solution and optimize their behavior for emerging biomedical applications including magnetic particle imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saqlain A. Shah
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Department of Physics, Forman Christian College (University), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Daniel B. Reeves
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| | - R. Matthew Ferguson
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- LodeSpin Labs, P.O. Box 95632, Seattle, Washington 98145, USA
| | - John B. Weaver
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
- Department of Radiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| | - Kannan M. Krishnan
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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