1
|
Jiang J, McCartt AD. Mid-infrared trace detection with parts-per-quadrillion quantitation accuracy: Expanding frontiers of radiocarbon sensing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2314441121. [PMID: 38513090 PMCID: PMC11009668 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2314441121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Detection sensitivity is a critical characteristic to consider during selection of spectroscopic techniques. However, high sensitivity alone is insufficient for spectroscopic measurements in spectrally congested regions. Two-color cavity ringdown spectroscopy (2C-CRDS), based on intra-cavity pump-probe detection, simultaneously achieves high detection sensitivity and selectivity. This combination enables mid-infrared detection of radiocarbon dioxide ([Formula: see text]CO[Formula: see text]) molecules in room-temperature CO[Formula: see text] samples, with 1.4 parts-per-quadrillion (ppq, 10[Formula: see text]) sensitivity (average measurement precision) and 4.6-ppq quantitation accuracy (average calibrated measurement error for 21 samples from four separate trials) demonstrated on samples with [Formula: see text]C/C up to [Formula: see text]1.5[Formula: see text] natural abundance ([Formula: see text]1,800 ppq). These highly reproducible measurements, which are the most sensitive and quantitatively accurate in the mid-infrared, are accomplished despite the presence of orders-of-magnitude stronger, one-photon signals from other CO[Formula: see text] isotopologues. This is a major achievement in laser spectroscopy. A room-temperature-operated, compact, and low-cost 2C-CRDS sensor for [Formula: see text]CO[Formula: see text] benefits a wide range of scientific fields that utilize [Formula: see text]C for dating and isotope tracing, most notably atmospheric [Formula: see text]CO[Formula: see text] monitoring to track CO[Formula: see text] emissions from fossil fuels. The 2C-CRDS technique significantly enhances the general utility of high-resolution mid-infrared detection for analytical measurements and fundamental chemical dynamics studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Jiang
- Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Atmospheric, Earth, and Energy Division, Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA94550
| | - A. Daniel McCartt
- Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Atmospheric, Earth, and Energy Division, Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA94550
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hemberger P, Wu X, Pan Z, Bodi A. Continuous Pyrolysis Microreactors: Hot Sources with Little Cooling? New Insights Utilizing Cation Velocity Map Imaging and Threshold Photoelectron Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:2196-2210. [PMID: 35316066 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c00766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Resistively heated silicon carbide microreactors are widely applied as continuous sources to selectively prepare elusive and reactive intermediates with astrochemical, catalytic, or combustion relevance to measure their photoelectron spectrum. These reactors also provide deep mechanistic insights into uni- and bimolecular chemistry. However, the sampling conditions and effects have not been fully characterized. We use cation velocity map imaging to measure the velocity distribution of the molecular beam signal and to quantify the scattered, rethermalized background sample. Although translational cooling is efficient in the adiabatic expansion from the reactor, the breakdown diagrams of methane and chlorobenzene confirm that the molecular beam component exhibits a rovibrational temperature comparable with that of the reactor. Thus, rovibrational cooling is practically absent in the expansion from the microreactor. The high rovibrational temperature also affects the threshold photoelectron spectrum of both benzene and the allyl radical in the molecular beam, but to different degrees. While the extreme broadening of the benzene TPES suggests a complex ionization mechanism, the allyl TPES is in fact consistent with an internal temperature close to that of the reactor. The background, room-temperature spectra of both are superbly reproduced by Franck-Condon simulations at 300 K. On the one hand, this leads us to suggest that room-temperature reference spectra should be used in species identification. On the other hand, analysis of the allyl iodide pyrolysis data shows that iodine atoms often recombine to form molecular iodine on the chamber surfaces. Such sampling effects may distort the chemical composition of the scattered background with respect to the molecular beam signal emanating directly from the reactor. This must be considered in quantitative analyses and kinetic modeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Hemberger
- Paul Scherrer Insitute, Forschungsstrasse 111, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Xiangkun Wu
- Paul Scherrer Insitute, Forschungsstrasse 111, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Zeyou Pan
- Paul Scherrer Insitute, Forschungsstrasse 111, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Andras Bodi
- Paul Scherrer Insitute, Forschungsstrasse 111, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jiang J, Du Z, Liévin J, Field RW. One-colour (∼220 nm) resonance-enhanced (S 1 − S 0) multi-photon dissociation of acetylene: probe of the C 2 A1 Π u − X1 Σ +g band by frequency-modulation spectroscopy. Mol Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2020.1724340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Jiang
- Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Zhenhui Du
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jacques Liévin
- Service de Chimie Quantique et Photophysique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Robert W. Field
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ashfold MNR, Ingle RA, Karsili TNV, Zhang J. Photoinduced C–H bond fission in prototypical organic molecules and radicals. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:13880-13901. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp07454b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We survey and assess current knowledge regarding the primary photochemistry of hydrocarbon molecules and radicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jingsong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California at Riverside
- Riverside
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Orr BJ. Collision-induced rovibrational energy transfer in small polyatomic molecules: the role of intramolecular perturbations. Mol Phys 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2018.1490463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian J. Orr
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, MQ Photonics Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jiang J, Saladrigas CA, Erickson TJ, Keenan CL, Field RW. Probing the predissociated levels of the S 1 state of acetylene via H-atom fluorescence and photofragment fluorescence action spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:174309. [PMID: 30408969 DOI: 10.1063/1.5045046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report two new experimental schemes to obtain rotationally resolved high-resolution spectra of predissociated S1 acetylene levels in the 47 000-47 300 cm-1 energy region (∼1200 cm-1 above the predissociation threshold). The two new detection schemes are compared to several other detection schemes (employed at similar laser power, molecular beam temperature, and number of signal averages) that have been used in our laboratory to study predissociated S1 acetylene levels, both in terms of the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of the resultant spectra and experimental simplicity. In the first method, H-atoms from the predissociated S1 acetylene levels are probed by two-photon laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). The H-atoms are pumped to the 3d level by the two-photon resonance transition at 205.14 nm. The resulting 3d-2p fluorescence (654.5 nm) is collected by a photomultiplier. The S/N of the H-atom fluorescence action spectrum is consistently better by ∼3× than that of the more widely used H-atom resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) detection. Laser alignment is also considerably easier in H-atom fluorescence detection than H-atom REMPI detection due to the larger number-density of molecules that can be used in fluorescence vs. REMPI detection schemes. In the second method, fluorescence from electronically excited C2 and C2H photofragments of S1 acetylene is detected. In contrast to the H-atom detection schemes, the detected C2 and C2H photofragments are produced by the same UV laser as is used for the à - X ̃ acetylene excitation. As a result, laser alignment is greatly simplified for the photofragment fluorescence detection scheme, compared to both H-atom detection schemes. Using the photofragment fluorescence detection method, we are able to obtain action spectra of predissociated S1 acetylene levels with S/N ∼2× better than the HCCH REMPI detection and ∼10× better than H-atom and HCCH LIF detection schemes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Catherine A Saladrigas
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Trevor J Erickson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Clare L Keenan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Robert W Field
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Suresh CH, Bijina PV. Hidden Dicarbene Nature of Acetylenes and Captodative Bonding on Carbon. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:3266-3272. [PMID: 30192059 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201800726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
DFT derived molecular electrostatic potential (MESP), ¹³C NMR chemical shift (δ), bond order and coordination reactions show that alkynes (RCCR) attain 1,2-dicarbene nature during CCR angle bending. Alkyne carbon atoms of bent structures exhibit MESP features unique to lone-pair bearing atoms, δ around 200 ppm typical for carbene centers and large reduction in CC triple bond character. Lone pair bearing atoms of R substituents enhance the carbene character. The bent alkynes can be trapped with Lewis acids (BH₃, BF₃, AlF₃ and AlCl₃) as the lone pairs developed on carbon centers provide strong donor type dative bonding. The dative bond gives a formal valence electron count six on carbon and suggests the for-mation of acceptor type dative bonding to carbon from Lewis base (NH₃). Reaction of alkynes with (Lewis acid-Lewis base) systems yield (Lewis acid)₂-Alkyne-Lewis base)₂ complexes which are exothermic and exergonic for many cases. These complexes are examples of captodative carbon(II) compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cherumuttathu H Suresh
- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, Pappanamcode, 695019, Trivandrum, INDIA
| | - Padinjare Veetil Bijina
- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology CSIR, 695019, Trivandrum, INDIA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Roenitz KM, Hays BM, Powers CR, McCabe MN, Smith H, Widicus Weaver SL, Shipman ST. AC Stark Effect Observed in a Microwave-Millimeter/Submillimeter Wave Double-Resonance Experiment. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:6321-6327. [PMID: 29993251 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b02116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Microwave-millimeter/submillimeter wave double-resonance spectroscopy has been developed with the use of technology typically employed in chirped pulse Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy and fast-sweep direct absorption (sub)millimeter-wave spectroscopy. This technique offers the high sensitivity provided by millimeter/submillimeter fast-sweep techniques with the rapid data acquisition offered by chirped pulse Fourier transform microwave spectrometers. Rather than detecting the movement of population as is observed in a traditional double-resonance experiment, instead we detected the splitting of spectral lines arising from the AC Stark effect. This new technique will prove invaluable when assigning complicated rotational spectra of complex molecules. The experimental design is presented along with the results from the double-resonance spectra of methanol as a proof-of-concept for this technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Roenitz
- Department of Chemistry , Emory University , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Brian M Hays
- Department of Chemistry , Emory University , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Carson R Powers
- Department of Chemistry , Emory University , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Morgan N McCabe
- Department of Chemistry , Emory University , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Houston Smith
- Department of Chemistry , Emory University , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | | | - Steven T Shipman
- Division of Natural Sciences , New College of Florida , Sarasota , Florida 34243 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Baraban JH, David DE, Ellison GB, Daily JW. An optically accessible pyrolysis microreactor. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:014101. [PMID: 26827331 DOI: 10.1063/1.4939459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report an optically accessible pyrolysis micro-reactor suitable for in situ laser spectroscopic measurements. A radiative heating design allows for completely unobstructed views of the micro-reactor along two axes. The maximum temperature demonstrated here is only 1300 K (as opposed to 1700 K for the usual SiC micro-reactor) because of the melting point of fused silica, but alternative transparent materials will allow for higher temperatures. Laser induced fluorescence measurements on nitric oxide are presented as a proof of principle for spectroscopic characterization of pyrolysis conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J H Baraban
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - D E David
- Integrated Instrument Development Facility, CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0216, USA
| | - G Barney Ellison
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - J W Daily
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Baraban JH, Changala PB, Mellau GC, Stanton JF, Merer AJ, Field RW. Spectroscopic characterization of isomerization transition states. Science 2015; 350:1338-42. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aac9668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|