Secondary relaxation dynamics in rigid glass-forming molecular liquids with related structures

Importance of Experiments That Can Test Theories Critically

General dynamic and thermodynamic properties of complex materials, including amorphous polymers and molecular glass-formers, have been established from the wealth of experimental data accumulated over the years. Naturally, these general properties attract researchers to construct theories and models to address and explain them. Often more than one theory with contrasting or even conflicting theoretical bases can equally explain a general property rather well. The correct explanation becomes unclear, and progress is stopped. The resolution of the problem comes when an innovative experiment is performed with insightful results that can critically test the premise and assumptions of each theory. This important role played by experimentalists is exemplified by the contributions of Mark Ediger in several general properties considered in this paper: (1) dynamics of the components in binary polymer blends; (2) breakdown of the Stokes-Einstein and the Debye-Stokes-Einstein relations; (3) enhancement of surface mobility and in relation to formation of ultrastable glasses; and (4) the Johari-Goldstein β-relaxation in ultrastable glasses. Different theories proposed to explain these properties are discussed, including the Coupling Model of the author.

Comparative analysis of dielectric, shear mechanical and light scattering response functions in polar supercooled liquids

The studies of molecular dynamics in the vicinity of liquid–glass transition are an essential part of condensed matter physics. Various experimental techniques are usually applied to understand different aspects of molecular motions, i.e., nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS), mechanical shear relaxation (MR), and dielectric spectroscopy (DS). Universal behavior of molecular dynamics, reflected in the invariant distribution of relaxation times for different polar and weekly polar glass-formers, has been recently found when probed by NMR, PCS, and MR techniques. On the other hand, the narrow dielectric permittivity function ε*(f) of polar materials has been rationalized by postulating that it is a superposition of a Debye-like peak and a broader structural relaxation found in NMR, PCS, and MR. Herein, we show that dielectric permittivity representation ε*(f) reveals details of molecular motions being undetectable in the other experimental methods. Herein we propose a way to resolve this problem. First, we point out an unresolved Johari–Goldstein (JG) β-relaxation is present nearby the α-relaxation in these polar glass-formers. The dielectric relaxation strength of the JG β-relaxation is sufficiently weak compared to the α-relaxation so that the narrow dielectric frequency dispersion faithfully represents the dynamic heterogeneity and cooperativity of the α-relaxation. However, when the other techniques are used to probe the same polar glass-former, there is reduction of relaxation strength of α-relaxation relative to that of the JG β relaxation as well as their separation. Consequently the α relaxation appears broader in frequency dispersion when observed by PCS, NMR and MR instead of DS. The explanation is supported by showing that the quasi-universal broadened α relaxation in PCS, NMR and MR is captured by the electric modulus M*(f) = 1/ε*(f) representation of the dielectric measurements of polar and weakly polar glass-formers, and also M*(f) compares favorably with the mechanical shear modulus data G*(f).

Unveiling the strong dependence of the α-relaxation dispersion on mixing thermodynamics in binary glass-forming liquids

Structural α-relaxation dispersion in binary molecular glass forming mixtures with distinct mixing enthalpy ΔHmix was investigated using enthalpic and dielectric relaxation measurements across the entire composition range. This study focused on the dependence of the relaxation dispersion on the mixing thermodynamics by determining the non-exponential exponent β, and its composition dependence. The β values determined by the enthalpic and dielectric relaxations agree well. Remarkably, it is found that the systems with positive enthalpy of mixing (exothermic, ΔHmix >0) have positive deviations in the composition dependence of β from the linear averaging of the two β values of the pure components, while negative deviations are observed for the systems with negative enthalpy of mixing (endothermic, ΔHmix <0). Furthermore, the relation between the non-exponential behaviors and entropy of mixing is discussed, revealing that the positive or negative deviation of β in its composition dependence on mixing is accompanied by the same sign of the excess entropy of mixing relative to the ideal one.

Perspective: Searching for simplicity rather than universality in glass-forming liquids

This article gives an overview of experimental results on dynamics in bulk glass-forming molecular liquids. Rather than looking for phenomenology that is universal, in the sense that it is seen in all liquids, the focus is on identifying the basic characteristics, or "stylized facts," of the glass transition problem, i.e., the central observations that a theory of the physics of glass formation should aim to explain in a unified manner.

Interplay of intermolecular interactions and flexibility to mediate glass forming ability and fragility: A study of chemical analogs

We have investigated the enthalpic and dielectric relaxations of four groups of quinoline analogs having similar structural properties (i.e., rigidity, stiffness, and bulkiness) but a different steric character and the nature of intermolecular interactions and flexibility. The dielectric fragility index (m_d) and the enthalpic one (m_H), determined by the Tool-Narayanaswamy-Moynihan-Hodge formalism, are comparable. Generally, for the four sets of molecules of similar structures, both the interactions and flexibility are found to be critical in making the large span of fragility (i.e., from 59 to 131) and glass forming ability. By contrast, individual impacts of the interaction and flexibility can only explain fragility partly among each group of isomers. We found that the molecules with high fragility are of relatively low liquid density, reflecting the joint impact of the interactions and flexibility. An interesting result is observed among the isomers that the molecules which are fragile have enhanced glass forming ability. The results are unveiling the joint impacts of molecular structure (flexibility) and intermolecular interaction on the molecular dynamics.

Direct Evidence of Relaxation Anisotropy Resolved by High Pressure in a Rigid and Planar Glass Former

Rigid molecular glass-formers with no internal degrees of freedom nonetheless have a single secondary β-relaxation. For a rigid and planar molecule, 1-methylindole (1MID), although a secondary relaxation is resolved at ambient pressure, its properties do not conform to the rules established for rigid molecules reported in early studies. By applying pressure to the dielectric spectra of 1MID, we find the single secondary relaxation splits into two. The slower one is pressure sensitive showing connections to the α-relaxation as observed in other rigid molecules, while the faster one is almost pressure insensitive and dominate the loss at ambient pressure. The two secondary relaxations, identified to associate with the out-of-plane and in-plane rotations of the rigid and planar 1MID, are resolved and observed for the first time by increasing density via elevating pressure.

Why is surface diffusion the same in ultrastable, ordinary, aged, and ultrathin molecular glasses?

The primitive/JG relaxation explains the same surface diffusion coefficient in ordinary, ultrastable and thin film glasses of OTP and TPD.

Molecular Relaxations in Supercooled Liquid and Glassy States of Amorphous Quinidine: Dielectric Spectroscopy and Density Functional Theory Approaches

In this article, we conduct a comprehensive molecular relaxation study of amorphous Quinidine above and below the glass-transition temperature (Tg) through broadband dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (BDS) experiments and theoretical density functional theory (DFT) calculations, as one major issue with the amorphous state of pharmaceuticals is life expectancy. These techniques enabled us to determine what kind of molecular motions are responsible, or not, for the devitrification of Quinidine. Parameters describing the complex molecular dynamics of amorphous Quinidine, such as Tg, the width of the α relaxation (βKWW), the temperature dependence of α-relaxation times (τα), the fragility index (m), and the apparent activation energy of secondary γ relaxation (Ea-γ), were characterized. Above Tg (> 60 °C), a medium degree of nonexponentiality (βKWW = 0.5) was evidenced. An intermediate value of the fragility index (m = 86) enabled us to consider Quinidine as a glass former of medium fragility. Below Tg (< 60 °C), one well-defined secondary γ relaxation, with an apparent activation energy of Ea-γ = 53.8 kJ/mol, was reported. From theoretical DFT calculations, we identified the most reactive part of Quinidine moieties through exploration of the potential energy surface. We evidenced that the clearly visible γ process has an intramolecular origin coming from the rotation of the CH(OH)C9H14N end group. An excess wing observed in amorphous Quinidine was found to be an unresolved Johari-Goldstein relaxation. These studies were supplemented by sub-Tg experimental evaluations of the life expectancy of amorphous Quinidine by X-ray powder diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. We show that the difference between Tg and the onset temperature for crystallization, Tc, which is 30 K, is sufficiently large to avoid recrystallization of amorphous Quinidine during 16 months of storage under ambient conditions.

Glass formability in medium-sized molecular systems/pharmaceuticals. I. Thermodynamics vs. kinetics

Scrutinizing critical thermodynamic and kinetic factors for glass formation and the glass stability of materials would benefit the screening of the glass formers for the industry of glassy materials. The present work aims at elucidating the factors that contribute to the glass formation by investigating medium-sized molecules of pharmaceuticals. Glass transition related thermodynamics and kinetics are performed on the pharmaceuticals using calorimetric, dielectric, and viscosity measurements. The characteristic thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of glass transition are found to reproduce the relations established for small-molecule glass formers. The systematic comparison of the thermodynamic and kinetic contributions to glass formation reveals that the melting-point viscosity is the crucial quantity for the glass formation. Of more interest is the finding of a rough correlation between the melting-point viscosity and the entropy of fusion normalized by the number of beads of the pharmaceuticals, suggesting the thermodynamics can partly manifest its contribution to glass formation via kinetics.