1
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Ali E, Chakraborty HS, Madison DH. Improved theoretical calculations for electron-impact ionization of DNA analogue molecules. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:124303. [PMID: 32241131 DOI: 10.1063/1.5143148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing interactions between charged particles and molecules of biological relevance have attracted considerable interest in the last decade due to its importance in medical radiation therapy. We have previously calculated triply differential cross sections for five biomolecules in collaboration with experimental groups. We used the molecular 3-body distorted wave approximation for these calculations. For ionization of biomolecules, experimentalists are unable to determine the orientation of the molecule at the time of ionization, which means that the calculated cross sections need to be averaged over all molecular orientations. At the time the calculations were performed, it was not numerically feasible for us to perform proper averaging over orientations, so we introduced the orientation averaged molecular orbital approximation to make the calculations possible. We now have the computational capability to properly perform this average, so, here, we present new results with a proper average over orientations and compare with the previous calculations and experiment. Since the original calculations, results from two different distorted-wave models have also been published and the new results will also be compared with those calculations. Overall, the new results are in better agreement with the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esam Ali
- Department of Natural Sciences, D. L. Hubbard Center for Innovation, Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, Missouri 64468, USA
| | - H S Chakraborty
- Department of Natural Sciences, D. L. Hubbard Center for Innovation, Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, Missouri 64468, USA
| | - D H Madison
- Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65402, USA
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2
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Jones DB, Ali E, Ning CG, Ferreira da Silva F, Ingólfsson O, Lopes MCA, Chakraborty HS, Madison DH, Brunger MJ. A dynamical (e,2e) investigation into the ionization of the outermost orbitals of R-carvone. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:124306. [PMID: 31575183 DOI: 10.1063/1.5123526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We report an experimental and theoretical investigation into the dynamics of electron-impact ionization of R-carvone. Experimental triple differential cross sections are obtained in asymmetric coplanar kinematic conditions for the ionization of the unresolved combination of the three outermost molecular orbitals (41a-39a) of R-carvone. These cross sections are compared with theoretical cross sections calculated within a molecular 3-body distorted wave (M3DW) framework employing either a proper orientation average or orbital average to account for the random orientation of the molecule probed in the experiment. Here, we observe that the overall scattering behavior observed in the experiment is fairly well reproduced within the M3DW framework when implementing the proper average over orientations. The character of the ionized orbitals also provides some qualitative explanation for the observed scattering behavior. This represents substantial progress when trying to describe the scattering dynamics observed for larger molecules under intermediate-impact energy and asymmetric energy sharing scattering conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Jones
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - E Ali
- Department of Natural Sciences, D. L. Hubbard Center for Innovation, Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, Missouri 64468, USA
| | - C G Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - F Ferreira da Silva
- Atomic and Molecular Collisions Laboratory, CEFITEC, Department of Physics, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - O Ingólfsson
- Department of Chemistry and Science Institute, University of Iceland, 107 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - M C A Lopes
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-900, Brazil
| | - H S Chakraborty
- Department of Natural Sciences, D. L. Hubbard Center for Innovation, Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, Missouri 64468, USA
| | - D H Madison
- Department of Physics, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, USA
| | - M J Brunger
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
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Xu X, Gong M, Li X, Zhang SB, Chen X. Theoretical study of (e, 2e) triple differential cross sections of tetrahydrofuran using multicenter distorted-wave method. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:244104. [PMID: 29960345 DOI: 10.1063/1.5029428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We present in this work a theoretical study of the triple differential cross sections for electron-impact single ionization of 12a' and 9b orbitals of a tetrahydrofuran molecule. The calculations are performed by the multicenter distorted-wave (MCDW) method in coplanar asymmetric kinematics with an incident electron energy of 250 eV, where previous (e, 2e) experiments and theories are available for comparison. The present calculations reproduce the experimental measurements satisfactorily, indicating that the MCDW method can be easily extended to study biomolecules with sufficiently high calculation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Xu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Maomao Gong
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xingyu Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Song Bin Zhang
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xian 710119, China
| | - Xiangjun Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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Jones DB, da Costa RF, Kossoski F, Varella MTDN, Bettega MHF, Ferreira da Silva F, Limão-Vieira P, García G, Lima MAP, White RD, Brunger MJ. Electron-impact electronic-state excitation of para-benzoquinone. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:124312. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5023494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D. B. Jones
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - R. F. da Costa
- Instituto de Física “Gleb Wataghin,” Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-859 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Centro de Ciências Exatas, Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 29075-910 Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - F. Kossoski
- Instituto de Física “Gleb Wataghin,” Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-859 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M. T. do N. Varella
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 1731, 05508-090 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M. H. F. Bettega
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Paraná, CP 19044, 81531-990 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - F. Ferreira da Silva
- Laboratório de Colisões Atómicas e Moleculares, CEFITEC, Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - P. Limão-Vieira
- Laboratório de Colisões Atómicas e Moleculares, CEFITEC, Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - G. García
- Instituto de Fisica Fundamental, CSIC, Serrano 113-bis, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. A. P. Lima
- Instituto de Física “Gleb Wataghin,” Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-859 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R. D. White
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - M. J. Brunger
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
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Oesterling S, Schalk O, Geng T, Thomas RD, Hansson T, de Vivie-Riedle R. Substituent effects on the relaxation dynamics of furan, furfural and β-furfural: a combined theoretical and experimental approach. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:2025-2035. [PMID: 28009022 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp06240g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
For the series furan, furfural and β-furfural we investigated the effect of substituents and their positioning on the photoinduced relaxation dynamics in a combined theoretical and experimental approach. Using time resolved photoelectron spectroscopy with a high intensity probe pulse, we can, for the first time, follow the whole deactivation process of furan through a two photon probe signal. Using the extended 2-electron 2-orbital model [Nenov et al., J. Chem. Phys., 2011, 135, 034304] we explain the formation of one central conical intersection and predict the influence of the aldehyde group of the derivatives on its geometry. This, as well as the relaxation mechanisms from photoexcitation to the final outcome was investigated using a variety of theoretical methods. Complete active space self consistent field was used for on-the-fly calculations while complete active space perturbation theory and coupled cluster theory were used to accurately describe critical configurations. Experiment and theory show the relaxation dynamics of furfural and β-furfural to be slowed down, and together they disclose an additional deactivation pathway, which is attributed to the nO lonepair state introduced with the aldehyde group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Oesterling
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 München, Germany.
| | - Oliver Schalk
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Centre, Roslagstullsbacken 21, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ting Geng
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Centre, Roslagstullsbacken 21, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Richard D Thomas
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Centre, Roslagstullsbacken 21, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tony Hansson
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Centre, Roslagstullsbacken 21, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Regina de Vivie-Riedle
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 München, Germany.
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Traoré Dubuis A, Verkhovtsev A, Ellis-Gibbings L, Krupa K, Blanco F, Jones DB, Brunger MJ, García G. Total cross section of furfural by electron impact: Experiment and theory. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:054301. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4996462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A. Traoré Dubuis
- Instituto de Física Fundamental, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Serrano 113-bis, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Verkhovtsev
- Instituto de Física Fundamental, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Serrano 113-bis, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - L. Ellis-Gibbings
- Instituto de Física Fundamental, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Serrano 113-bis, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - K. Krupa
- Instituto de Física Fundamental, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Serrano 113-bis, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - F. Blanco
- Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - D. B. Jones
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - M. J. Brunger
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - G. García
- Instituto de Física Fundamental, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Serrano 113-bis, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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7
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Brunger MJ. Electron scattering and transport in biofuels, biomolecules and biomass fragments. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/0144235x.2017.1301030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Jones DB, Ali E, Ning CG, Colgan J, Ingólfsson O, Madison DH, Brunger MJ. Electron impact ionization dynamics of para-benzoquinone. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:164306. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4965919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D. B. Jones
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia
| | - E. Ali
- Department of Physics, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, USA
| | - C. G. Ning
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - J. Colgan
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - O. Ingólfsson
- Science Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Iceland, Dunhagi 3, 107 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - D. H. Madison
- Department of Physics, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, USA
| | - M. J. Brunger
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia
- Institute of Mathematical Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Jones DB, da Costa RF, Varella MTDN, Bettega MHF, Lima MAP, Blanco F, García G, Brunger MJ. Integral elastic, electronic-state, ionization, and total cross sections for electron scattering with furfural. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:144303. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4945562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D. B. Jones
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - R. F. da Costa
- Instituto de Física “Gleb Wataghin,” Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, 13083-859 São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 29075-910, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - M. T. do N. Varella
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 66318, 05315-970 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M. H. F. Bettega
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Paraná, CP 19044, 81531-990 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - M. A. P. Lima
- Instituto de Física “Gleb Wataghin,” Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, 13083-859 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - F. Blanco
- Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid E-28040, Spain
| | - G. García
- Instituto de Física Fundamental, CSIC, Serrano 113-bis, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. J. Brunger
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
- Institute of Mathematical Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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10
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Jones DB, Neves RFC, Lopes MCA, da Costa RF, do N Varella MT, Bettega MHF, Lima MAP, García G, Limão-Vieira P, Brunger MJ. Theoretical and experimental differential cross sections for electron impact excitation of the electronic bands of furfural. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:124309. [PMID: 27036450 DOI: 10.1063/1.4944615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report results from a joint experimental and theoretical investigation into electron scattering from the important industrial species furfural (C5H4O2). Specifically, differential cross sections (DCSs) have been measured and calculated for the electron-impact excitation of the electronic states of C5H4O2. The measurements were carried out at energies in the range 20-40 eV, and for scattered-electron angles between 10° and 90°. The energy resolution of those experiments was typically ∼80 meV. Corresponding Schwinger multichannel method with pseudo-potential calculations, for energies between 6-50 eV and with and without Born-closure, were also performed for a sub-set of the excited electronic-states that were accessed in the measurements. Those calculations were undertaken at the static exchange plus polarisation-level using a minimum orbital basis for single configuration interaction (MOB-SCI) approach. Agreement between the measured and calculated DCSs was qualitatively quite good, although to obtain quantitative accord, the theory would need to incorporate even more channels into the MOB-SCI. The role of multichannel coupling on the computed electronic-state DCSs is also explored in some detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Jones
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - R F C Neves
- Instituto Federal do Sul de Minas Gerais, Câmpus Poços de Caldas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - M C A Lopes
- Departamento de Física, UFJF, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais 36036-900, Brazil
| | - R F da Costa
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, São Paulo 09210-580, Brazil
| | - M T do N Varella
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 66318, 05315-970 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M H F Bettega
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Paraná, CP 19044, Curitiba, Paraná 81531-990, Brazil
| | - M A P Lima
- Instituto de Física "Gleb Wataghin," Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-859, Brazil
| | - G García
- Instituto de Física Fundamental, CSIC, Serrano 113-bis, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - P Limão-Vieira
- Laboratório de Colisões Atómicas e Moleculares, CEFITEC, Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - M J Brunger
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
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da Costa RF, do N Varella MT, Bettega MHF, Neves RFC, Lopes MCA, Blanco F, García G, Jones DB, Brunger MJ, Lima MAP. The electron-furfural scattering dynamics for 63 energetically open electronic states. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:124310. [PMID: 27036451 DOI: 10.1063/1.4944616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on integral-, momentum transfer- and differential cross sections for elastic and electronically inelastic electron collisions with furfural (C5H4O2). The calculations were performed with two different theoretical methodologies, the Schwinger multichannel method with pseudopotentials (SMCPP) and the independent atom method with screening corrected additivity rule (IAM-SCAR) that now incorporates a further interference (I) term. The SMCPP with N energetically open electronic states (N(open)) at either the static-exchange (N(open) ch-SE) or the static-exchange-plus-polarisation (N(open) ch-SEP) approximation was employed to calculate the scattering amplitudes at impact energies lying between 5 eV and 50 eV, using a channel coupling scheme that ranges from the 1ch-SEP up to the 63ch-SE level of approximation depending on the energy considered. For elastic scattering, we found very good overall agreement at higher energies among our SMCPP cross sections, our IAM-SCAR+I cross sections and the experimental data for furan (a molecule that differs from furfural only by the substitution of a hydrogen atom in furan with an aldehyde functional group). This is a good indication that our elastic cross sections are converged with respect to the multichannel coupling effect for most of the investigated intermediate energies. However, although the present application represents the most sophisticated calculation performed with the SMCPP method thus far, the inelastic cross sections, even for the low lying energy states, are still not completely converged for intermediate and higher energies. We discuss possible reasons leading to this discrepancy and point out what further steps need to be undertaken in order to improve the agreement between the calculated and measured cross sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romarly F da Costa
- Instituto de Física "Gleb Wataghin," Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-859, Brazil
| | - Márcio T do N Varella
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 66318, São Paulo, São Paulo 05315-970, Brazil
| | - Márcio H F Bettega
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Paraná, CP 19044, Curitiba, Paraná 81531-990, Brazil
| | - Rafael F C Neves
- Instituto Federal do Sul de Minas Gerais, Campus Poços de Caldas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina A Lopes
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Francisco Blanco
- Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid E-28040, Spain
| | - Gustavo García
- Instituto de Física Fundamental, CSIC, Serrano 113-bis, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Darryl B Jones
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Michael J Brunger
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Marco A P Lima
- Instituto de Física "Gleb Wataghin," Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-859, Brazil
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Jones DB, Neves RFC, Lopes MCA, da Costa RF, Varella MTDN, Bettega MHF, Lima MAP, García G, Blanco F, Brunger MJ. Excitation of vibrational quanta in furfural by intermediate-energy electrons. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:224304. [PMID: 26671372 DOI: 10.1063/1.4936631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report cross sections for electron-impact excitation of vibrational quanta in furfural, at intermediate incident electron energies (20, 30, and 40 eV). The present differential cross sections are measured over the scattered electron angular range 10°-90°, with corresponding integral cross sections subsequently being determined. Furfural is a viable plant-derived alternative to petrochemicals, being produced via low-temperature plasma treatment of biomass. Current yields, however, need to be significantly improved, possibly through modelling, with the present cross sections being an important component of such simulations. To the best of our knowledge, there are no other cross sections for vibrational excitation of furfural available in the literature, so the present data are valuable for this important molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Jones
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - R F C Neves
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - M C A Lopes
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - R F da Costa
- Instituto de Física "Gleb Wataghin," Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, 13083-859 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M T do N Varella
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 66318, 05315-970 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M H F Bettega
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Paraná, CP 19044, 81531-990 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - M A P Lima
- Instituto de Física "Gleb Wataghin," Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, 13083-859 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - G García
- Instituto de Física Fundamental, CSIC, Serrano 113-bis, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - F Blanco
- Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid E-28040, Spain
| | - M J Brunger
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
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