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Vakili M, Bielecki J, Knoška J, Otte F, Han H, Kloos M, Schubert R, Delmas E, Mills G, de Wijn R, Letrun R, Dold S, Bean R, Round A, Kim Y, Lima FA, Dörner K, Valerio J, Heymann M, Mancuso AP, Schulz J. 3D printed devices and infrastructure for liquid sample delivery at the European XFEL. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2022; 29:331-346. [PMID: 35254295 PMCID: PMC8900844 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577521013370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Sample Environment and Characterization (SEC) group of the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser (EuXFEL) develops sample delivery systems for the various scientific instruments, including systems for the injection of liquid samples that enable serial femtosecond X-ray crystallography (SFX) and single-particle imaging (SPI) experiments, among others. For rapid prototyping of various device types and materials, sub-micrometre precision 3D printers are used to address the specific experimental conditions of SFX and SPI by providing a large number of devices with reliable performance. This work presents the current pool of 3D printed liquid sample delivery devices, based on the two-photon polymerization (2PP) technique. These devices encompass gas dynamic virtual nozzles (GDVNs), mixing-GDVNs, high-viscosity extruders (HVEs) and electrospray conical capillary tips (CCTs) with highly reproducible geometric features that are suitable for time-resolved SFX and SPI experiments at XFEL facilities. Liquid sample injection setups and infrastructure on the Single Particles, Clusters, and Biomolecules and Serial Femtosecond Crystallography (SPB/SFX) instrument are described, this being the instrument which is designated for biological structure determination at the EuXFEL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Juraj Knoška
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Florian Otte
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 4, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Huijong Han
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Marco Kloos
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - Elisa Delmas
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Grant Mills
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - Romain Letrun
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Simon Dold
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Richard Bean
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Adam Round
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Yoonhee Kim
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | | | - Joana Valerio
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Michael Heymann
- Institute for Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems (IBBS), University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Adrian P. Mancuso
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia
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The Natural Breakup Length of a Steady Capillary Jet: Application to Serial Femtosecond Crystallography. CRYSTALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst11080990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
One of the most successful ways to introduce samples in Serial Femtosecond Crystallography has been the use of microscopic capillary liquid jets produced by gas flow focusing, whose length-to-diameter ratio and velocity are essential to fulfill the requirements of the high pulse rates of current XFELs. In this work, we demonstrate the validity of a classical scaling law with two universal constants to calculate that length as a function of the liquid properties and operating conditions. These constants are determined by fitting the scaling law to a large set of experimental and numerical measurements, including previously published data. Both the experimental and numerical jet lengths conform remarkably well to the proposed scaling law. We show that, while a capillary jet is a globally unstable system to linear perturbations above a critical length, its actual and shorter long-term average intact length is determined by the nonlinear perturbations coming from the jet breakup itself. Therefore, this length is determined solely by the properties of the liquid, the average velocity of the liquid and the flow rate expelled. This confirms the very early observations from Smith and Moss 1917, Proc R Soc Lond A Math Phys Eng, 93, 373, to McCarthy and Molloy 1974, Chem Eng J, 7, 1, among others, while it contrasts with the classical conception of temporal stability that attributes the natural breakup length to the jet birth conditions in the ejector or small interactions with the environment.
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3
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Hejazian M, Balaur E, Abbey B. Recent Advances and Future Perspectives on Microfluidic Mix-and-Jet Sample Delivery Devices. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:531. [PMID: 34067131 PMCID: PMC8151207 DOI: 10.3390/mi12050531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The integration of the Gas Dynamic Virtual Nozzle (GDVN) and microfluidic technologies has proven to be a promising sample delivery solution for biomolecular imaging studies and has the potential to be transformative for a range of applications in physics, biology, and chemistry. Here, we review the recent advances in the emerging field of microfluidic mix-and-jet sample delivery devices for the study of biomolecular reaction dynamics. First, we introduce the key parameters and dimensionless numbers involved in their design and characterisation. Then we critically review the techniques used to fabricate these integrated devices and discuss their advantages and disadvantages. We then summarise the most common experimental methods used for the characterisation of both the mixing and jetting components. Finally, we discuss future perspectives on the emerging field of microfluidic mix-and-jet sample delivery devices. In summary, this review aims to introduce this exciting new topic to the wider microfluidics community and to help guide future research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brian Abbey
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia; (M.H.); (E.B.)
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4
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Alternative Geometric Arrangements of the Nozzle Outlet Orifice for Liquid Micro-Jet Focusing in Gas Dynamic Virtual Nozzles. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14061572. [PMID: 33807027 PMCID: PMC8005030 DOI: 10.3390/ma14061572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Liquid micro-jets are crucial for sample delivery of protein crystals and other macromolecular samples in serial femtosecond crystallography. When combined with MHz repetition rate sources, such as the European X-ray free-electron laser (EuXFEL) facility, it is important that the diffraction patterns are collected before the samples are damaged. This requires extremely thin and very fast jets. In this paper we first explore numerically the influence of different nozzle orifice designs on jet parameters and finally compare our simulations with the experimental data obtained for one particular design. A gas dynamic virtual nozzle (GDVN) model, based on a mixture formulation of Newtonian, compressible, two-phase flow, is numerically solved with the finite volume method and volume of fluid approach to deal with the moving boundary between the gas and liquid phases. The goal is to maximize the jet velocity and its length while minimizing the jet thickness. The design studies incorporate differently shaped nozzle orifices, including an elongated orifice with a constant diameter and an orifice with a diverging angle. These are extensions of the nozzle geometry we investigated in our previous studies. Based on these simulations it is concluded that the extension of the constant diameter channel makes a negligible contribution to the jet’s length and its velocity. A change in the angle of the nozzle outlet orifice, however, has a significant effect on jet parameters. We find these kinds of simulation extremely useful for testing and optimizing novel nozzle designs.
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5
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Capabilities and Limitations of Fire-Shaping to Produce Glass Nozzles. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13235477. [PMID: 33271928 PMCID: PMC7730331 DOI: 10.3390/ma13235477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices for drop and emulsion production are often built using fire-shaped (or fire-polished) glass nozzles. These are usually fabricated manually with inexpensive equipment. The shape limitations and poor reproducibility are pointed as the main drawbacks. Here, we evaluate the capabilities of a new fire-shaping approach which fabricates the nozzle by heating a vertical rotating capillary at the Bottom of a Lateral Flame (BLF). We analyze the effect of the heating conditions, and the capillary size and tolerances. The shape reproducibility is excellent for nozzles of the same size produced with the same conditions. However, the size reproducibility is limited and does not seem to be significantly affected by the heating conditions. Specifically, the minimum neck diameter standard deviation is 3%. Different shapes can be obtained by changing the heating position or the capillary dimensions, though, for a given diameter reduction, there is a minimum nozzle length due to the overturning of the surface. The use of thinner (wall or inner diameter) capillaries allows producing much shorter nozzles but hinders the size reproducibility. Finally, we showed an example of how the performance of a microfluidic device is affected by the nozzle shape: a Gas Dynamic Virtual Nozzle (GDVN) built with a higher convergent rate nozzle works over a wider parametric range without whipping.
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Montanero JM, Gañán-Calvo AM. Dripping, jetting and tip streaming. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2020; 83:097001. [PMID: 32647097 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aba482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Dripping, jetting and tip streaming have been studied up to a certain point separately by both fluid mechanics and microfluidics communities, the former focusing on fundamental aspects while the latter on applications. Here, we intend to review this field from a global perspective by considering and linking the two sides of the problem. First, we present the theoretical model used to study interfacial flows arising in droplet-based microfluidics, paying attention to three elements commonly present in applications: viscoelasticity, electric fields and surfactants. We review both classical and current results of the stability of jets affected by these elements. Mechanisms leading to the breakup of jets to produce drops are reviewed as well, including some recent advances in this field. We also consider the relatively scarce theoretical studies on the emergence and stability of tip streaming in open systems. Second, we focus on axisymmetric microfluidic configurations which can operate on the dripping and jetting modes either in a direct (standard) way or via tip streaming. We present the dimensionless parameters characterizing these configurations, the scaling laws which allow predicting the size of the resulting droplets and bubbles, as well as those delimiting the parameter windows where tip streaming can be found. Special attention is paid to electrospray and flow focusing, two of the techniques more frequently used in continuous drop production microfluidics. We aim to connect experimental observations described in this section of topics with fundamental and general aspects described in the first part of the review. This work closes with some prospects at both fundamental and practical levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Montanero
- Depto. de Ingeniería Mecánica, Energética y de los Materiales and Instituto de Computación Científica Avanzada (ICCAEx), Universidad de Extremadura, E-06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - A M Gañán-Calvo
- Depto. de Ingeniería Aeroespacial y Mecánica de Fluidos, Universidad de Sevilla, E-41092 Sevilla, Spain
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7
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Vakili M, Vasireddi R, Gwozdz PV, Monteiro DCF, Heymann M, Blick RH, Trebbin M. Microfluidic polyimide gas dynamic virtual nozzles for serial crystallography. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:085108. [PMID: 32872940 DOI: 10.1063/5.0012806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Free liquid jets are a common sample delivery method in serial femtosecond x-ray (SFX) crystallography. Gas dynamic virtual nozzles (GDVNs) use an outer gas stream to focus a liquid jet down to a few micrometers in diameter. Such nozzles can be fabricated through various methods (capillary grinding, soft lithography, digital light processing, and two-photon polymerization) and materials, such as glass, polydimethylsiloxane, and photosensitive polyacrylates. Here, we present a broadly accessible, rapid prototyping laser ablation approach to micromachine solvent-resistant and inert Kapton polyimide foils with highly reproducible geometric features that result in 3D flow-focused GDVNs suitable for crystallography experiments at synchrotrons and free-electron laser facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Vakili
- Centre for Ultrafast Imaging (CUI), University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ramakrishna Vasireddi
- Centre for Ultrafast Imaging (CUI), University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Paul V Gwozdz
- Center for Hybrid Nanostructures (CHyN), University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Diana C F Monteiro
- Centre for Ultrafast Imaging (CUI), University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Heymann
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert H Blick
- Center for Hybrid Nanostructures (CHyN), University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Trebbin
- Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute, 700 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA
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Nazari R, Zaare S, Alvarez RC, Karpos K, Engelman T, Madsen C, Nelson G, Spence JCH, Weierstall U, Adrian RJ, Kirian RA. 3D printing of gas-dynamic virtual nozzles and optical characterization of high-speed microjets. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:21749-21765. [PMID: 32752448 PMCID: PMC7470680 DOI: 10.1364/oe.390131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Gas dynamic virtual nozzles (GDVNs) produce microscopic flow-focused liquid jets and droplets and play an important role at X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) facilities where they are used to steer a stream of hydrated biomolecules into an X-ray focus during diffraction measurements. Highly stable and reproducible microjet and microdroplets are desired, as are flexible fabrication methods that enable integrated mixing microfluidics, droplet triggering mechanisms, laser illumination, and other customized features. In this study, we develop the use of high-resolution 3D nano-printing for the production of monolithic, asymmetric GDVN designs that are difficult to fabricate by other means. We also develop a dual-pulsed nanosecond image acquisition and analysis platform for the characterization of GDVN performance, including jet speed, length, diameter, and directionality, among others. We show that printed GDVNs can form microjets with very high degree of reproducibility, down to sub-micron diameters, and with water jet speeds beyond 170 m/s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Nazari
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Sahba Zaare
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Roberto C. Alvarez
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- School of Mathematics and Statistical Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | | | - Trent Engelman
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Caleb Madsen
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Garrett Nelson
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - John C. H. Spence
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Uwe Weierstall
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Ronald J. Adrian
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Richard A. Kirian
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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9
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Abstract
The advent of the X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) in the last decade created the discipline of serial crystallography but also the challenge of how crystal samples are delivered to X-ray. Early sample delivery methods demonstrated the proof-of-concept for serial crystallography and XFEL but were beset with challenges of high sample consumption, jet clogging and low data collection efficiency. The potential of XFEL and serial crystallography as the next frontier of structural solution by X-ray for small and weakly diffracting crystals and provision of ultra-fast time-resolved structural data spawned a huge amount of scientific interest and innovation. To utilize the full potential of XFEL and broaden its applicability to a larger variety of biological samples, researchers are challenged to develop better sample delivery methods. Thus, sample delivery is one of the key areas of research and development in the serial crystallography scientific community. Sample delivery currently falls into three main systems: jet-based methods, fixed-target chips, and drop-on-demand. Huge strides have since been made in reducing sample consumption and improving data collection efficiency, thus enabling the use of XFEL for many biological systems to provide high-resolution, radiation damage-free structural data as well as time-resolved dynamics studies. This review summarizes the current main strategies in sample delivery and their respective pros and cons, as well as some future direction.
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10
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Samanta AK, Amin M, Estillore AD, Roth N, Worbs L, Horke DA, Küpper J. Controlled beams of shock-frozen, isolated, biological and artificial nanoparticles. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2020; 7:024304. [PMID: 32341941 PMCID: PMC7166121 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
X-ray free-electron lasers promise diffractive imaging of single molecules and nanoparticles with atomic spatial resolution. This relies on the averaging of millions of diffraction patterns of identical particles, which should ideally be isolated in the gas phase and preserved in their native structure. Here, we demonstrated that polystyrene nanospheres and Cydia pomonella granulovirus can be transferred into the gas phase, isolated, and very quickly shock-frozen, i.e., cooled to 4 K within microseconds in a helium-buffer-gas cell, much faster than state-of-the-art approaches. Nanoparticle beams emerging from the cell were characterized using particle-localization microscopy with light-sheet illumination, which allowed for the full reconstruction of the particle beams, focused to < 100 μ m , as well as for the determination of particle flux and number density. The experimental results were quantitatively reproduced and rationalized through particle-trajectory simulations. We propose an optimized setup with cooling rates for particles of few-nanometers on nanosecond timescales. The produced beams of shock-frozen isolated nanoparticles provide a breakthrough in sample delivery, e.g., for diffractive imaging and microscopy or low-temperature nanoscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit K. Samanta
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Muhamed Amin
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Armando D. Estillore
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Jochen Küpper
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:. URL:https://www.controlled-molecule-imaging.org
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11
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Knoška J, Adriano L, Awel S, Beyerlein KR, Yefanov O, Oberthuer D, Peña Murillo GE, Roth N, Sarrou I, Villanueva-Perez P, Wiedorn MO, Wilde F, Bajt S, Chapman HN, Heymann M. Ultracompact 3D microfluidics for time-resolved structural biology. Nat Commun 2020; 11:657. [PMID: 32005876 PMCID: PMC6994545 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14434-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To advance microfluidic integration, we present the use of two-photon additive manufacturing to fold 2D channel layouts into compact free-form 3D fluidic circuits with nanometer precision. We demonstrate this technique by tailoring microfluidic nozzles and mixers for time-resolved structural biology at X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs). We achieve submicron jets with speeds exceeding 160 m s-1, which allows for the use of megahertz XFEL repetition rates. By integrating an additional orifice, we implement a low consumption flow-focusing nozzle, which is validated by solving a hemoglobin structure. Also, aberration-free in operando X-ray microtomography is introduced to study efficient equivolumetric millisecond mixing in channels with 3D features integrated into the nozzle. Such devices can be printed in minutes by locally adjusting print resolution during fabrication. This technology has the potential to permit ultracompact devices and performance improvements through 3D flow optimization in all fields of microfluidic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Knoška
- CFEL, Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Luigi Adriano
- DESY, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- EuXFEL, Sample Environment & Characterization Group, European XFEL Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Salah Awel
- CFEL, Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- CUI, Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kenneth R Beyerlein
- CFEL, Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Hamburg, 22761, Germany
| | - Oleksandr Yefanov
- CFEL, Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Oberthuer
- CFEL, Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gisel E Peña Murillo
- CFEL, Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nils Roth
- CFEL, Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Iosifina Sarrou
- CFEL, Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Pablo Villanueva-Perez
- CFEL, Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Max O Wiedorn
- CFEL, Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Wilde
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institut für Werkstoffforschung, Max-Planck-Straße. 1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Saša Bajt
- DESY, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henry N Chapman
- CFEL, Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany.
- CUI, Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, 22761, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Michael Heymann
- CFEL, Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.
- IBBS, Institut für Biomaterialien und Biomolekulare Systeme, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Worbs L, Lübke J, Roth N, Samanta AK, Horke DA, Küpper J. Light-sheet imaging for the recording of transverse absolute density distributions of gas-phase particle-beams from nanoparticle injectors. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:36580-36586. [PMID: 31873433 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.036580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Imaging biological molecules in the gas-phase requires novel sample delivery methods, which generally have to be characterized and optimized to produce high-density particle beams. A non-destructive characterization method of the transverse particle beam profile is presented. It enables the characterization of the particle beam in parallel to the collection of, for instance, x-ray-diffraction patterns. As a rather simple experimental method, it requires the generation of a small laser-light sheet using a cylindrical telescope and a microscope. The working principle of this technique was demonstrated for the characterization of the fluid-dynamic-focusing behavior of 220 nm polystyrene beads as prototypical nanoparticles. The particle flux was determined and the velocity distribution was calibrated using Mie-scattering calculations.
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13
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Zhao F, Zhang B, Yan E, Sun B, Wang Z, He J, Yin D. A guide to sample delivery systems for serial crystallography. FEBS J 2019; 286:4402-4417. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng‐Zhu Zhao
- School of Life Sciences Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an China
| | - Bin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an China
| | - Er‐Kai Yan
- School of Life Sciences Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an China
| | - Bo Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
| | - Zhi‐Jun Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
| | - Jian‐Hua He
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
| | - Da‐Chuan Yin
- School of Life Sciences Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an China
- Shenzhen Research Institute Northwestern Polytechnical University Shenzhen China
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14
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Echelmeier A, Kim D, Cruz Villarreal J, Coe J, Quintana S, Brehm G, Egatz-Gomez A, Nazari R, Sierra RG, Koglin JE, Batyuk A, Hunter MS, Boutet S, Zatsepin N, Kirian RA, Grant TD, Fromme P, Ros A. 3D printed droplet generation devices for serial femtosecond crystallography enabled by surface coating. J Appl Crystallogr 2019; 52:997-1008. [PMID: 31636518 PMCID: PMC6782075 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576719010343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of surface wetting properties and their impact on the performance of 3D printed microfluidic droplet generation devices for serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) are reported. SFX is a novel crystallography method enabling structure determination of proteins at room temperature with atomic resolution using X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs). In SFX, protein crystals in their mother liquor are delivered and intersected with a pulsed X-ray beam using a liquid jet injector. Owing to the pulsed nature of the X-ray beam, liquid jets tend to waste the vast majority of injected crystals, which this work aims to overcome with the delivery of aqueous protein crystal suspension droplets segmented by an oil phase. For this purpose, 3D printed droplet generators that can be easily customized for a variety of XFEL measurements have been developed. The surface properties, in particular the wetting properties of the resist materials compatible with the employed two-photon printing technology, have so far not been characterized extensively, but are crucial for stable droplet generation. This work investigates experimentally the effectiveness and the long-term stability of three different surface treatments on photoresist films and glass as models for our 3D printed droplet generator and the fused silica capillaries employed in the other fluidic components of an SFX experiment. Finally, the droplet generation performance of an assembly consisting of the 3D printed device and fused silica capillaries is examined. Stable and reproducible droplet generation was achieved with a fluorinated surface coating which also allowed for robust downstream droplet delivery. Experimental XFEL diffraction data of crystals formed from the large membrane protein complex photosystem I demonstrate the full compatibility of the new injection method with very fragile membrane protein crystals and show that successful droplet generation of crystal-laden aqueous droplets intersected by an oil phase correlates with increased crystal hit rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Echelmeier
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Daihyun Kim
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Jorvani Cruz Villarreal
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Jesse Coe
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Sebastian Quintana
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Gerrit Brehm
- Institute for X-ray Physics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ana Egatz-Gomez
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Reza Nazari
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Raymond G. Sierra
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Jason E. Koglin
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Alexander Batyuk
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Mark S. Hunter
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Sébastien Boutet
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Nadia Zatsepin
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Richard A. Kirian
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Thomas D. Grant
- Hauptman-Woodward Institute, Department of Structural Biology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, SUNY University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Petra Fromme
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Alexandra Ros
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
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15
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Echelmeier A, Sonker M, Ros A. Microfluidic sample delivery for serial crystallography using XFELs. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:6535-6547. [PMID: 31250066 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01977-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) with X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) is an emerging field for structural biology. One of its major impacts lies in the ability to reveal the structure of complex proteins previously inaccessible with synchrotron-based crystallography techniques and allowing time-resolved studies from femtoseconds to seconds. The nature of this serial technique requires new approaches for crystallization, data analysis, and sample delivery. With continued advancements in microfabrication techniques, various developments have been reported in the past decade for innovative and efficient microfluidic sample delivery for crystallography experiments using XFELs. This article summarizes the recent developments in microfluidic sample delivery with liquid injection and fixed-target approaches, which allow exciting new research with XFELs. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Echelmeier
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Box 871604, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1604, USA.,Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Box 875001, Tempe, AZ, 85287-7401, USA
| | - Mukul Sonker
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Box 871604, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1604, USA.,Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Box 875001, Tempe, AZ, 85287-7401, USA
| | - Alexandra Ros
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Box 871604, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1604, USA. .,Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Box 875001, Tempe, AZ, 85287-7401, USA.
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16
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Bohne S, Heymann M, Chapman HN, Trieu HK, Bajt S. 3D printed nozzles on a silicon fluidic chip. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:035108. [PMID: 30927802 DOI: 10.1063/1.5080428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Serial femtosecond crystallography is a new method for protein structure determination utilizing intense and destructive X-ray pulses generated by free-electron lasers. The approach requires the means to deliver hydrated protein crystals to a focused X-ray beam and replenish them at the repetition rate of the pulses. A liquid-jet sample delivery system where a gas dynamic virtual nozzle is printed directly on a silicon-glass microfluidic chip using a 2-photon-polymerization 3D printing process is implemented. This allows for rapid prototyping and high-precision production of nozzles to suit the characteristics of a particular sample and opens up the possibility for high-throughput and versatile sample delivery systems that can integrate microfluidic components for sample detection, characterisation, or control. With the hybrid system described here, stable liquid jets with diameters between 1.5 µm at liquid flow rate of 1.5 µl/min and more than 20 µm at liquid flow rate of 100 µl/min under atmospheric and vacuum conditions are generated. The combination of 2D lithography with direct 3D printing may streamline the integration of free-form-features and also facilitate scale-up production of such integrated microfluidic devices that may be useful in many other applications such as flow cytometry and optofluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Bohne
- Hamburg University of Technology, Eissendorfer Str. 42, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Heymann
- Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Henry N Chapman
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hoc Khiem Trieu
- Hamburg University of Technology, Eissendorfer Str. 42, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Saša Bajt
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Building 99, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
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17
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Grünbein ML, Nass Kovacs G. Sample delivery for serial crystallography at free-electron lasers and synchrotrons. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2019; 75:178-191. [PMID: 30821706 PMCID: PMC6400261 DOI: 10.1107/s205979831801567x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The high peak brilliance and femtosecond pulse duration of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) provide new scientific opportunities for experiments in physics, chemistry and biology. In structural biology, one of the major applications is serial femtosecond crystallography. The intense XFEL pulse results in the destruction of any exposed microcrystal, making serial data collection mandatory. This requires a high-throughput serial approach to sample delivery. To this end, a number of such sample-delivery techniques have been developed, some of which have been ported to synchrotron sources, where they allow convenient low-dose data collection at room temperature. Here, the current sample-delivery techniques used at XFEL and synchrotron sources are reviewed, with an emphasis on liquid injection and high-viscosity extrusion, including their application for time-resolved experiments. The challenges associated with sample delivery at megahertz repetition-rate XFELs are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Luise Grünbein
- Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gabriela Nass Kovacs
- Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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18
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Wiedorn MO, Oberthür D, Bean R, Schubert R, Werner N, Abbey B, Aepfelbacher M, Adriano L, Allahgholi A, Al-Qudami N, Andreasson J, Aplin S, Awel S, Ayyer K, Bajt S, Barák I, Bari S, Bielecki J, Botha S, Boukhelef D, Brehm W, Brockhauser S, Cheviakov I, Coleman MA, Cruz-Mazo F, Danilevski C, Darmanin C, Doak RB, Domaracky M, Dörner K, Du Y, Fangohr H, Fleckenstein H, Frank M, Fromme P, Gañán-Calvo AM, Gevorkov Y, Giewekemeyer K, Ginn HM, Graafsma H, Graceffa R, Greiffenberg D, Gumprecht L, Göttlicher P, Hajdu J, Hauf S, Heymann M, Holmes S, Horke DA, Hunter MS, Imlau S, Kaukher A, Kim Y, Klyuev A, Knoška J, Kobe B, Kuhn M, Kupitz C, Küpper J, Lahey-Rudolph JM, Laurus T, Le Cong K, Letrun R, Xavier PL, Maia L, Maia FRNC, Mariani V, Messerschmidt M, Metz M, Mezza D, Michelat T, Mills G, Monteiro DCF, Morgan A, Mühlig K, Munke A, Münnich A, Nette J, Nugent KA, Nuguid T, Orville AM, Pandey S, Pena G, Villanueva-Perez P, Poehlsen J, Previtali G, Redecke L, Riekehr WM, Rohde H, Round A, Safenreiter T, Sarrou I, Sato T, Schmidt M, Schmitt B, Schönherr R, Schulz J, Sellberg JA, Seibert MM, Seuring C, Shelby ML, Shoeman RL, Sikorski M, Silenzi A, Stan CA, Shi X, Stern S, Sztuk-Dambietz J, Szuba J, Tolstikova A, Trebbin M, Trunk U, Vagovic P, Ve T, Weinhausen B, White TA, Wrona K, Xu C, Yefanov O, Zatsepin N, Zhang J, Perbandt M, Mancuso AP, Betzel C, Chapman H, Barty A. Megahertz serial crystallography. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4025. [PMID: 30279492 PMCID: PMC6168542 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06156-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The new European X-ray Free-Electron Laser is the first X-ray free-electron laser capable of delivering X-ray pulses with a megahertz inter-pulse spacing, more than four orders of magnitude higher than previously possible. However, to date, it has been unclear whether it would indeed be possible to measure high-quality diffraction data at megahertz pulse repetition rates. Here, we show that high-quality structures can indeed be obtained using currently available operating conditions at the European XFEL. We present two complete data sets, one from the well-known model system lysozyme and the other from a so far unknown complex of a β-lactamase from K. pneumoniae involved in antibiotic resistance. This result opens up megahertz serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) as a tool for reliable structure determination, substrate screening and the efficient measurement of the evolution and dynamics of molecular structures using megahertz repetition rate pulses available at this new class of X-ray laser source.
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Grants
- Project oriented funds Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft (Helmholtz Gemeinschaft)
- DFG-EXC1074 Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation)
- R01 GM117342 NIGMS NIH HHS
- R01 GM095583 NIGMS NIH HHS
- 609920 European Research Council
- Wellcome Trust
- : The Helmholtz organisation through program oriented funds; excellence cluster "The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging – Structure, Dynamics and Control of Matter at the Atomic Scale" of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (CUI, DFG-EXC1074); the European Research Council, “Frontiers in Attosecond X-ray Science: Imaging and Spectroscopy (AXSIS)”, ERC-2013-SyG 609920 (2014-2018); the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Program of the DFG; the project “X-probe” funded by the European Union’s 2020 Research and Innovation Program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement 637295; the BMBF German-Russian Cooperation “SyncFELMed” grant 05K14CHA; European Research Council under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) through the Consolidator Grant COMOTION (ERC-614507-Küpper); the Helmholtz Gemeinschaft through the "Impuls und Vernetzungsfond"; Helmholtz Initiative and Networking Fund through the Young Investigators Program and by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft SFB755/B03; the Swedish Research Council; the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation; the Röntgen-Angström Cluster; the BMBF via projects 05K13GU7 and 05E13GU1; the from Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic; the Joachim Herz Stiftung; the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) Cluster of Excellence “Inflammation at interfaces” (EXC 306); the Swedish Research Council; the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research; the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging [CE140100011]; the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO); the International Synchrotron Access Program (ISAP) managed by the Australian Synchrotron, part of ANSTO, and funded by the Australian Government; The projects Structural dynamics of biomolecular systems (CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/15_003/0000447) (ELIBIO) and Advanced research using high intensity laser produced photons and particles (CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000789) (ADONIS) from European Regional Development Fund, the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports as part of targeted support from the National Programme of Sustainability II; the Röntgen Ångström Cluster; the Chalmers Area of Advance, Material science; the Project DPI2016-78887-C3-1-R, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad; the Wellcome Trust (studentship 075491/04); Rutgers University, Newark; the Max Planck Society; the NSF-STC “BioXFEL” through award STC-1231306; the Slovak Research and Development Agency under contract APVV-14-0181; the Wellcome Trust; Helmholtz Strategic Investment funds; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging [CE140100011], Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO); The Swedish Research Council, the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, and the Röntgen-Angström Cluster, BMBF via projects 05K13GU7 and 05E13GU1, Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic; BMBF grants 05K16GUA and 05K12GU3; the Joachim Herz Foundation through and Add-on Fellowship; NHMRC project grants 1107804 and 1108859, ARC Discovery Early Career Research Award (DE170100783); National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC grants 1107804, 1071659). BK is NHMRC Principal Research Fellow (1110971); National Science Foundation Grant # 1565180, "ABI Innovation: New Algorithms for Biological X-ray Free Electron Laser Data"; Diamond Light Source and from a Strategic Award from the Wellcome Trust and the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (grant 102593); use of the XBI biological sample preparation laboratory, enabled by the XBI User Consortium. This work was performed, in part, under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. MLS, MAC and MF were supported by NIH grant 1R01GM117342-01
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Affiliation(s)
- Max O Wiedorn
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Oberthür
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Richard Bean
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Robin Schubert
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory for Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation, Universität Hamburg, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- Integrated Biology Infrastructure Life-Science Facility at the European XFEL (XBI), Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Nadine Werner
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory for Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation, Universität Hamburg, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Brian Abbey
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Martin Aepfelbacher
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Luigi Adriano
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Aschkan Allahgholi
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Jakob Andreasson
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 751 24, Sweden
- ELI Beamlines, Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 21, Prague, Czech Republic
- Condensed Matter Physics, Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, 412 96, Sweden
| | - Steve Aplin
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Salah Awel
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kartik Ayyer
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Saša Bajt
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Imrich Barák
- Institute of Molecular Biology, SAS, Dubravska cesta 21, 845 51, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Sadia Bari
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johan Bielecki
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Sabine Botha
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory for Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation, Universität Hamburg, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Brehm
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sandor Brockhauser
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
- Biological Research Centre (BRC), Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Igor Cheviakov
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthew A Coleman
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Francisco Cruz-Mazo
- Depart. Ingeniería Aeroespacial y Mecánica de Fluidos ETSI, Universidad de Sevilla, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Connie Darmanin
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - R Bruce Doak
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstr. 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Domaracky
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katerina Dörner
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Yang Du
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hans Fangohr
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
- Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, Southampton, UK
| | - Holger Fleckenstein
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Frank
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Petra Fromme
- School of Molecular Sciences and Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1604, USA
| | - Alfonso M Gañán-Calvo
- Depart. Ingeniería Aeroespacial y Mecánica de Fluidos ETSI, Universidad de Sevilla, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Yaroslav Gevorkov
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg University of Technology, Vision Systems E-2, Harburger Schloßstr. 20, 21079, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Helen Mary Ginn
- Division of Structural Biology, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Diamond Light Source, Research Complex at Harwell, and University of Oxford, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Heinz Graafsma
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- Mid Sweden University, Holmgatan 10, 85170, Sundsvall, Sweden
| | - Rita Graceffa
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - Lars Gumprecht
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter Göttlicher
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Janos Hajdu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 751 24, Sweden
- ELI Beamlines, Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 21, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Steffen Hauf
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Michael Heymann
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Susannah Holmes
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Daniel A Horke
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mark S Hunter
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, 94025, CA, USA
| | - Siegfried Imlau
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Yoonhee Kim
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Alexander Klyuev
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Juraj Knoška
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bostjan Kobe
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Manuela Kuhn
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christopher Kupitz
- Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3135 N. Maryland Ave, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
| | - Jochen Küpper
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Janine Mia Lahey-Rudolph
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Torsten Laurus
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Karoline Le Cong
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory for Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation, Universität Hamburg, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Romain Letrun
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - P Lourdu Xavier
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Luis Maia
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Filipe R N C Maia
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 751 24, Sweden
- NERSC, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, 94720, CA, USA
| | - Valerio Mariani
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Markus Metz
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Davide Mezza
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Michelat
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Grant Mills
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Diana C F Monteiro
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrew Morgan
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Mühlig
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 751 24, Sweden
| | - Anna Munke
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 751 24, Sweden
| | - Astrid Münnich
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Julia Nette
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Keith A Nugent
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Theresa Nuguid
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory for Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation, Universität Hamburg, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Allen M Orville
- Diamond Light Source, Research Complex at Harwell, and University of Oxford, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Suraj Pandey
- Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3135 N. Maryland Ave, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
| | - Gisel Pena
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Pablo Villanueva-Perez
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Poehlsen
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Lars Redecke
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Winnie Maria Riekehr
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Holger Rohde
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Adam Round
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Tatiana Safenreiter
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Iosifina Sarrou
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tokushi Sato
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Marius Schmidt
- Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3135 N. Maryland Ave, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
| | - Bernd Schmitt
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Robert Schönherr
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Joachim Schulz
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Jonas A Sellberg
- Biomedical and X-Ray Physics, Department of Applied Physics, AlbaNova University Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 106 91, Sweden
| | - M Marvin Seibert
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 751 24, Sweden
| | - Carolin Seuring
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Megan L Shelby
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Robert L Shoeman
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstr. 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcin Sikorski
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - Claudiu A Stan
- Physics Department, Rutgers University Newark, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Xintian Shi
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Stern
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - Janusz Szuba
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Aleksandra Tolstikova
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Trebbin
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, 359 Natural Sciences Complex, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
- Institute of Nanostructure and Solid State Physics, Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Trunk
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Patrik Vagovic
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Thomas Ve
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | | | - Thomas A White
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Wrona
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Chen Xu
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Oleksandr Yefanov
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nadia Zatsepin
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Jiaguo Zhang
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Markus Perbandt
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory for Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation, Universität Hamburg, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Christian Betzel
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory for Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation, Universität Hamburg, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- Integrated Biology Infrastructure Life-Science Facility at the European XFEL (XBI), Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Henry Chapman
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany.
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Anton Barty
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.
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19
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Wiedorn MO, Awel S, Morgan AJ, Ayyer K, Gevorkov Y, Fleckenstein H, Roth N, Adriano L, Bean R, Beyerlein KR, Chen J, Coe J, Cruz-Mazo F, Ekeberg T, Graceffa R, Heymann M, Horke DA, Knoška J, Mariani V, Nazari R, Oberthür D, Samanta AK, Sierra RG, Stan CA, Yefanov O, Rompotis D, Correa J, Erk B, Treusch R, Schulz J, Hogue BG, Gañán-Calvo AM, Fromme P, Küpper J, Rode AV, Bajt S, Kirian RA, Chapman HN. Rapid sample delivery for megahertz serial crystallography at X-ray FELs. IUCRJ 2018; 5:574-584. [PMID: 30224961 PMCID: PMC6126653 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252518008369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Liquid microjets are a common means of delivering protein crystals to the focus of X-ray free-electron lasers (FELs) for serial femtosecond crystallography measurements. The high X-ray intensity in the focus initiates an explosion of the microjet and sample. With the advent of X-ray FELs with megahertz rates, the typical velocities of these jets must be increased significantly in order to replenish the damaged material in time for the subsequent measurement with the next X-ray pulse. This work reports the results of a megahertz serial diffraction experiment at the FLASH FEL facility using 4.3 nm radiation. The operation of gas-dynamic nozzles that produce liquid microjets with velocities greater than 80 m s-1 was demonstrated. Furthermore, this article provides optical images of X-ray-induced explosions together with Bragg diffraction from protein microcrystals exposed to trains of X-ray pulses repeating at rates of up to 4.5 MHz. The results indicate the feasibility for megahertz serial crystallography measurements with hard X-rays and give guidance for the design of such experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max O. Wiedorn
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Salah Awel
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrew J. Morgan
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kartik Ayyer
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yaroslav Gevorkov
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Vision Systems, Hamburg University of Technology, Harburger Schlossstrasse 20, 21079 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Holger Fleckenstein
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nils Roth
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Luigi Adriano
- Photon Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Richard Bean
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Kenneth R. Beyerlein
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joe Chen
- Arizona State University, 550 E. Tyler Drive, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Jesse Coe
- Arizona State University, 550 E. Tyler Drive, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Francisco Cruz-Mazo
- Universidad de Sevilla, Department of Aerospace Engineering and Fluid Mechanics, Camino de los Descubriemientos s/n, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Tomas Ekeberg
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rita Graceffa
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Michael Heymann
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Daniel A. Horke
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Juraj Knoška
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Valerio Mariani
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Reza Nazari
- Arizona State University, 550 E. Tyler Drive, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Dominik Oberthür
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Amit K. Samanta
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Raymond G. Sierra
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Claudiu A. Stan
- Department of Physics, Rutgers University Newark, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Oleksandr Yefanov
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Rompotis
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan Correa
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Photon Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Erk
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rolf Treusch
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Schulz
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Brenda G. Hogue
- Biodesign Institute, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Alfonso M. Gañán-Calvo
- Universidad de Sevilla, Department of Aerospace Engineering and Fluid Mechanics, Camino de los Descubriemientos s/n, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Petra Fromme
- Arizona State University, 550 E. Tyler Drive, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Biodesign Institute, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Jochen Küpper
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrei V. Rode
- Laser Physics Centre, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Saša Bajt
- Photon Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Henry N. Chapman
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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20
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Botha S, Baitan D, Jungnickel KEJ, Oberthür D, Schmidt C, Stern S, Wiedorn MO, Perbandt M, Chapman HN, Betzel C. De novo protein structure determination by heavy-atom soaking in lipidic cubic phase and SIRAS phasing using serial synchrotron crystallography. IUCRJ 2018; 5:524-530. [PMID: 30224955 PMCID: PMC6126645 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252518009223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
During the past few years, serial crystallography methods have undergone continuous development and serial data collection has become well established at high-intensity synchrotron-radiation beamlines and XFEL radiation sources. However, the application of experimental phasing to serial crystallography data has remained a challenging task owing to the inherent inaccuracy of the diffraction data. Here, a particularly gentle method for incorporating heavy atoms into micrometre-sized crystals utilizing lipidic cubic phase (LCP) as a carrier medium is reported. Soaking in LCP prior to data collection offers a new, efficient and gentle approach for preparing heavy-atom-derivative crystals directly before diffraction data collection using serial crystallography methods. This approach supports effective phasing by utilizing a reasonably low number of diffraction patterns. Using synchrotron radiation and exploiting the anomalous scattering signal of mercury for single isomorphous replacement with anomalous scattering (SIRAS) phasing resulted in high-quality electron-density maps that were sufficient for building a complete structural model of proteinase K at 1.9 Å resolution using automatic model-building tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Botha
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chemistry Department, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
- Laboratory for Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation, c/o DESY, Building 22a, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - D. Baitan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chemistry Department, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
- Laboratory for Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation, c/o DESY, Building 22a, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Xtal Concepts GmbH, Marlowring 19, 22525 Hamburg, Germany
| | - K. E. J. Jungnickel
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chemistry Department, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - D. Oberthür
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - C. Schmidt
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chemistry Department, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
- Laboratory for Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation, c/o DESY, Building 22a, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - S. Stern
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M. O. Wiedorn
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M. Perbandt
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chemistry Department, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
- Laboratory for Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation, c/o DESY, Building 22a, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - H. N. Chapman
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - C. Betzel
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chemistry Department, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
- Laboratory for Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation, c/o DESY, Building 22a, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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21
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Huang Z, Ossenbrüggen T, Rubinsky I, Schust M, Horke DA, Küpper J. Development and Characterization of a Laser-Induced Acoustic Desorption Source. Anal Chem 2018; 90:3920-3927. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Huang
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim Ossenbrüggen
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Igor Rubinsky
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Schust
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel A. Horke
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Küpper
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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22
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Awel S, Kirian RA, Wiedorn MO, Beyerlein KR, Roth N, Horke DA, Oberthür D, Knoska J, Mariani V, Morgan A, Adriano L, Tolstikova A, Xavier PL, Yefanov O, Aquila A, Barty A, Roy-Chowdhury S, Hunter MS, James D, Robinson JS, Weierstall U, Rode AV, Bajt S, Küpper J, Chapman HN. Femtosecond X-ray diffraction from an aerosolized beam of protein nanocrystals. J Appl Crystallogr 2018; 51:133-139. [PMID: 29507547 PMCID: PMC5822990 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576717018131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
High-resolution Bragg diffraction from aerosolized single granulovirus nanocrystals using an X-ray free-electron laser is demonstrated. The outer dimensions of the in-vacuum aerosol injector components are identical to conventional liquid-microjet nozzles used in serial diffraction experiments, which allows the injector to be utilized with standard mountings. As compared with liquid-jet injection, the X-ray scattering background is reduced by several orders of magnitude by the use of helium carrier gas rather than liquid. Such reduction is required for diffraction measurements of small macromolecular nanocrystals and single particles. High particle speeds are achieved, making the approach suitable for use at upcoming high-repetition-rate facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah Awel
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Max O. Wiedorn
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kenneth R. Beyerlein
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nils Roth
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel A. Horke
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Oberthür
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Juraj Knoska
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Valerio Mariani
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrew Morgan
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Luigi Adriano
- Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Tolstikova
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - P. Lourdu Xavier
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oleksandr Yefanov
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrew Aquila
- Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Anton Barty
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Mark S. Hunter
- Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | | | - Joseph S. Robinson
- Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | | | - Andrei V. Rode
- Laser Physics Centre, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, ACT 2601, Canberra, Australia
| | - Saša Bajt
- Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Küpper
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henry N. Chapman
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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23
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Wojtas DH, Ayyer K, Liang M, Mossou E, Romoli F, Seuring C, Beyerlein KR, Bean RJ, Morgan AJ, Oberthuer D, Fleckenstein H, Heymann M, Gati C, Yefanov O, Barthelmess M, Ornithopoulou E, Galli L, Xavier PL, Ling WL, Frank M, Yoon CH, White TA, Bajt S, Mitraki A, Boutet S, Aquila A, Barty A, Forsyth VT, Chapman HN, Millane RP. Analysis of XFEL serial diffraction data from individual crystalline fibrils. IUCRJ 2017; 4:795-811. [PMID: 29123682 PMCID: PMC5668865 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252517014324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Serial diffraction data collected at the Linac Coherent Light Source from crystalline amyloid fibrils delivered in a liquid jet show that the fibrils are well oriented in the jet. At low fibril concentrations, diffraction patterns are recorded from single fibrils; these patterns are weak and contain only a few reflections. Methods are developed for determining the orientation of patterns in reciprocal space and merging them in three dimensions. This allows the individual structure amplitudes to be calculated, thus overcoming the limitations of orientation and cylindrical averaging in conventional fibre diffraction analysis. The advantages of this technique should allow structural studies of fibrous systems in biology that are inaccessible using existing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H. Wojtas
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Kartik Ayyer
- Centre for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mengning Liang
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - Estelle Mossou
- Institut Laue-Langevin, Grenoble, France
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Keele University, England
| | - Filippo Romoli
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France
| | - Carolin Seuring
- Centre for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Michael Heymann
- Centre for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Hamburg, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Cornelius Gati
- Centre for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Eirini Ornithopoulou
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete and IESL/FORTH, Crete, Greece
| | - Lorenzo Galli
- Centre for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - P. Lourdu Xavier
- Centre for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Hamburg, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Frank
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
| | - Chun Hong Yoon
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - Thomas A. White
- Centre for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Saša Bajt
- Photon Science, DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna Mitraki
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete and IESL/FORTH, Crete, Greece
| | - Sebastien Boutet
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - Andrew Aquila
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - Anton Barty
- Centre for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - V. Trevor Forsyth
- Institut Laue-Langevin, Grenoble, France
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Keele University, England
| | - Henry N. Chapman
- Centre for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rick P. Millane
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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24
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Double-flow focused liquid injector for efficient serial femtosecond crystallography. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44628. [PMID: 28300169 PMCID: PMC5353652 DOI: 10.1038/srep44628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Serial femtosecond crystallography requires reliable and efficient delivery of fresh crystals across the beam of an X-ray free-electron laser over the course of an experiment. We introduce a double-flow focusing nozzle to meet this challenge, with significantly reduced sample consumption, while improving jet stability over previous generations of nozzles. We demonstrate its use to determine the first room-temperature structure of RNA polymerase II at high resolution, revealing new structural details. Moreover, the double-flow focusing nozzles were successfully tested with three other protein samples and the first room temperature structure of an extradiol ring-cleaving dioxygenase was solved by utilizing the improved operation and characteristics of these devices [corrected].
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25
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Calvey GD, Katz AM, Schaffer CB, Pollack L. Mixing injector enables time-resolved crystallography with high hit rate at X-ray free electron lasers. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2016; 3:054301. [PMID: 27679802 PMCID: PMC5010557 DOI: 10.1063/1.4961971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of protein structure provides essential insight into function, enhancing our understanding of diseases and enabling new treatment development. X-ray crystallography has been used to solve the structures of more than 100 000 proteins; however, the vast majority represent long-lived states that do not capture the functional motions of these molecular machines. Reactions triggered by the addition of a ligand can be the most challenging to detect with crystallography because of the difficulty of synchronizing reactions to create detectable quantities of transient states. The development of X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) and serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) enables new approaches for solving protein structures following the rapid diffusion of ligands into micron sized protein crystals. Conformational changes occurring on millisecond timescales can be detected and time-resolved. Here, we describe a new XFEL injector which incorporates a microfluidic mixer to rapidly combine reactant and sample milliseconds before the sample reaches the X-ray beam. The mixing injector consists of bonded, concentric glass capillaries. The fabrication process, employing custom laser cut centering spacers and UV curable epoxy, ensures precise alignment of capillaries for repeatable, centered sample flow and dependable mixing. Crystal delivery capillaries are 50 or 75 μm in diameter and can contain an integrated filter depending on the demands of the experiment. Reaction times can be varied from submillisecond to several hundred milliseconds. The injector features rapid and uniform mixing, low sample dilution, and high hit rates. It is fully compatible with existing SFX beamlines.
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Affiliation(s)
- George D Calvey
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Andrea M Katz
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Chris B Schaffer
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Lois Pollack
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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26
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Nelson G, Kirian RA, Weierstall U, Zatsepin NA, Faragó T, Baumbach T, Wilde F, Niesler FBP, Zimmer B, Ishigami I, Hikita M, Bajt S, Yeh SR, Rousseau DL, Chapman HN, Spence JCH, Heymann M. Three-dimensional-printed gas dynamic virtual nozzles for x-ray laser sample delivery. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:11515-30. [PMID: 27410079 PMCID: PMC5025224 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.011515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Reliable sample delivery is essential to biological imaging using X-ray Free Electron Lasers (XFELs). Continuous injection using the Gas Dynamic Virtual Nozzle (GDVN) has proven valuable, particularly for time-resolved studies. However, many important aspects of GDVN functionality have yet to be thoroughly understood and/or refined due to fabrication limitations. We report the application of 2-photon polymerization as a form of high-resolution 3D printing to fabricate high-fidelity GDVNs with submicron resolution. This technique allows rapid prototyping of a wide range of different types of nozzles from standard CAD drawings and optimization of crucial dimensions for optimal performance. Three nozzles were tested with pure water to determine general nozzle performance and reproducibility, with nearly reproducible off-axis jetting being the result. X-ray tomography and index matching were successfully used to evaluate the interior nozzle structures and identify the cause of off-axis jetting. Subsequent refinements to fabrication resulted in straight jetting. A performance test of printed nozzles at an XFEL provided high quality femtosecond diffraction patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett Nelson
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287,
USA
| | - Richard A. Kirian
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287,
USA
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg,
Germany
| | - Uwe Weierstall
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287,
USA
| | - Nadia A. Zatsepin
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287,
USA
| | - Tomáš Faragó
- Synchrotron Facility ANKA, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology KIT, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein- Leopoldshafen,
Germany
| | - Tilo Baumbach
- Synchrotron Facility ANKA, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology KIT, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein- Leopoldshafen,
Germany
| | - Fabian Wilde
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht,
Germany
| | - Fabian B. P. Niesler
- Nanoscribe GmbH, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen,
Germany
| | - Benjamin Zimmer
- Nanoscribe GmbH, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen,
Germany
| | - Izumi Ishigami
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461,
USA
| | - Masahide Hikita
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461,
USA
| | - Saša Bajt
- Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg,
Germany
| | - Syun-Ru Yeh
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461,
USA
| | - Denis L. Rousseau
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461,
USA
| | - Henry N. Chapman
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg,
Germany
| | - John C. H. Spence
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287,
USA
| | - Michael Heymann
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg,
Germany
- present address: Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried,
Germany
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