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Xiao X, Yuan C, Li T, Fock J, Svedlindh P, Tian B. Optomagnetic biosensors: Volumetric sensing based on magnetic actuation-induced optical modulations. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 215:114560. [PMID: 35841765 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In comparison to alternative nanomaterials, magnetic micron/nano-sized particles show unique advantages, e.g., easy manipulation, stable signal, and high contrast. By applying magnetic actuation, magnetic particles exert forces on target objects for highly selective operation even in non-purified samples. We herein describe a subgroup of magnetic biosensors, namely optomagnetic biosensors, which employ alternating magnetic fields to generate periodic movements of magnetic labels. The optical modulation induced by the dynamics of magnetic labels is then analyzed by photodetectors, providing information of, e.g., hydrodynamic size changes of the magnetic labels. Optomagnetic sensing mechanisms can suppress the noise (by performing lock-in detection), accelerate the reaction (by magnetic force-enhanced molecular collision), and facilitate homogeneous/volumetric detection. Moreover, optomagnetic sensing can be performed using a low magnetic field (<10 mT) without sophisticated light sources or pickup coils, further enhancing its applicability for point-of-care tests. This review concentrates on optomagnetic biosensing techniques of different concepts classified by the magnetic actuation strategy, i.e., magnetic field-enhanced agglutination, rotating magnetic field-based particle rotation, and oscillating magnetic field-induced Brownian relaxation. Optomagnetic sensing principles applied with different actuation strategies are introduced as well. For each representative optomagnetic biosensor, a simple immunoassay strategy-based application is introduced (if possible) for methodological comparison. Thereafter, challenges and perspectives are discussed, including minimization of nonspecific binding, on-chip integration, and multiplex detection, all of which are key requirements in point-of-care diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhou Xiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Chuqi Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Jeppe Fock
- Blusense Diagnostics ApS, Fruebjergvej 3, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Svedlindh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala University, Box 35, SE-751 03, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bo Tian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha Hunan, 410013, China.
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Qu J, Chenier M, Zhang Y, Xu CQ. A Microflow Cytometry-Based Agglutination Immunoassay for Point-of-Care Quantitative Detection of SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12040433. [PMID: 33919836 PMCID: PMC8070841 DOI: 10.3390/mi12040433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, sensitive and simple microflow cytometry-based agglutination immunoassay (MCIA) was developed for point-of-care (POC) quantitative detection of SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG antibodies. The antibody concentration was determined by using the transit time of beads aggregates. A linear relationship was established between the average transit time and the concentration of SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG, respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) of SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG by the MCIA measurement are 0.06 mg/L and 0.10 mg/L, respectively. The 10 µL sample consumption, 30 min assay time and the compact setup make this technique suitable for POC quantitative detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxi Qu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; (J.Q.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Mathieu Chenier
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada;
| | - Yushan Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; (J.Q.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Chang-qing Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; (J.Q.); (Y.Z.)
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-905-525-9140
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Huang L, Benson JD, Almasri M. Microfluidic measurement of individual cell membrane water permeability. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1163:338441. [PMID: 34024416 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports a microfluidic lab-on-chip for dynamic particle sizing and real time individual cell membrane permeability measurements. To achieve this, the device measures the impedance change of individual cells or particles at up to ten time points after mixing with different media, e.g. dimethyl sulfoxide or DI water, from separate inlets. These measurements are enabled by ten gold electrode pairs spread across a 20 mm long microchannel. The device measures impedance values within 0.26 s after mixing with other media, has a detection throughput of 150 samples/second, measures impedance values at all ten electrodes at this rate, and allows tracking of individual cell volume changes caused by cell osmosis in anisosmotic fluids over a 1.3 s postmixing timespan, facilitating accurate individual cell estimates of water permeability. The design and testing were performed using yeast cells (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The relationship between volume and impedance in both polystyrene calibration beads as well as the volume-osmolality relationship in yeast were demonstrated. Moreover, we present the first noninvasive and non-optically-based water permeability measurements in individual cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James D Benson
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Qu J, Zhang Y, Chenier M, Xu CQ, Chen L, Wan Y. A Transit Time-Resolved Microflow Cytometry-Based Agglutination Immunoassay for On-Site C-Reactive Protein Detection. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12020109. [PMID: 33499089 PMCID: PMC7911971 DOI: 10.3390/mi12020109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
An accurate and rapid microflow cytometry-based agglutination immunoassay (MCIA) suitable for on-site antibody or antigen detection was proposed. In this study, quantitative C-reactive protein (CRP) detection was chosen as a model assay in order to demonstrate the detection principle. The average transit time was employed to estimate the extent of the agglutination reaction and improve the detection accuracy as compared to the intensity-dependent methods. The detection time was less than 8 min. and only a 20 µL serum sample was needed for each test. The results showed a linear relationship between the average transit time of aggregates and CRP concentrations ranging from 0 to 1 µg/mL. The R2 of this relationship was 0.99. The detection limit of this technology was 0.12 µg/mL CRP. The system used for CRP detection can be extended to also monitor other clinically relevant molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxi Qu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; (J.Q.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yushan Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; (J.Q.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Mathieu Chenier
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada;
| | - Chang-qing Xu
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-905-525-9140
| | - Lan Chen
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; (L.C.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yonghong Wan
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; (L.C.); (Y.W.)
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Zhang S, Ma Z, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Cheng Y, Wang W, Ye X. On-chip immuno-agglutination assay based on a dynamic magnetic bead clump and a sheath-less flow cytometry. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2019; 13:044102. [PMID: 31312287 PMCID: PMC6624121 DOI: 10.1063/1.5093766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Immunoagglutination assay is a promising approach for the detection of waterborne analytes like virus, cells, proteins with its advantages such as a smaller amount of reagents and easier operation. This paper presents a microfluidic agglutination assay on which all the assay processes including analyte capture, agglutination, and detection are performed. The chip integrates an on-chip pump for sample loading, a dynamic magnetic bead (MB) clump for analyte capture and agglutination, and a sheath-less flow cytometry for particle detection, sizing, and counting. The chip is tested with streptavidin-coated MBs and biotinylated bovine serum albumin as a model assay, which realizes a limit of detection (LOD) of 1 pM. Then, an antigen/antibody assay using rabbit IgG and goat anti-rabbit IgG coated MBs is tested and a LOD of 5.5 pM is achieved. At last, human ferritin in 10% fetal bovine serum is tested with Ab-functionalized MBs and the detection achieves a LOD of 8.5 pM. The whole procedure takes only 10 min in total.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Wenhui Wang
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: and
| | - Xiongying Ye
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: and
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Castro D, Conchouso D, Kodzius R, Arevalo A, Foulds IG. High-Throughput Incubation and Quantification of Agglutination Assays in a Microfluidic System. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E281. [PMID: 29867050 PMCID: PMC6027479 DOI: 10.3390/genes9060281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we present a two-phase microfluidic system capable of incubating and quantifying microbead-based agglutination assays. The microfluidic system is based on a simple fabrication solution, which requires only laboratory tubing filled with carrier oil, driven by negative pressure using a syringe pump. We provide a user-friendly interface, in which a pipette is used to insert single droplets of a 1.25-µL volume into a system that is continuously running and therefore works entirely on demand without the need for stopping, resetting or washing the system. These assays are incubated by highly efficient passive mixing with a sample-to-answer time of 2.5 min, a 5⁻10-fold improvement over traditional agglutination assays. We study system parameters such as channel length, incubation time and flow speed to select optimal assay conditions, using the streptavidin-biotin interaction as a model analyte quantified using optical image processing. We then investigate the effect of changing the concentration of both analyte and microbead concentrations, with a minimum detection limit of 100 ng/mL. The system can be both low- and high-throughput, depending on the rate at which assays are inserted. In our experiments, we were able to easily produce throughputs of 360 assays per hour by simple manual pipetting, which could be increased even further by automation and parallelization. Agglutination assays are a versatile tool, capable of detecting an ever-growing catalog of infectious diseases, proteins and metabolites. A system such as this one is a step towards being able to produce high-throughput microfluidic diagnostic solutions with widespread adoption. The development of analytical techniques in the microfluidic format, such as the one presented in this work, is an important step in being able to continuously monitor the performance and microfluidic outputs of organ-on-chip devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Castro
- Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences & Engineering Division (CEMSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), 4700 KAUST, Thuwal, Jeddah 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - David Conchouso
- Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences & Engineering Division (CEMSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), 4700 KAUST, Thuwal, Jeddah 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Rimantas Kodzius
- Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences & Engineering Division (CEMSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), 4700 KAUST, Thuwal, Jeddah 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
- Mathematics and Natural Sciences Department, The American University of Iraq, Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah 46001, Iraq.
- Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), 80539 Munich, Germany.
| | - Arpys Arevalo
- Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences & Engineering Division (CEMSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), 4700 KAUST, Thuwal, Jeddah 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ian G Foulds
- Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences & Engineering Division (CEMSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), 4700 KAUST, Thuwal, Jeddah 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
- Okanagan Campus, School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, University of British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada.
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Zhao J, You Z. Using binary optical elements (BOEs) to generate rectangular spots for illumination in micro flow cytometer. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2016; 10:054111. [PMID: 27733892 PMCID: PMC5045444 DOI: 10.1063/1.4963010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This work introduces three rectangular quasi-flat-top spots, which are provided by binary optical elements (BOEs) and utilized for the illumination in a microflow cytometer. The three spots contain, respectively, one, two, and three rectangles (R1, R2, and R3). To test the performance of this mechanism, a microflow cytometer is established by integrating the BOEs and a three-dimensional hydrodynamic focusing chip. Through the experiments of detecting fluorescence microbeads, the three spots present good fluorescence coefficients of variation in comparison with those derived from commercial instruments. Benefiting from a high spatial resolution, when using R1 spot, the micro flow cytometer can perform a throughput as high as 20 000 events per second (eps). Illuminated by R2 or R3 spot, one bead emits fluorescence twice or thrice, thus the velocity can be measured in real time. Besides, the R3 spot provides a long-time exposure, which is conducive to improving fluorescence intensity and the measurement stability. In brief, using the spots shaped and homogenized by BOEs for illumination can increase the performance and the functionality of a micro flow cytometer.
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Schrittwieser S, Pelaz B, Parak WJ, Lentijo-Mozo S, Soulantica K, Dieckhoff J, Ludwig F, Guenther A, Tschöpe A, Schotter J. Homogeneous Biosensing Based on Magnetic Particle Labels. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16060828. [PMID: 27275824 PMCID: PMC4934254 DOI: 10.3390/s16060828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The growing availability of biomarker panels for molecular diagnostics is leading to an increasing need for fast and sensitive biosensing technologies that are applicable to point-of-care testing. In that regard, homogeneous measurement principles are especially relevant as they usually do not require extensive sample preparation procedures, thus reducing the total analysis time and maximizing ease-of-use. In this review, we focus on homogeneous biosensors for the in vitro detection of biomarkers. Within this broad range of biosensors, we concentrate on methods that apply magnetic particle labels. The advantage of such methods lies in the added possibility to manipulate the particle labels by applied magnetic fields, which can be exploited, for example, to decrease incubation times or to enhance the signal-to-noise-ratio of the measurement signal by applying frequency-selective detection. In our review, we discriminate the corresponding methods based on the nature of the acquired measurement signal, which can either be based on magnetic or optical detection. The underlying measurement principles of the different techniques are discussed, and biosensing examples for all techniques are reported, thereby demonstrating the broad applicability of homogeneous in vitro biosensing based on magnetic particle label actuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schrittwieser
- Molecular Diagnostics, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Vienna1220, Austria.
| | - Beatriz Pelaz
- Fachbereich Physik, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg 35037, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang J Parak
- Fachbereich Physik, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg 35037, Germany.
| | - Sergio Lentijo-Mozo
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-objets (LPCNO), Université de Toulouse, INSA, UPS, CNRS, Toulouse 31077, France.
| | - Katerina Soulantica
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-objets (LPCNO), Université de Toulouse, INSA, UPS, CNRS, Toulouse 31077, France.
| | - Jan Dieckhoff
- Institute of Electrical Measurement and Fundamental Electrical Engineering, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38106, Germany.
| | - Frank Ludwig
- Institute of Electrical Measurement and Fundamental Electrical Engineering, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38106, Germany.
| | - Annegret Guenther
- Experimentalphysik, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany.
| | - Andreas Tschöpe
- Experimentalphysik, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany.
| | - Joerg Schotter
- Molecular Diagnostics, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Vienna1220, Austria.
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Ma Z, Zhang P, Cheng Y, Xie S, Zhang S, Ye X. Homogeneous agglutination assay based on micro-chip sheathless flow cytometry. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2015; 9:066501. [PMID: 26649133 PMCID: PMC4670445 DOI: 10.1063/1.4936926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Homogeneous assays possess important advantages that no washing or physical separation is required, contributing to robust protocols and easy implementation which ensures potential point-of-care applications. Optimizing the detection strategy to reduce the number of reagents used and simplify the detection device is desirable. A method of homogeneous bead-agglutination assay based on micro-chip sheathless flow cytometry has been developed. The detection processes include mixing the capture-probe conjugated beads with an analyte containing sample, followed by flowing the reaction mixtures through the micro-chip sheathless flow cytometric device. The analyte concentrations were detected by counting the proportion of monomers in the reaction mixtures. Streptavidin-coated magnetic beads and biotinylated bovine serum albumin (bBSA) were used as a model system to verify the method, and detection limits of 0.15 pM and 1.5 pM for bBSA were achieved, using commercial Calibur and the developed micro-chip sheathless flow cytometric device, respectively. The setup of the micro-chip sheathless flow cytometric device is significantly simple; meanwhile, the system maintains relatively high sensitivity, which mainly benefits from the application of forward scattering to distinguish aggregates from monomers. The micro-chip sheathless flow cytometric device for bead agglutination detection provides us with a promising method for versatile immunoassays on microfluidic platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengshuai Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University , Beijing, China
| | - Pan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University , Beijing, China
| | - Yinuo Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University , Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University , Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University , Beijing, China
| | - Xiongying Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University , Beijing, China
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