1
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Kohn JT, Gildemeister N, Grimme S, Fazzi D, Hansen A. Efficient calculation of electronic coupling integrals with the dimer projection method via a density matrix tight-binding potential. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:144106. [PMID: 37818996 DOI: 10.1063/5.0167484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Designing organic semiconductors for practical applications in organic solar cells, organic field-effect transistors, and organic light-emitting diodes requires understanding charge transfer mechanisms across different length and time scales. The underlying electron transfer mechanisms can be efficiently explored using semiempirical quantum mechanical (SQM) methods. The dimer projection (DIPRO) method combined with the recently introduced non-self-consistent density matrix tight-binding potential (PTB) [Grimme et al., J. Chem. Phys. 158, 124111 (2023)] is used in this study to evaluate charge transfer integrals important for understanding charge transport mechanisms. PTB, parameterized for the entire Periodic Table up to Z = 86, incorporates approximate non-local exchange, allowing for efficient and accurate calculations for large hetero-organic compounds. Benchmarking against established databases, such as Blumberger's HAB sets, or our newly introduced JAB69 set and comparing with high-level reference data from ωB97X-D4 calculations confirm that DIPRO@PTB consistently performs well among the tested SQM approaches for calculating coupling integrals. DIPRO@PTB yields reasonably accurate results at low computational cost, making it suitable for screening purposes and applications to large systems, such as metal-organic frameworks and cyanine-based molecular aggregates further discussed in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Kohn
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstrasse 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - N Gildemeister
- Department of Chemistry, Greinstrasse 4-6, 50939 Köln, Germany
| | - S Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstrasse 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - D Fazzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician," Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - A Hansen
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstrasse 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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2
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Pann J, Viertl W, Roithmeyer H, Pehn R, Hofer TS, Brüggeller P. Insights into Proton Coupled Electron Transfer in the Field of Artificial Photosynthesis. Isr J Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202100035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johann Pann
- Institute of General Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry Centrum for Chemistry and Biomedicine University of Innsbruck Innrain 80-82 A-6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Wolfgang Viertl
- Institute of General Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry Centrum for Chemistry and Biomedicine University of Innsbruck Innrain 80-82 A-6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Helena Roithmeyer
- Institute of General Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry Centrum for Chemistry and Biomedicine University of Innsbruck Innrain 80-82 A-6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Richard Pehn
- Institute of General Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry Centrum for Chemistry and Biomedicine University of Innsbruck Innrain 80-82 A-6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Thomas S. Hofer
- Institute of General Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry Centrum for Chemistry and Biomedicine University of Innsbruck Innrain 80-82 A-6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Peter Brüggeller
- Institute of General Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry Centrum for Chemistry and Biomedicine University of Innsbruck Innrain 80-82 A-6020 Innsbruck Austria
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3
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Ricci G, Canola S, Dai Y, Fazzi D, Negri F. Impact of Fluoroalkylation on the n-Type Charge Transport of Two Naphthodithiophene Diimide Derivatives. Molecules 2021; 26:4119. [PMID: 34299394 PMCID: PMC8307299 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we investigate two recently synthesized naphthodithiophene diimide (NDTI) derivatives featuring promising n-type charge transport properties. We analyze the charge transport pathways and model charge mobility with the non-adiabatic hopping mechanism using the Marcus-Levich-Jortner rate constant formulation, highlighting the role of fluoroalkylated substitution in α (α-NDTI) and at the imide nitrogen (N-NDTI) position. In contrast with the experimental results, similar charge mobilities are computed for the two derivatives. However, while α-NDTI displays remarkably anisotropic mobilities with an almost one-dimensional directionality, N-NDTI sustains a more isotropic charge percolation pattern. We propose that the strong anisotropic charge transport character of α-NDTI is responsible for the modest measured charge mobility. In addition, when the role of thermally induced transfer integral fluctuations is investigated, the computed electron-phonon couplings for intermolecular sliding modes indicate that dynamic disorder effects are also more detrimental for the charge transport of α-NDTI than N-NDTI. The lower observed mobility of α-NDTI is therefore rationalized in terms of a prominent anisotropic character of the charge percolation pathways, with the additional contribution of dynamic disorder effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Ricci
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (G.R.); (S.C.); (Y.D.)
| | - Sofia Canola
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (G.R.); (S.C.); (Y.D.)
| | - Yasi Dai
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (G.R.); (S.C.); (Y.D.)
| | - Daniele Fazzi
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Department für Chemie, Universität zu Köln, Greinstr. 4-6, D-50939 Köln, Germany
| | - Fabrizia Negri
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (G.R.); (S.C.); (Y.D.)
- INSTM, UdR Bologna, Via F. Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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4
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Kubas A. How the Donor/Acceptor Spin States Affect the Electronic Couplings in Molecular Charge-Transfer Processes? J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:2917-2927. [PMID: 33830757 PMCID: PMC8154369 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The electronic coupling
matrix element HAB is an essential ingredient
of most electron-transfer theories. HAB depends on the overlap between donor and
acceptor wave functions and is affected by the involved states’
spin. We classify the spin-state effects into three categories: orbital
occupation, spin-dependent electron density, and density delocalization.
The orbital occupancy reflects the diverse chemical nature and reactivity
of the spin states of interest. The effect of spin-dependent density
is related to a more compact electron density cloud at lower spin
states due to decreased exchange interactions between electrons. Density
delocalization is strongly connected with the covalency concept that
increases the spatial extent of the diabatic state’s electron
density in specific directions. We illustrate these effects with high-level ab initio calculations on model direct donor–acceptor
systems relevant to metal oxide materials and biological electron
transfer. Obtained results can be used to benchmark existing methods
for HAB calculations in complicated cases
such as spin-crossover materials or antiferromagnetically coupled
systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kubas
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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5
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Mao Y, Montoya-Castillo A, Markland TE. Excited state diabatization on the cheap using DFT: Photoinduced electron and hole transfer. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:244111. [PMID: 33380087 DOI: 10.1063/5.0035593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Excited state electron and hole transfer underpin fundamental steps in processes such as exciton dissociation at photovoltaic heterojunctions, photoinduced charge transfer at electrodes, and electron transfer in photosynthetic reaction centers. Diabatic states corresponding to charge or excitation localized species, such as locally excited and charge transfer states, provide a physically intuitive framework to simulate and understand these processes. However, obtaining accurate diabatic states and their couplings from adiabatic electronic states generally leads to inaccurate results when combined with low-tier electronic structure methods, such as time-dependent density functional theory, and exorbitant computational cost when combined with high-level wavefunction-based methods. Here, we introduce a density functional theory (DFT)-based diabatization scheme that directly constructs the diabatic states using absolutely localized molecular orbitals (ALMOs), which we denote as Δ-ALMO(MSDFT2). We demonstrate that our method, which combines ALMO calculations with the ΔSCF technique to construct electronically excited diabatic states and obtains their couplings with charge-transfer states using our MSDFT2 scheme, gives accurate results for excited state electron and hole transfer in both charged and uncharged systems that underlie DNA repair, charge separation in donor-acceptor dyads, chromophore-to-solvent electron transfer, and singlet fission. This framework for the accurate and efficient construction of excited state diabats and evaluation of their couplings directly from DFT thus offers a route to simulate and elucidate photoinduced electron and hole transfer in large disordered systems, such as those encountered in the condensed phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuezhi Mao
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | | | - Thomas E Markland
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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6
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Ghan S, Kunkel C, Reuter K, Oberhofer H. Improved Projection-Operator Diabatization Schemes for the Calculation of Electronic Coupling Values. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:7431-7443. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Simiam Ghan
- Chair for Theoretical Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Christian Kunkel
- Chair for Theoretical Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Karsten Reuter
- Chair for Theoretical Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
- Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Harald Oberhofer
- Chair for Theoretical Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
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7
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Hong G, Pachter R, Essen LO, Ritz T. Electron transfer and spin dynamics of the radical-pair in the cryptochrome from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by computational analysis. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:065101. [PMID: 32061221 DOI: 10.1063/1.5133019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In an effort to elucidate the origin of avian magnetoreception, it was postulated that a radical-pair formed in a cryptochrome upon light activation provided the basis for the mechanism that enables an inclination compass sensitive to the geomagnetic field. Photoreduction in this case involves formation of a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-tryptophan (TRP) radical-pair, following electron transfer within a conserved TRP triad in the cryptochrome. Recently, an animal-like cryptochrome from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (CraCRY) was analyzed, demonstrating the role of a fourth aromatic residue, which serves as a terminal electron donor in the photoreduction pathway, resulting in the creation of a more distal radical-pair and exhibiting fast electron transfer. In this work, we investigated the electron transfer in CraCRY with a combination of free energy molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, frozen density functional theory, and QM/MM MD simulations, supporting the suggestion of a proton coupled electron transfer mechanism. Spin dynamics simulations discerned details on the dependence of the singlet yield on the direction of the external magnetic field for the [FAD•- TYRH•+] and [FAD•- TYR•] radical-pairs in CraCRY, in comparison with the previously modeled [FAD•- TRPH•+] radical-pair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongyi Hong
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, USA
| | - Ruth Pachter
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, USA
| | - Lars-Oliver Essen
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Philipps University, Marburg 35032, Germany
| | - Thorsten Ritz
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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8
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Gütlein P, Blumberger J, Oberhofer H. An Iterative Fragment Scheme for the ACKS2 Electronic Polarization Model: Application to Molecular Dimers and Chains. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:5723-5735. [PMID: 32701273 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of electrostatic interactions is a key ingredient in the force field-based simulation of condensed phase systems. Most approaches used fixed, site-specific point charges. Yet, it is now clear that many applications of force fields (FFs) demand more sophisticated treatments, prompting the implementation of charge equilibration methods in polarizable FFs to allow the redistribution of charge within the system. One approach allowing both, charge redistribution and site-specific polarization, while at the same time solving methodological shortcomings of earlier methods, is the first-principles-derived atom-condensed Kohn-Sham density functional theory method approximated to the second order (ACKS2). In this work, we present two fragment approaches to ACKS2, termed f-ACKS2 and a self-consistent version, scf-ACKS2, that treat condensed phase systems as a collection of electronically polarizable molecular fragments. The fragmentation approach to ACKS2 not only leads to a more transferable and less system-specific collection of electronic response parameters but also opens up the method to large condensed phase systems. We validate the accuracies of f-ACKS2 and scf-ACKS2 by comparing polarization energies and induced dipole moments for a number of charged hydrocarbon dimers against DFT reference calculations. Finally, we also apply both fragmented ACKS2 variants to calculate the polarization energy for electron-hole pair separation along a chain of anthracene molecules and find excellent agreement with reference DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Gütlein
- Chair for Theoretical Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Jochen Blumberger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.,Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 2 a, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Harald Oberhofer
- Chair for Theoretical Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
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9
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Giannini S, Ziogos OG, Carof A, Ellis M, Blumberger J. Flickering Polarons Extending over Ten Nanometres Mediate Charge Transport in High‐Mobility Organic Crystals. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.202000093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Giannini
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Thomas Young Centre University College London London WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Orestis George Ziogos
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Thomas Young Centre University College London London WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Antoine Carof
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques, CNRS, UMR No. 7019 Université de Lorraine BP 239 Vandœuvre‐lès‐Nancy Cedex 54506 France
| | - Matthew Ellis
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Thomas Young Centre University College London London WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Jochen Blumberger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Thomas Young Centre University College London London WC1E 6BT UK
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10
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Ma H, Wang W, Kim S, Cheng MH, Govoni M, Galli G. PyCDFT: A Python package for constrained density functional theory. J Comput Chem 2020; 41:1859-1867. [PMID: 32497321 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We present PyCDFT, a Python package to compute diabatic states using constrained density functional theory (CDFT). PyCDFT provides an object-oriented, customizable implementation of CDFT, and allows for both single-point self-consistent-field calculations and geometry optimizations. PyCDFT is designed to interface with existing density functional theory (DFT) codes to perform CDFT calculations where constraint potentials are added to the Kohn-Sham Hamiltonian. Here, we demonstrate the use of PyCDFT by performing calculations with a massively parallel first-principles molecular dynamics code, Qbox, and we benchmark its accuracy by computing the electronic coupling between diabatic states for a set of organic molecules. We show that PyCDFT yields results in agreement with existing implementations and is a robust and flexible package for performing CDFT calculations. The program is available at https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3821097.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Materials Science Division and Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, USA
| | - Wennie Wang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Siyoung Kim
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Man-Hin Cheng
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Marco Govoni
- Materials Science Division and Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, USA.,Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Giulia Galli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Materials Science Division and Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, USA.,Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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11
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Schütt KT, Gastegger M, Tkatchenko A, Müller KR, Maurer RJ. Unifying machine learning and quantum chemistry with a deep neural network for molecular wavefunctions. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5024. [PMID: 31729373 PMCID: PMC6858523 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12875-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Machine learning advances chemistry and materials science by enabling large-scale exploration of chemical space based on quantum chemical calculations. While these models supply fast and accurate predictions of atomistic chemical properties, they do not explicitly capture the electronic degrees of freedom of a molecule, which limits their applicability for reactive chemistry and chemical analysis. Here we present a deep learning framework for the prediction of the quantum mechanical wavefunction in a local basis of atomic orbitals from which all other ground-state properties can be derived. This approach retains full access to the electronic structure via the wavefunction at force-field-like efficiency and captures quantum mechanics in an analytically differentiable representation. On several examples, we demonstrate that this opens promising avenues to perform inverse design of molecular structures for targeting electronic property optimisation and a clear path towards increased synergy of machine learning and quantum chemistry. Machine learning models can accurately predict atomistic chemical properties but do not provide access to the molecular electronic structure. Here the authors use a deep learning approach to predict the quantum mechanical wavefunction at high efficiency from which other ground-state properties can be derived.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Schütt
- Machine Learning Group, Technische Universität Berlin, 10587, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Gastegger
- Machine Learning Group, Technische Universität Berlin, 10587, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Tkatchenko
- Physics and Materials Science Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, L-1511, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
| | - K-R Müller
- Machine Learning Group, Technische Universität Berlin, 10587, Berlin, Germany. .,Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Korea. .,Max-Planck-Institut für Informatik, Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - R J Maurer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CV4 7AL, Coventry, UK.
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12
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Mao Y, Montoya-Castillo A, Markland TE. Accurate and efficient DFT-based diabatization for hole and electron transfer using absolutely localized molecular orbitals. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:164114. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5125275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuezhi Mao
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | | | - Thomas E. Markland
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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13
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Kunkel C, Schober C, Oberhofer H, Reuter K. Knowledge discovery through chemical space networks: the case of organic electronics. J Mol Model 2019; 25:87. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-019-3950-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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14
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Canola S, Graham C, Pérez-Jiménez ÁJ, Sancho-García JC, Negri F. Charge transport parameters for carbon based nanohoops and donor-acceptor derivatives. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:2057-2068. [PMID: 30638227 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp06727a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The effect of donor-acceptor (D-A) moieties on magnitudes such as reorganization energies and electronic couplings in cycloparaphenylene (CPP) carbon based nanohoops (i.e. conjugated organic molecules with cyclic topology) is highlighted via model computations and analysis of the available crystalline structure of N,N-dimethylaza[8]CPP. For the sake of comparison, intra-molecular and inter-molecular charge transport parameters are concomitantly modelled for the recently determined herringbone polymorph of [6]CPP, along with [8]CPP and [12]CPP. The peculiar contribution of low frequency vibrations to intramolecular reorganization energies is also disclosed by computing the Huang-Rhys factors for the investigated [n]CPPs and the N,N-dimethylaza derivative. In contrast with most planar organic semiconductors where the layer in which molecules are herringbone arranged identifies the high-mobility plane, nanohoops disclose inter-layer electronic couplings larger than the intra-layer counterparts. Charge transfer rate constants modelled with three different approaches (Marcus, Marcus-Levich-Jortner and spectral overlap) suggest that D-A nanohoops, owing to orbital localization, may be more efficient for charge transport than [n]CPPs for suitable solid phase arrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Canola
- Dipartimento di Chimica 'G. Ciamician', Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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15
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Li X, Curtis FS, Rose T, Schober C, Vazquez-Mayagoitia A, Reuter K, Oberhofer H, Marom N. Genarris: Random generation of molecular crystal structures and fast screening with a Harris approximation. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:241701. [PMID: 29960303 DOI: 10.1063/1.5014038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We present Genarris, a Python package that performs configuration space screening for molecular crystals of rigid molecules by random sampling with physical constraints. For fast energy evaluations, Genarris employs a Harris approximation, whereby the total density of a molecular crystal is constructed via superposition of single molecule densities. Dispersion-inclusive density functional theory is then used for the Harris density without performing a self-consistency cycle. Genarris uses machine learning for clustering, based on a relative coordinate descriptor developed specifically for molecular crystals, which is shown to be robust in identifying packing motif similarity. In addition to random structure generation, Genarris offers three workflows based on different sequences of successive clustering and selection steps: the "Rigorous" workflow is an exhaustive exploration of the potential energy landscape, the "Energy" workflow produces a set of low energy structures, and the "Diverse" workflow produces a maximally diverse set of structures. The latter is recommended for generating initial populations for genetic algorithms. Here, the implementation of Genarris is reported and its application is demonstrated for three test cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiayue Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Farren S Curtis
- Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Timothy Rose
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Christoph Schober
- Chair for Theoretical Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universiät München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | | | - Karsten Reuter
- Chair for Theoretical Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universiät München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Harald Oberhofer
- Chair for Theoretical Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universiät München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Noa Marom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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16
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Hwang SY, Kim J, Kim WY. Fragment-orbital tunneling currents and electronic couplings for analysis of molecular charge-transfer systems. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:9146-9156. [PMID: 29560997 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp00266e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In theoretical charge-transfer research, calculation of the electronic coupling element is crucial for examining the degree of the electronic donor-acceptor interaction. The tunneling current (TC), representing the magnitudes and directions of electron flow, provides a way of evaluating electronic couplings, along with the ability of visualizing how electrons flow in systems. Here, we applied the TC theory to π-conjugated organic dimer systems, in the form of our fragment-orbital tunneling current (FOTC) method, which uses the frontier molecular-orbitals of system fragments as diabatic states. For a comprehensive test of FOTC, we assessed how reasonable the computed electronic couplings and the corresponding TC densities are for the hole- and electron-transfer databases HAB11 and HAB7. FOTC gave 12.5% mean relative unsigned error with regard to the high-level ab initio reference. The shown performance is comparable with that of fragment-orbital density functional theory, which gave the same error by 20.6% or 13.9% depending on the formulation. In the test of a set of nucleobase π stacks, we showed that the original TC expression is also applicable to nondegenerate cases under the condition that the overlap between the charge distributions of diabatic states is small enough to offset the energy difference. Lastly, we carried out visual analysis on the FOTC densities of thiophene dimers with different intermolecular alignments. The result depicts an intimate topological connection between the system geometry and electron flow. Our work provides quantitative and qualitative grounds for FOTC, showing it to be a versatile tool in characterization of molecular charge-transfer systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Yeon Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, 291 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jaewook Kim
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, 291 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Woo Youn Kim
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, 291 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Kim H, Goodson T, Zimmerman PM. Density Functional Physicality in Electronic Coupling Estimation: Benchmarks and Error Analysis. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:3242-3248. [PMID: 28661148 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b01434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Electronic coupling estimates from constrained density functional theory configuration interaction (CDFT-CI) depend critically on choice of density functional. In this Letter, the orbital multielectron self-interaction error (OMSIE), vertical electron affinity (VEA), and vertical ionization potential (VIP) are shown to be the key indicators inherited from the density functional that determine the accuracy of electronic coupling estimates. An error metric η is derived to connect the three properties, based on the linear proportionality between electronic coupling and overlap integral, and the hypothesis that the slope of this line is a function of VEA/VIP, η = (1/Ntestset)Σitestset|-VERef × OMSIE + ΔVE - ΔVE × OMSIE|i. Based on η, BH&HLYP and LRC-ωPBEh are suggested as the best functionals for electron and hole transfer, respectively. Error metric η is therefore a useful predictor of errors in CDFT-CI electronic coupling, showing that the physical correctness of the density functional has a direct effect on the accuracy of the electronic coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungjun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Theodore Goodson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Paul M Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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18
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Oberhofer H, Reuter K, Blumberger J. Charge Transport in Molecular Materials: An Assessment of Computational Methods. Chem Rev 2017. [PMID: 28644623 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The booming field of molecular electronics has fostered a surge of computational research on electronic properties of organic molecular solids. In particular, with respect to a microscopic understanding of transport and loss mechanisms, theoretical studies assume an ever-increasing role. Owing to the tremendous diversity of organic molecular materials, a great number of computational methods have been put forward to suit every possible charge transport regime, material, and need for accuracy. With this review article we aim at providing a compendium of the available methods, their theoretical foundations, and their ranges of validity. We illustrate these through applications found in the literature. The focus is on methods available for organic molecular crystals, but mention is made wherever techniques are suitable for use in other related materials such as disordered or polymeric systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Oberhofer
- Chair for Theoretical Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Karsten Reuter
- Chair for Theoretical Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Jochen Blumberger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London , Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.,Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 2 a, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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19
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Ratcliff LE, Mohr S, Huhs G, Deutsch T, Masella M, Genovese L. Challenges in large scale quantum mechanical calculations. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. Ratcliff
- Argonne Leadership Computing Facility Argonne National Laboratory Lemon IL USA
| | - Stephan Mohr
- Department of Computer Applications in Science and Engineering Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC‐CNS) Barcelona Spain
| | - Georg Huhs
- Department of Computer Applications in Science and Engineering Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC‐CNS) Barcelona Spain
| | - Thierry Deutsch
- University Grenoble Alpes INAC‐MEM Grenoble France
- CEA, INAC‐MEM Grenoble France
| | - Michel Masella
- Laboratoire de Biologie Structurale et Radiologie, Service de Bioénergétique, Biologie Structurale et Mécanisme Institut de Biologie et de Technologie de Saclay, CEA Saclay Gif‐sur‐Yvette Cedex France
| | - Luigi Genovese
- University Grenoble Alpes INAC‐MEM Grenoble France
- CEA, INAC‐MEM Grenoble France
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20
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Schober C, Reuter K, Oberhofer H. Virtual Screening for High Carrier Mobility in Organic Semiconductors. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:3973-3977. [PMID: 27661442 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b01657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Low carrier mobilities still hamper the use of organic semiconductors in many applications. Using a staged virtual screening approach we compute the electronic couplings and intramolecular reorganization energies as two main descriptors for charge mobility for a set of 95 445 molecular crystals extracted from the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD). As a final step, on the basis of the calculated coupling values, we identify materials with long-range charge percolation pathways. Thus we readily find many acclaimed compounds as well as a number of most promising materials that have not yet been considered for an application in organic electronics. Together with the unique metadata provided in the CSD, the large descriptor database allows us to extract important trends and correlations that will further accelerate the theoretical design and discovery of high mobility organic semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Schober
- Chair for Theoretical Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universiät München , Lichtenbergstr. 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Karsten Reuter
- Chair for Theoretical Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universiät München , Lichtenbergstr. 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Harald Oberhofer
- Chair for Theoretical Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universiät München , Lichtenbergstr. 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
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21
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Gillet N, Berstis L, Wu X, Gajdos F, Heck A, de la Lande A, Blumberger J, Elstner M. Electronic Coupling Calculations for Bridge-Mediated Charge Transfer Using Constrained Density Functional Theory (CDFT) and Effective Hamiltonian Approaches at the Density Functional Theory (DFT) and Fragment-Orbital Density Functional Tight Binding (FODFTB) Level. J Chem Theory Comput 2016; 12:4793-4805. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.6b00564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Gillet
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstrasse
12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Laura Berstis
- National
Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver
West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Xiaojing Wu
- Laboratoire
de Chimie-Physique, Université Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, Campus d’Orsay. 15, avenue Jean Perrin, 91405 Cedex Orsay, France
| | - Fruzsina Gajdos
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WCIE 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Heck
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstrasse
12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Aurélien de la Lande
- Laboratoire
de Chimie-Physique, Université Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, Campus d’Orsay. 15, avenue Jean Perrin, 91405 Cedex Orsay, France
| | - Jochen Blumberger
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WCIE 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus Elstner
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstrasse
12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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22
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Hernández-Fernández F, Pavanello M, Visscher L. Effect of metallation, substituents and inter/intra-molecular polarization on electronic couplings for hole transport in stacked porphyrin dyads. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:21122-32. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp00516k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Hole transport properties for stacked porphyrins are analyzed with density functional theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Hernández-Fernández
- Theoretical Chemistry
- Faculty of Sciences
- VU University Amsterdam
- 1081 HV Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - M. Pavanello
- Department of Chemistry
- Rutgers University
- Newark
- USA
| | - L. Visscher
- Theoretical Chemistry
- Faculty of Sciences
- VU University Amsterdam
- 1081 HV Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
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