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Wu Y, Ma X, Li K, Yue Y, Zhang Z, Meng Y, Wang S. Bipolar Electrode-based Sheath-Less Focusing and Continuous Acoustic Sorting of Particles and Cells in an Integrated Microfluidic Device. Anal Chem 2024; 96:3627-3635. [PMID: 38346846 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Sheath-less focusing and sorting of cells or particles is an important preprocessing step in a variety of biochemical applications. Most of the previous sorting methods depend on the use of sheath flows to realize efficient cell focusing. The sheath flow dilutes the sample and requires precise flow control via additional channels. We, for the first time, reported a method of bipolar electrode (BPE)-based sheath-less focusing, switching, and tilted-angle standing surface acoustic wave-based sorting of cells and particles in continuous flow. The device consists of a piezoelectric substrate with a pair of BPEs for focusing and switching, and a pair of interdigitated transducers for cell sorting. Smaller cells experience a weak acoustic force and reach the lower outlet, whereas larger cells are subjected to a strong acoustic force such that they are propelled toward the upper outlet. We first validate the device functionality by sorting 5 and 8 μm PS beads with a high sorting efficiency. The working and deflection regions were increased by propelling the particle beam toward the bottom edge of BPE via changing the applied voltage of BPE, further improving the sorting performance with high efficiency (94%) and purity (92%). We then conducted a verification for sorting THP-1 and yeast cells, and the efficiency and purity reached 90.7 and 91.5%, respectively. This integrated device eliminates the requirement of balancing the flow of several sheath inlets and provides a robust and unique approach for cell sorting applications, showing immense promise in various applications, such as medical diagnosis, drug delivery, and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupan Wu
- School of Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, PR China
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518000, PR China
- Yangtze River Delta Research Institute of NPU, Taicang 215400, PR China
| | - Xun Ma
- School of Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, PR China
| | - Kemu Li
- School of Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, PR China
| | - Yuanbo Yue
- School of Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, PR China
| | - Zhexin Zhang
- School of Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, PR China
| | - Yingqi Meng
- Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201800, PR China
| | - Shaoxi Wang
- School of Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, PR China
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2
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Manshadi MKD, Saadat M, Mohammadi M, Sanati Nezhad A. A Novel Electrokinetic-Based Technique for the Isolation of Circulating Tumor Cells. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:2062. [PMID: 38004919 PMCID: PMC10672846 DOI: 10.3390/mi14112062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
The separation of rare cells from complex biofluids has attracted attention in biological research and clinical applications, especially for cancer detection and treatment. In particular, various technologies and methods have been developed for the isolation of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the blood. Among them, the induced-charge electrokinetic (ICEK) flow method has shown its high efficacy for cell manipulation where micro-vortices (MVs), generated as a result of induced charges on a polarizable surface, can effectively manipulate particles and cells in complex fluids. While the majority of MVs have been induced by AC electric fields, these vortices have also been observed under a DC electric field generated around a polarizable hurdle. In the present numerical work, the capability of MVs for the manipulation of CTCs and their entrapment in the DC electric field is investigated. First, the numerical results are verified against the available data in the literature. Then, various hurdle geometries are employed to find the most effective geometry for MV-based particle entrapment. The effects of electric field strength (EFS), wall zeta potential magnitude, and the particles' diameter on the trapping efficacy are further investigated. The results demonstrated that the MVs generated around only the rectangular hurdle are capable of trapping particles as large as the size of CTCs. An EFS of about 75 V/cm was shown to be effective for the entrapment of above 90% of CTCs in the MVs. In addition, an EFS of 85 V/cm demonstrated a capability for isolating particles larger than 8 µm from a suspension of particles/cells 1-25 µm in diameter, useful for the enrichment of cancer cells and potentially for the real-time and non-invasive monitoring of drug effectiveness on circulating cancer cells in blood circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahsa Saadat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA;
| | - Mehdi Mohammadi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada;
| | - Amir Sanati Nezhad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada;
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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3
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Tao Y, Liu W, Song C, Ge Z, Li Z, Li Y, Ren Y. Numerical investigation of field‐effect control on hybrid electrokinetics for continuous and position‐tunable nanoparticle concentration in microfluidics. Electrophoresis 2022; 43:2074-2092. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tao
- School of Mechatronics Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin P. R. China
| | - Weiyu Liu
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering Chang'an University Xi'an P. R. China
| | - Chunlei Song
- School of Mechatronics Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin P. R. China
| | - Zhenyou Ge
- School of Mechatronics Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin P. R. China
| | - Zhaokai Li
- School of Automotive Studies Chang'an University Xi'an P. R. China
| | - Yanbo Li
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering Chang'an University Xi'an P. R. China
| | - Yukun Ren
- School of Mechatronics Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin P. R. China
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4
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Liu W, Tao Y, Xue R, Song C, Wu Q, Ren Y. Continuous-Flow Nanoparticle Trapping Driven by Hybrid Electrokinetics in Microfluidics. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:939-949. [PMID: 32705697 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We introduce herein an efficient microfluidic approach for continuous transport and localized collection of nanoparticles via hybrid electrokinetics, which delicately combines linear and nonlinear electrokinetics driven by a composite DC-biased AC voltage signal. The proposed technique utilizes a simple geometrical structure, in which one or a series of metal strips serving as floating electrode (FE) are attached to the substrate surface and arranged in parallel between a pair of coplanar driving electrodes (DE) in a straight microchannel. On application of a DC-biased AC electric field across the channel, nanoparticles can be transported continuously by DC bulk electroosmotic flow, and then trapped selectively onto the metal strips due to AC-field induced-charge electrokinetic (ICEK) phenomenon, which behaves as counter-rotating micro-vortices around the ideally polarizable surfaces of FE. Finite-element simulation is carried out by coupling the dual-frequency electric field, flow field and sample mass transfer in sequence, for guiding a practical design of the microfluidic nanoparticle concentrator. With the optimal device geometry, the actual performance of the technique is investigated with respect to DC bias, AC voltage amplitude, and field frequency by using both latex nanospheres (∼500 nm) and BSA molecules (∼10 nm). Our experimental observation indicates nanoparticles are always enriched into a narrow bright band on the surface of each FE, and a horizontal concentration gradient even emerges in the presence of multiple metal strips, which therefore permits localized analyte enrichment. The proposed trapping method is supposed to guide an elaborate design of flexible electrokinetic frameworks embedding FE for continuous-flow analyte manipulation in modern microfluidic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyu Liu
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering, Chang'an University, Middle-Section of Nan'er Huan Road, Xi'an, 710064, P. R. China
| | - Ye Tao
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Rui Xue
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Chunlei Song
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Qisheng Wu
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering, Chang'an University, Middle-Section of Nan'er Huan Road, Xi'an, 710064, P. R. China
| | - Yukun Ren
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-Zhi Street 92, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, P. R. China
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5
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Zhang Y, Jiang W, Gu T, Han J, Lei B, Wang L, Liu H, Yin L, Chen B, Shi Y. Multidomain Oriented Particle Chains Based on Spatial Electric Field and Their Optical Application. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:11546-11555. [PMID: 32933255 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The manipulation technology of particles is significant in drug screening, disease detection and treatment, etc. Here, we reported the multidomain oriented particle chains based on a spatial electric field and their optical application. According to the differences in the dielectric behavior of particles, the preparation of multidomain oriented particle chains in the gel was successfully realized by using the dielectrophoretic force and electroosmotic rotation. This provides a new idea for manufacturing multistructure, multilayer, and multifunctional intelligent response materials. In addition, the factors affecting the alignment height of the particles in the gel were discussed, which was the basis for the preparation of bilayer particle chains. As an example of structural hierarchy, particle assembly has broad application prospects in optoelectronic devices and soft robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Weitao Jiang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Tongkai Gu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Jie Han
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Biao Lei
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Lanlan Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Hongzhong Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Lei Yin
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Bangdao Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Yongsheng Shi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
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6
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A Numerical Investigation of Enhancing Microfluidic Heterogeneous Immunoassay on Bipolar Electrodes Driven by Induced-Charge Electroosmosis in Rotating Electric Fields. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11080739. [PMID: 32751505 PMCID: PMC7463963 DOI: 10.3390/mi11080739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A unique approach is proposed to boost on-chip immuno-sensors, for instance, immunoassays, wherein an antibody immobilized on the walls of a microfluidic channel binds specifically to an antigen suspended freely within a working fluid. The performance of these sensors can be limited in both susceptibility and response speed by the slow diffusive mass transfer of the analyte to the binding surface. Under appropriate conditions, the binding reaction of these heterogeneous immuno-assays may be enhanced by electroconvective stirring driven by external AC electric fields to accelerate the translating motion of antigens towards immobilized antibodies. To be specific, the phenomenon of induced-charge electroosmosis in a rotating electric field (ROT-ICEO) is fully utilized to stir analyte in the vicinity of the functionalized surface of an ideally polarizable floating electrode in all directions inside a tri-dimensional space. ROT-ICEO appears as a consequence of the action of a circularly-polarized traveling wave signal on its own induced rotary Debye screening charge within a bipolar induced double layer formed on the central floating electrode, and thereby the pertinent electrokinetic streamlines exhibit a radially converging pattern that greatly facilitates the convective transport of receptor towards the ligand. Numerical simulations indicate that ROT-ICEO can enhance the antigen–antibody binding reaction more effectively than convectional nonlinear electroosmosis driven by standing wave AC signals. The effectiveness of ROT-ICEO micro-stirring is strongly dependent on the Damkohler number as well as the Peclet number if the antigens are carried by a continuous base flow. Our results provide a promising way for achieving a highly efficient heterogeneous immunoassay in modern micro-total-analytical systems.
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7
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Liu W, Ren Y, Xue R, Song C, Wu Q. On ion transport regulation with field‐effect nonlinear electroosmosis control in microfluidics embedding an ion‐selective medium. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:778-792. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiyu Liu
- School of Electronics and Control EngineeringChang'an University Xi'an P. R. China
| | - Yukun Ren
- School of Mechatronics EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology Harbin P. R. China
| | - Rui Xue
- School of Mechatronics EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology Harbin P. R. China
| | - Chunlei Song
- School of Mechatronics EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology Harbin P. R. China
| | - Qisheng Wu
- School of Electronics and Control EngineeringChang'an University Xi'an P. R. China
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8
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Multifrequency Induced-Charge Electroosmosis. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10070447. [PMID: 31277290 PMCID: PMC6680487 DOI: 10.3390/mi10070447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We present herein a unique concept of multifrequency induced-charge electroosmosis (MICEO) actuated directly on driving electrode arrays, for highly-efficient simultaneous transport and convective mixing of fluidic samples in microscale ducts. MICEO delicately combines transversal AC electroosmotic vortex flow, and axial traveling-wave electroosmotic pump motion under external dual-Fourier-mode AC electric fields. The synthetic flow field associated with MICEO is mathematically analyzed under thin layer limit, and the particle tracing experiment with a special powering technique validates the effectiveness of this physical phenomenon. Meanwhile, the simulation results with a full-scale 3D computation model demonstrate its robust dual-functionality in inducing fully-automated analyte transport and chaotic stirring in a straight fluidic channel embedding double-sided quarter-phase discrete electrode arrays. Our physical demonstration with multifrequency signal control on nonlinear electroosmosis provides invaluable references for innovative designs of multifunctional on-chip analytical platforms in modern microfluidic systems.
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9
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Chen X, Ren Y, Hou L, Feng X, Jiang T, Jiang H. Induced charge electro-osmotic particle separation. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:6410-6421. [PMID: 30888357 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr09148j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Vortex-based separation is a promising method in particle-particle separation and has only been demonstrated theoretically some years ago. To date, a continuous-flow separation device based on vortices has not been conceived because many known vortices were either unstable or controlling them lacked precision. Electro-convection from induced charge electro-osmosis (ICEO) has advantages, such as adjustable flow profiles, long-range actuation, and long-lived vortices, and offers an alternative means of particle separation. We found though a different ICEO focusing behaviour of particles whereby particles were trapped and concentrated in two vortex cores. Encouraged by these features of ICEO vortices, we proposed a direct method for particle separation in continuous flow. In various experiments, we first characterized the ICEO-induced focusing performances of various kinds of particle samples in a straight channel embedded with an individual central bipolar electrode, presenting a justifiable explanation. Second, the combined dependences of ICEO particle separation on the sample size and mass density were investigated. Third, an application to cell purification was performed in which we obtained a purity surpassing 98%. Finally, we investigated the ICEO characteristics of nanoparticles, exploiting our method in isolating nanoscale objects by separating 500 nm and 5 μm polystyrene beads, gaining clear separation. Certain features of this method, such as having ease of operation, simple structure, and continuous flow, and being prefocusing free and physical property-based, indicate its good potential in tackling environmental monitoring, cell sorting, chemical analysis, isolation of uniform-sized graphene and transesterification of micro-algal lipids to biodiesel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Chen
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, PR China.
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10
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Chen X, Ren Y, Hou L, Feng X, Jiang T, Jiang H. Microparticle separation using asymmetrical induced-charge electro-osmotic vortices on an arc-edge-based floating electrode. Analyst 2019; 144:5150-5163. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an01230c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We developed a device for particle separation by designing an arc-edge-based floating electrode to alternately actuate opposite-direction asymmetrical induced-charge electro-osmotic vortices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Chen
- School of Mechatronics Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150001
- PR China
| | - Yukun Ren
- School of Mechatronics Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150001
- PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System
| | - Likai Hou
- School of Mechatronics Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150001
- PR China
| | - Xiangsong Feng
- School of Mechatronics Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150001
- PR China
| | - Tianyi Jiang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150001
- PR China
| | - Hongyuan Jiang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150001
- PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System
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11
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Ren Y, Song C, Liu W, Jiang T, Song J, Wu Q, Jiang H. On hybrid electroosmotic kinetics for field-effect-reconfigurable nanoparticle trapping in a four-terminal spiral microelectrode array. Electrophoresis 2018; 40:979-992. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yukun Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin Heilongjiang P. R. China
- The State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics (LNM); Institute of Mechanics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Chunlei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin Heilongjiang P. R. China
| | - Weiyu Liu
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering, and School of Highway; Chang'an University; Xi'an Shaanxi P. R. China
| | - Tianyi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin Heilongjiang P. R. China
| | - Jingni Song
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering, and School of Highway; Chang'an University; Xi'an Shaanxi P. R. China
| | - Qisheng Wu
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering, and School of Highway; Chang'an University; Xi'an Shaanxi P. R. China
| | - Hongyuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin Heilongjiang P. R. China
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12
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Sun H, Ren Y, Liu W, Feng X, Hou L, Tao Y, Jiang H. Flexible Continuous Particle Beam Switching via External-Field-Reconfigurable Asymmetric Induced-Charge Electroosmosis. Anal Chem 2018; 90:11376-11384. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Weiyu Liu
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering, Chang’an University, Middle-Section of Nan’er Huan Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710064, People’s Republic of China
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Du K, Liu W, Ren Y, Jiang T, Song J, Wu Q, Tao Y. A High-Throughput Electrokinetic Micromixer via AC Field-Effect Nonlinear Electroosmosis Control in 3D Electrode Configurations. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:E432. [PMID: 30424365 PMCID: PMC6187382 DOI: 10.3390/mi9090432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we make use of the AC field-effect flow control on induced-charge electroosmosis (ICEO), to develop an electrokinetic micromixer with 3D electrode layouts, greatly enhancing the device performance compared to its 2D counterpart of coplanar metal strips. A biased AC voltage wave applied to the central gate terminal, i.e., AC field-effect control, endows flow field-effect-transistor of ICEO the capability to produce arbitrary symmetry breaking in the transverse electrokinetic vortex flow pattern, which makes it fascinating for microfluidic mixing. Using the Debye-Huckel approximation, a mathematical model is established to test the feasibility of the new device design in stirring nanoparticle samples carried by co-flowing laminar streams. The effect of various experimental parameters on constructing a viable micromixer is investigated, and an integrated microdevice with a series of gate electrode bars disposed along the centerline of the channel bottom surface is proposed for realizing high-flux mixing. Our physical demonstration on field-effect nonlinear electroosmosis control in 3D electrode configurations provides useful guidelines for electroconvective manipulation of nanoscale objects in modern microfluidic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Du
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering, and School of Highway, Chang'an University, Middle-Section of Nan'er Huan Road, Xi'an 710064, China.
| | - Weiyu Liu
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering, and School of Highway, Chang'an University, Middle-Section of Nan'er Huan Road, Xi'an 710064, China.
| | - Yukun Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Tianyi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Jingni Song
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering, and School of Highway, Chang'an University, Middle-Section of Nan'er Huan Road, Xi'an 710064, China.
| | - Qian Wu
- Science and Technology on Reactor System Design Technology Laboratory, Nuclear Power Institute of China, Chengdu 610213, China.
| | - Ye Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin 150001, China.
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14
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Tao Y, Liu W, Ren Y, Hu Y, Li G, Ma G, Wu Q. On Developing Field-Effect-Tunable Nanofluidic Ion Diodes with Bipolar, Induced-Charge Electrokinetics. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:E179. [PMID: 30424112 PMCID: PMC6187358 DOI: 10.3390/mi9040179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We introduce herein the induced-charge electrokinetic phenomenon to nanometer fluidic systems; the design of the nanofluidic ion diode for field-effect ionic current control of the nanometer dimension is developed by enhancing internal ion concentration polarization through electrochemical transport of inhomogeneous inducing-counterions resulting from double gate terminals mounted on top of a thin dielectric layer, which covers the nanochannel connected to microfluidic reservoirs on both sides. A mathematical model based on the fully-coupled Poisson-Nernst-Plank-Navier-Stokes equations is developed to study the feasibility of this structural configuration causing effective ionic current rectification. The effect of various physiochemical and geometrical parameters, such as the native surface charge density on the nanochannel sidewalls, the number of gate electrodes (GE), the gate voltage magnitude, and the solution conductivity, permittivity, and thickness of the dielectric coating, as well as the size and position of the GE pair of opposite gate polarity, on the resulted rectification performance of the presented nanoscale ionic device is numerically analyzed by using a commercial software package, COMSOL Multiphysics (version 5.2). Three types of electrohydrodynamic flow, including electroosmosis of 1st kind, induced-charge electroosmosis, and electroosmosis of 2nd kind that were originated by the Coulomb force within three distinct charge layers coexist in the micro/nanofluidic hybrid network and are shown to simultaneously influence the output current flux in a complex manner. The rectification factor of a contrast between the 'on' and 'off' working states can even exceed one thousand-fold in the case of choosing a suitable combination of several key parameters. Our demonstration of field-effect-tunable nanofluidic ion diodes of double external gate electrodes proves invaluable for the construction of a flexible electrokinetic platform for ionic current control and may help transform the field of smart, on-chip, integrated circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Weiyu Liu
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering, Chang'an University, Middle-Section of Nan'er Huan Road, Xi'an 710064, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yukun Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Yansu Hu
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering, Chang'an University, Middle-Section of Nan'er Huan Road, Xi'an 710064, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Guang Li
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering, Chang'an University, Middle-Section of Nan'er Huan Road, Xi'an 710064, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Guoyun Ma
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering, Chang'an University, Middle-Section of Nan'er Huan Road, Xi'an 710064, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Qisheng Wu
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering, Chang'an University, Middle-Section of Nan'er Huan Road, Xi'an 710064, Shaanxi, China.
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Ren Y, Liu W, Tao Y, Hui M, Wu Q. On AC-Field-Induced Nonlinear Electroosmosis next to the Sharp Corner-Field-Singularity of Leaky Dielectric Blocks and Its Application in on-Chip Micro-Mixing. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:E102. [PMID: 30424036 PMCID: PMC6187378 DOI: 10.3390/mi9030102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Induced-charge electroosmosis has attracted lots of attention from the microfluidic community over the past decade. Most previous researches on this subject focused on induced-charge electroosmosis (ICEO) vortex streaming actuated on ideally polarizable surfaces immersed in electrolyte solutions. Starting from this point, we conduct herein a linear asymptotic analysis on nonlinear electroosmotic flow next to leaky dielectric blocks of arbitrary electrical conductivity and dielectric permittivity in harmonic AC electric fields, and theoretically demonstrate that observable ICEO fluid motion can be generated at high field frequencies in the vicinity of nearly insulating semiconductors, a very low electrical conductivity, of which can evidently increase the double-layer relaxation frequency (inversely proportional to the solid permittivity) to be much higher than the typical reciprocal RC time constant for induced double-layer charging on ideally polarizable surfaces. A computational model is developed to study the feasibility of this high-frequency vortex flow field of ICEO for sample mixing in microfluidics, in which the usage of AC voltage signal at high field frequencies may be beneficial to suppress electrochemical reactions to some extent. The influence of various parameters for developing an efficient mixer is investigated, and an integrated arrangement of semiconductor block array is suggested for achieving a reliable mixing performance at relatively high sample fluxes. Our physical demonstration with high-frequency ICEO next to leaky dielectric blocks using a simple channel structure offers valuable insights into the design of high-throughput micromixers for a variety of lab-on-a-chip applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukun Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Weiyu Liu
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering, Chang'an University, Middle-Section of Nan'er Huan Road, Xi'an 710064, China.
| | - Ye Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Meng Hui
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering, Chang'an University, Middle-Section of Nan'er Huan Road, Xi'an 710064, China.
| | - Qisheng Wu
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering, Chang'an University, Middle-Section of Nan'er Huan Road, Xi'an 710064, China.
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16
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Ren Y, Liu X, Liu W, Tao Y, Jia Y, Hou L, Li W, Jiang H. Flexible particle flow-focusing in microchannel driven by droplet-directed induced-charge electroosmosis. Electrophoresis 2017; 39:597-607. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yukun Ren
- School of Mechatronics Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin Heilongjiang P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin Heilongjiang P. R. China
| | - Xianyu Liu
- School of Mechatronics Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin Heilongjiang P. R. China
| | - Weiyu Liu
- School of Mechatronics Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin Heilongjiang P. R. China
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering; Chang'an University; Xi'an Shaanxi P. R. China
| | - Ye Tao
- School of Mechatronics Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin Heilongjiang P. R. China
| | - Yankai Jia
- School of Mechatronics Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin Heilongjiang P. R. China
| | - Likai Hou
- School of Mechatronics Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin Heilongjiang P. R. China
| | - Wenying Li
- Center for Applied Solid State Chemistry Research; Ningbo University; Ningbo P. R. China
| | - Hongyuan Jiang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin Heilongjiang P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin Heilongjiang P. R. China
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17
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Liu W, Ren Y, Tao Y, Yao B, Li Y. Simulation analysis of rectifying microfluidic mixing with field-effect-tunable electrothermal induced flow. Electrophoresis 2017; 39:779-793. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiyu Liu
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering; Chang'an University; Xi'an P. R. China
| | - Yukun Ren
- School of Mechatronics Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin P. R. China
| | - Ye Tao
- School of Mechatronics Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin P. R. China
| | - Bobin Yao
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering; Chang'an University; Xi'an P. R. China
| | - You Li
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering; Chang'an University; Xi'an P. R. China
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18
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Chen X, Ren Y, Liu W, Feng X, Jia Y, Tao Y, Jiang H. A Simplified Microfluidic Device for Particle Separation with Two Consecutive Steps: Induced Charge Electro-osmotic Prefocusing and Dielectrophoretic Separation. Anal Chem 2017; 89:9583-9592. [PMID: 28783330 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Continuous dielectrophoretic separation is recognized as a powerful technique for a large number of applications including early stage cancer diagnosis, water quality analysis, and stem-cell-based therapy. Generally, the prefocusing of a particle mixture into a stream is an essential process to ensure all particles are subjected to the same electric field geometry in the separation region. However, accomplishing this focusing process either requires hydrodynamic squeezing, which requires an encumbering peripheral system and a complicated operation to drive and control the fluid motion, or depends on dielectrophoretic forces, which are highly sensitive to the dielectric characterization of particles. An alternative focusing technique, induced charge electro-osmosis (ICEO), has been demonstrated to be effective in focusing an incoming mixture into a particle stream as well as nonselective regarding the particles of interest. Encouraged by these aspects, we propose a hybrid method for microparticle separation based on a delicate combination of ICEO focusing and dielectrophoretic deflection. This method involves two steps: focusing the mixture into a thin particle stream via ICEO vortex flow and separating the particles of differing dielectic properties through dielectrophoresis. To demonstrate the feasibility of the method proposed, we designed and fabricated a microfluidic chip and separated a mixture consisting of yeast cells and silica particles with an efficiency exceeding 96%. This method has good potential for flexible integration into other microfluidic chips in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Chen
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yukun Ren
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiyu Liu
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangsong Feng
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yankai Jia
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Tao
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyuan Jiang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
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19
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Hu Q, Ren Y, Liu W, Tao Y, Jiang H. Simulation Analysis of Improving Microfluidic Heterogeneous Immunoassay Using Induced Charge Electroosmosis on a Floating Gate. MICROMACHINES 2017; 8:E212. [PMID: 30400403 PMCID: PMC6190211 DOI: 10.3390/mi8070212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
On-chip immuno-sensors are a hot topic in the microfluidic community, which is usually limited by slow diffusion-dominated transport of analytes in confined microchannels. Specifically, the antigen-antibody binding reaction at a functionalized area cannot be provided with enough antigen source near the reaction surface, since a small diffusion flux cannot match with the quick rate of surface reaction, which influences the response time and sensitivity of on-chip heterogeneous immunoassay. In this work, we propose a method to enhance the transportation of biomolecules to the surface of an antibody-immobilized electrode with induce charge electroosmotic (ICEO) convection in a low concentration suspension, so as to improve the binding efficiency of microfluidic heterogeneous immunoassays. The circular stirring fluid motion of ICEO on the surface of a floating gate electrode at the channel bottom accelerates the transport of freely suspended antigen towards the wall-immobilized antibodies. We investigate the dependence of binding efficiency on voltage magnitude and field frequency of the applied alternate current (AC) electrical field. The binding rate yields a factor of 5.4 higher binding for an applied voltage of 4 V at 10 Hz when the Damkohler number is 1000. The proposed microfluidic immuno-sensor technology of a simple electrode structure using ICEO convective fluid flow around floating conductors could offer exciting opportunities for diffusion-limited on-chip bio-microfluidic sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingming Hu
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, China.
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Qiqihar University, Wenhua Street 42, Qiqihar 161006, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Yukun Ren
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Weiyu Liu
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, China.
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering, Chang'an University, Middle-section of Nan'erHuan Road, Xi'an 710064, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Ye Tao
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Hongyuan Jiang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, China.
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20
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García-Sánchez P, Loucaides NG, Ramos A. Pumping of electrolytes by electrical forces induced on the diffusion layer: A weakly nonlinear analysis. Phys Rev E 2017; 95:022802. [PMID: 28297906 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.95.022802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pumping of electrolytes in microchannels can be achieved with the use of microelectrodes subjected to AC potentials. Experiments have shown an influence of Faradaic currents in the pumping performance, and theoretical studies for asymmetric electrolytes suggest that induced charges in the diffusion layer play an important role. In this work we consider the case of a diffusion layer induced by an array of electrodes subjected to a traveling wave potential and we include Faradaic currents. Previous theoretical studies considered the case of very small applied voltages, which allowed for two major simplifications: (i) Butler-Volmer (B-V) equation was linearized, and (ii) the presence of gradients in ion concentration was neglected. We extend previous results and used the full nonlinear B-V equation. A comparison with the linear limit shows that the flow rate in both cases coincides for voltages around and below ≈0.25 V. For voltages larger than this, the nonlinear equations show that gradients in ion concentration appear and have an important influence, therefore, the predictions deviate from the linear model. We show that the electrical force in the diffusion layer can induce pumping either in the same or the opposite direction of the applied traveling-wave potential and it could be responsible for the reversal of the flow as observed in experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo García-Sánchez
- Depto. Electrónica y Electromagnetismo, Facultad de Física, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes s/n, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Neophytos G Loucaides
- Depto. Electrónica y Electromagnetismo, Facultad de Física, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes s/n, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Antonio Ramos
- Depto. Electrónica y Electromagnetismo, Facultad de Física, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes s/n, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
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21
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Wu Y, Ren Y, Tao Y, Hou L, Hu Q, Jiang H. A novel micromixer based on the alternating current-flow field effect transistor. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 17:186-197. [PMID: 27934980 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc01346e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Induced-charge electroosmosis (ICEO) phenomena have been attracting considerable attention as a means for pumping and mixing in microfluidic systems with the advantage of simple structures and low-energy consumption. We propose the first effort to exploit a fixed-potential ICEO flow around a floating electrode for microfluidic mixing. In analogy with the field effect transistor (FET) in microelectronics, the floating electrode act as a "gate" electrode for generating asymmetric ICEO flow and thus the device is called an AC-flow FET (AC-FFET). We take advantage of a tandem electrode configuration containing two biased center metal strips arranged in sequence at the bottom of the channel to generate asymmetric vortexes. The current device is manufactured on low-cost glass substrates via an easy and reliable process. Mixing experiments were conducted in the proposed device and the comparison between simulation and experimental results was also carried out, which indicates that the micromixer permits an efficient mixing effect. The mixing performance can be further enhanced by the application of a suitable phase difference between the driving electrode and the gate electrode or a square wave signal. Finally, we performed a critical analysis of the proposed micromixer in comparison with different mixer designs using a comparative mixing index (CMI). The novel methods put forward here offer a simple solution to mixing issues in microfluidic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupan Wu
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001 PR China.
| | - Yukun Ren
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001 PR China. and State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001 PR China
| | - Ye Tao
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001 PR China.
| | - Likai Hou
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001 PR China.
| | - Qingming Hu
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001 PR China.
| | - Hongyuan Jiang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001 PR China. and State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001 PR China
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22
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Wu Y, Ren Y, Tao Y, Hou L, Jiang H. Large-Scale Single Particle and Cell Trapping based on Rotating Electric Field Induced-Charge Electroosmosis. Anal Chem 2016; 88:11791-11798. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yupan Wu
- School
of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang PR China, 150001
| | - Yukun Ren
- School
of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang PR China, 150001
- State
Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang PR China, 150001
| | - Ye Tao
- School
of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang PR China, 150001
| | - Likai Hou
- School
of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang PR China, 150001
| | - Hongyuan Jiang
- School
of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang PR China, 150001
- State
Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang PR China, 150001
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