1
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Dhungel O, Mrózek M, Lenz T, Ivády V, Gali A, Wickenbrock A, Budker D, Gawlik W, Wojciechowski AM. Near-zero-field microwave-free magnetometry with nitrogen-vacancy centers in nanodiamonds. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:21936-21945. [PMID: 38859535 DOI: 10.1364/oe.521124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
We study the fluorescence of nanodiamond ensembles as a function of static external magnetic field and observe characteristic dip features close to the zero field with potential for magnetometry applications. We analyze the dependence of the feature's width and the contrast of the feature on the size of the diamond (in the range 30 nm-3000 nm) and on the strength of a bias magnetic field applied transversely to the field being scanned. We also perform optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) measurements to quantify the strain splitting of the zero-field ODMR resonance across various nanodiamond sizes and compare it with the width and contrast measurements of the zero-field fluorescence features for both nanodiamonds and bulk samples. The observed properties provide compelling evidence of cross-relaxation effects in the NV system occurring close to zero magnetic fields. Finally, the potential of this technique for use in practical magnetometry is discussed.
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2
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Stiegekötter D, Pogorzelski J, Horsthemke L, Hoffmann F, Gregor M, Glösekötter P. Microcontroller-Optimized Measurement Electronics for Coherent Control Applications of NV Centers. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:3138. [PMID: 38793993 PMCID: PMC11124872 DOI: 10.3390/s24103138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Long coherence times at room temperature make the NV center a promising candidate for quantum sensors and quantum computers. The necessary coherent control of the electron spin triplet in the ground state requires microwave π pulses in the nanosecond range, obtained from the Rabi oscillation of the mS spin states of the magnetic resonances of the NV centers. Laboratory equipment has a high temporal resolution for these measurements but is expensive and, therefore, uninteresting for fields such as education. In this work, we present measurement electronics for NV centers that are optimized for microcontrollers. It is shown that the Rabi frequency is linear to the output of the digital-to-analog converter (DAC) and is used to adapt the time length π of the electron spin flip, to the limited pulse width resolution of the microcontroller. This was achieved by breaking down the most relevant functions of conventional laboratory devices and replacing them with commercially available integrated components. The result is a cost-effective handheld setup for coherent control applications of NV centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Stiegekötter
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, FH Münster—University of Applied Sciences, Stegerwaldstraße 39, 48565 Steinfurt, Germany (L.H.)
| | - Jens Pogorzelski
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, FH Münster—University of Applied Sciences, Stegerwaldstraße 39, 48565 Steinfurt, Germany (L.H.)
| | - Ludwig Horsthemke
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, FH Münster—University of Applied Sciences, Stegerwaldstraße 39, 48565 Steinfurt, Germany (L.H.)
| | - Frederik Hoffmann
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, FH Münster—University of Applied Sciences, Stegerwaldstraße 39, 48565 Steinfurt, Germany (L.H.)
| | - Markus Gregor
- Department of Engineering Physics, FH Münster—University of Applied Sciences, Stegerwaldstraße 39, 48565 Steinfurt, Germany
| | - Peter Glösekötter
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, FH Münster—University of Applied Sciences, Stegerwaldstraße 39, 48565 Steinfurt, Germany (L.H.)
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3
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Pachlatko R, Prumbaum N, Krass MD, Grob U, Degen CL, Eichler A. Nanoscale Magnets Embedded in a Microstrip. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:2081-2086. [PMID: 38300507 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Nanoscale magnetic resonance imaging (NanoMRI) is an active area of applied research with potential applications in structural biology and quantum engineering. The success of this technological vision hinges on improving the instrument's sensitivity and functionality. A particular challenge is the optimization of the magnetic field gradient required for spatial encoding and of the radio frequency field used for spin control, in analogy to the components used in clinical MRI. In this work, we present the fabrication and characterization of a magnet-in-microstrip device that yields a compact form factor for both elements. We find that our design leads to a number of advantages, among them a 4-fold increase of the magnetic field gradient compared to those achieved with traditional fabrication methods. Our results can be useful for boosting the efficiency of a variety of different experimental arrangements and detection principles in the field of NanoMRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Pachlatko
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nils Prumbaum
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marc-Dominik Krass
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urs Grob
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian L Degen
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Eichler
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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4
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Pogorzelski J, Horsthemke L, Homrighausen J, Stiegekötter D, Gregor M, Glösekötter P. Compact and Fully Integrated LED Quantum Sensor Based on NV Centers in Diamond. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:743. [PMID: 38339463 PMCID: PMC10856854 DOI: 10.3390/s24030743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Quantum magnetometry based on optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) of nitrogen vacancy centers in diamond nano or microcrystals is a promising technology for sensitive, integrated magnetic-field sensors. Currently, this technology is still cost-intensive and mainly found in research. Here we propose one of the smallest fully integrated quantum sensors to date based on nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond microcrystals. It is an extremely cost-effective device that integrates a pump light source, photodiode, microwave antenna, filtering and fluorescence detection. Thus, the sensor offers an all-electric interface without the need to adjust or connect optical components. A sensitivity of 28.32nT/Hz and a theoretical shot noise limited sensitivity of 2.87 nT/Hz is reached. Since only generally available parts were used, the sensor can be easily produced in a small series. The form factor of (6.9 × 3.9 × 15.9) mm3 combined with the integration level is the smallest fully integrated NV-based sensor proposed so far. With a power consumption of around 0.1W, this sensor becomes interesting for a wide range of stationary and handheld systems. This development paves the way for the wide usage of quantum magnetometers in non-laboratory environments and technical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Pogorzelski
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Münster University of Applied Sciences, Stegerwaldstr. 39, D-48565 Steinfurt, Germany
| | - Ludwig Horsthemke
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Münster University of Applied Sciences, Stegerwaldstr. 39, D-48565 Steinfurt, Germany
| | - Jonas Homrighausen
- Department of Engineering Physics, Münster University of Applied Sciences, Stegerwaldstr. 39, D-48565 Steinfurt, Germany (M.G.)
| | - Dennis Stiegekötter
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Münster University of Applied Sciences, Stegerwaldstr. 39, D-48565 Steinfurt, Germany
| | - Markus Gregor
- Department of Engineering Physics, Münster University of Applied Sciences, Stegerwaldstr. 39, D-48565 Steinfurt, Germany (M.G.)
| | - Peter Glösekötter
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Münster University of Applied Sciences, Stegerwaldstr. 39, D-48565 Steinfurt, Germany
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5
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Jiang Z, Cai H, Cernansky R, Liu X, Gao W. Quantum sensing of radio-frequency signal with NV centers in SiC. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg2080. [PMID: 37196081 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg2080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Silicon carbide is an emerging platform for quantum technologies that provides wafer scale and low-cost industrial fabrication. The material also hosts high-quality defects with long coherence times that can be used for quantum computation and sensing applications. Using an ensemble of nitrogen-vacancy centers and an XY8-2 correlation spectroscopy approach, we demonstrate a room-temperature quantum sensing of an artificial AC field centered at ~900 kHz with a spectral resolution of 10 kHz. Implementing the synchronized readout technique, we further extend the frequency resolution of our sensor to 0.01 kHz. These results pave the first steps for silicon carbide quantum sensors toward low-cost nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometers with a wide range of practical applications in medical, chemical, and biological analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengzhi Jiang
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Hongbing Cai
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- The Photonics Institute and Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Robert Cernansky
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- Institute for Quantum Optics and IQST, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm D-89081, Germany
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Weibo Gao
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- The Photonics Institute and Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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6
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Losero E, Jagannath S, Pezzoli M, Goblot V, Babashah H, Lashuel HA, Galland C, Quack N. Neuronal growth on high-aspect-ratio diamond nanopillar arrays for biosensing applications. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5909. [PMID: 37041255 PMCID: PMC10090193 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32235-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Monitoring neuronal activity with simultaneously high spatial and temporal resolution in living cell cultures is crucial to advance understanding of the development and functioning of our brain, and to gain further insights in the origin of brain disorders. While it has been demonstrated that the quantum sensing capabilities of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond allow real time detection of action potentials from large neurons in marine invertebrates, quantum monitoring of mammalian neurons (presenting much smaller dimensions and thus producing much lower signal and requiring higher spatial resolution) has hitherto remained elusive. In this context, diamond nanostructuring can offer the opportunity to boost the diamond platform sensitivity to the required level. However, a comprehensive analysis of the impact of a nanostructured diamond surface on the neuronal viability and growth was lacking. Here, we pattern a single crystal diamond surface with large-scale nanopillar arrays and we successfully demonstrate growth of a network of living and functional primary mouse hippocampal neurons on it. Our study on geometrical parameters reveals preferential growth along the nanopillar grid axes with excellent physical contact between cell membrane and nanopillar apex. Our results suggest that neuron growth can be tailored on diamond nanopillars to realize a nanophotonic quantum sensing platform for wide-field and label-free neuronal activity recording with sub-cellular resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Losero
- School of Basic Sciences, Institute of Physics, EPFL, Rte Cantonale, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Division of Quantum Metrology and Nanotechnologies, Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135, Torino, Italy.
- School of Engineering, Institute of Electrical and Micro Engineering, EPFL, Rte Cantonale, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Somanath Jagannath
- School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Rte Cantonale, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maurizio Pezzoli
- School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Rte Cantonale, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Valentin Goblot
- School of Basic Sciences, Institute of Physics, EPFL, Rte Cantonale, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hossein Babashah
- School of Basic Sciences, Institute of Physics, EPFL, Rte Cantonale, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hilal A Lashuel
- School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Rte Cantonale, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Galland
- School of Basic Sciences, Institute of Physics, EPFL, Rte Cantonale, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Niels Quack
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Engineering, Institute of Electrical and Micro Engineering, EPFL, Rte Cantonale, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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7
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Savitsky A, Zhang J, Suter D. Variable bandwidth, high efficiency microwave resonator for control of spin-qubits in nitrogen-vacancy centers. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:023101. [PMID: 36859032 DOI: 10.1063/5.0125628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV) centers in diamond are attractive tools for sensing and quantum information. Realization of this potential requires effective tools for controlling the spin degree of freedom by microwave (mw) magnetic fields. In this work, we present a planar microwave resonator optimized for microwave-optical double resonance experiments on single NV centers in diamond. It consists of a piece of wide microstrip line, which is symmetrically connected to two 50 Ω microstrip feed lines. In the center of the resonator, an Ω-shaped loop focuses the current and the mw magnetic field. It generates a relatively homogeneous magnetic field over a volume of 0.07 × 0.1 mm3. It can be operated at 2.9 GHz in both transmission and reflection modes with bandwidths of 1000 and 400 MHz, respectively. The high power-to-magnetic field conversion efficiency allows us to produce π-pulses with a duration of 50 ns with only about 200 and 50 mW microwave power in transmission and reflection, respectively. The transmission mode also offers capability for efficient radio frequency excitation. The resonance frequency can be tuned between 1.3 and 6 GHz by adjusting the length of the resonator. This will be useful for experiments on NV-centers at higher external magnetic fields and on different types of optically active spin centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Savitsky
- Faculty of Physics, Technical University Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jingfu Zhang
- Faculty of Physics, Technical University Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Dieter Suter
- Faculty of Physics, Technical University Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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8
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Petrini G, Tomagra G, Bernardi E, Moreva E, Traina P, Marcantoni A, Picollo F, Kvaková K, Cígler P, Degiovanni IP, Carabelli V, Genovese M. Nanodiamond-Quantum Sensors Reveal Temperature Variation Associated to Hippocampal Neurons Firing. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2202014. [PMID: 35876403 PMCID: PMC9534962 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202202014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Temperature is one of the most relevant parameters for the regulation of intracellular processes. Measuring localized subcellular temperature gradients is fundamental for a deeper understanding of cell function, such as the genesis of action potentials, and cell metabolism. Notwithstanding several proposed techniques, at the moment detection of temperature fluctuations at the subcellular level still represents an ongoing challenge. Here, for the first time, temperature variations (1 °C) associated with potentiation and inhibition of neuronal firing is detected, by exploiting a nanoscale thermometer based on optically detected magnetic resonance in nanodiamonds. The results demonstrate that nitrogen-vacancy centers in nanodiamonds provide a tool for assessing various levels of neuronal spiking activity, since they are suitable for monitoring different temperature variations, respectively, associated with the spontaneous firing of hippocampal neurons, the disinhibition of GABAergic transmission and the silencing of the network. Conjugated with the high sensitivity of this technique (in perspective sensitive to < 0.1 °C variations), nanodiamonds pave the way to a systematic study of the generation of localized temperature gradients under physiological and pathological conditions. Furthermore, they prompt further studies explaining in detail the physiological mechanism originating this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Petrini
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca MetrologicaStrada delle cacce 91Torino10135Italy
- Physics Department, University of Torinovia P. Giuria 1Torino10125Italy
- Department of Drug and Science Technology, University of TorinoCorso Raffaello 30Torino10125Italy
| | - Giulia Tomagra
- Department of Drug and Science Technology, University of TorinoCorso Raffaello 30Torino10125Italy
- NIS Inter‐departmental Centrevia G. Quarello 15Torino10135Italy
| | - Ettore Bernardi
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca MetrologicaStrada delle cacce 91Torino10135Italy
| | - Ekaterina Moreva
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca MetrologicaStrada delle cacce 91Torino10135Italy
| | - Paolo Traina
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca MetrologicaStrada delle cacce 91Torino10135Italy
| | - Andrea Marcantoni
- Department of Drug and Science Technology, University of TorinoCorso Raffaello 30Torino10125Italy
- NIS Inter‐departmental Centrevia G. Quarello 15Torino10135Italy
| | - Federico Picollo
- Physics Department, University of Torinovia P. Giuria 1Torino10125Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) Sez. Torinovia P. Giuria 1Torino10125Italy
| | - Klaudia Kvaková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of SciencesFlemingovo nam. 2Prague 6166 10Czechia
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory DiagnosticsFirst Faculty of MedicineCharles University
Katerinska 1660/32Prague 2121 08Czechia
| | - Petr Cígler
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory DiagnosticsFirst Faculty of MedicineCharles University
Katerinska 1660/32Prague 2121 08Czechia
| | - Ivo Pietro Degiovanni
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca MetrologicaStrada delle cacce 91Torino10135Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) Sez. Torinovia P. Giuria 1Torino10125Italy
| | - Valentina Carabelli
- Department of Drug and Science Technology, University of TorinoCorso Raffaello 30Torino10125Italy
- NIS Inter‐departmental Centrevia G. Quarello 15Torino10135Italy
| | - Marco Genovese
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca MetrologicaStrada delle cacce 91Torino10135Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) Sez. Torinovia P. Giuria 1Torino10125Italy
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9
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Tsukamoto M, Ito S, Ogawa K, Ashida Y, Sasaki K, Kobayashi K. Accurate magnetic field imaging using nanodiamond quantum sensors enhanced by machine learning. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13942. [PMID: 36050487 PMCID: PMC9436989 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18115-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanodiamonds can be excellent quantum sensors for local magnetic field measurements. We demonstrate magnetic field imaging with high accuracy of 1.8 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\upmu $$\end{document}μT combining nanodiamond ensemble (NDE) and machine learning without any physical models. We discover the dependence of the NDE signal on the field direction, suggesting the application of NDE for vector magnetometry and the improvement of the existing model. Our method enhances the NDE performance sufficiently to visualize nano-magnetism and mesoscopic current and expands the applicability of NDE in arbitrarily shaped materials, including living organisms. This accomplishment bridges machine learning to quantum sensing for accurate measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moeta Tsukamoto
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Shuji Ito
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kensuke Ogawa
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuto Ashida
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,Institute for Physics of Intelligence, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kento Sasaki
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kensuke Kobayashi
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,Institute for Physics of Intelligence, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,Trans-scale Quantum Science Institute, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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10
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Oshimi K, Nishimura Y, Matsubara T, Tanaka M, Shikoh E, Zhao L, Zou Y, Komatsu N, Ikado Y, Takezawa Y, Kage-Nakadai E, Izutsu Y, Yoshizato K, Morita S, Tokunaga M, Yukawa H, Baba Y, Teki Y, Fujiwara M. Glass-patternable notch-shaped microwave architecture for on-chip spin detection in biological samples. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:2519-2530. [PMID: 35510631 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00112h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report a notch-shaped coplanar microwave waveguide antenna on a glass plate designed for on-chip detection of optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) of fluorescent nanodiamonds (NDs). A lithographically patterned thin wire at the center of the notch area in the coplanar waveguide realizes a millimeter-scale ODMR detection area (1.5 × 2.0 mm2) and gigahertz-broadband characteristics with low reflection (∼8%). The ODMR signal intensity in the detection area is quantitatively predictable by numerical simulation. Using this chip device, we demonstrate a uniform ODMR signal intensity over the detection area for cells, tissue, and worms. The present demonstration of a chip-based microwave architecture will enable scalable chip integration of ODMR-based quantum sensing technology into various bioassay platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Oshimi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Yushi Nishimura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
- Institute for Quantum Life Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Matsubara
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Masuaki Tanaka
- Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Eiji Shikoh
- Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Li Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yajuan Zou
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Naoki Komatsu
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yuta Ikado
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Yuka Takezawa
- Department of Human Life Science, Graduate School of Food and Human Life Science, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Eriko Kage-Nakadai
- Department of Human Life Science, Graduate School of Food and Human Life Science, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Yumi Izutsu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Yoshizato
- Synthetic biology laboratory, Graduate school of medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Saho Morita
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Masato Tokunaga
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yukawa
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
- Institute of Nano-Life-Systems, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
- Institute for Quantum Life Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Baba
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
- Institute of Nano-Life-Systems, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
- Institute for Quantum Life Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshio Teki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Masazumi Fujiwara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
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11
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Design of a High-Bandwidth Uniform Radiation Antenna for Wide-Field Imaging with Ensemble NV Color Centers in Diamond. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13071007. [PMID: 35888824 PMCID: PMC9319680 DOI: 10.3390/mi13071007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Radiation with high-efficiency, large-bandwidth, and uniform magnetic field radiation antennas in a large field of view are the key to achieving high-precision wide-field imaging. This paper presents a hollow Ω-type antenna design for diamond nitrogen-vacancy (NV) ensemble color center imaging. The uniformity of the antenna reaches 94% in a 4.4 × 4.4 mm2 area. Compared with a straight copper antenna, the radiation efficiency of the proposed antenna is 71.8% higher, and the bandwidth is improved by 11.82 times, demonstrating the effectiveness of the hollow Ω-type antenna.
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12
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Fujiwara M, Shikano Y. Diamond quantum thermometry: from foundations to applications. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:482002. [PMID: 34416739 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac1fb1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Diamond quantum thermometry exploits the optical and electrical spin properties of colour defect centres in diamonds and, acts as a quantum sensing method exhibiting ultrahigh precision and robustness. Compared to the existing luminescent nanothermometry techniques, a diamond quantum thermometer can be operated over a wide temperature range and a sensor spatial scale ranging from nanometres to micrometres. Further, diamond quantum thermometry is employed in several applications, including electronics and biology, to explore these fields with nanoscale temperature measurements. This review covers the operational principles of diamond quantum thermometry for spin-based and all-optical methods, material development of diamonds with a focus on thermometry, and examples of applications in electrical and biological systems with demand-based technological requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masazumi Fujiwara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Yutaka Shikano
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 4-2 Aramaki, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8510, Japan
- Quantum Computing Center, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
- Institute for Quantum Studies, Chapman University, 1 University Dr, Orange, CA 92866, United States of America
- JST PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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13
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Opaluch OR, Oshnik N, Nelz R, Neu E. Optimized Planar Microwave Antenna for Nitrogen Vacancy Center Based Sensing Applications. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11082108. [PMID: 34443937 PMCID: PMC8400909 DOI: 10.3390/nano11082108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Individual nitrogen vacancy (NV) color centers in diamond are versatile, spin-based quantum sensors. Coherently controlling the spin of NV centers using microwaves in a typical frequency range between 2.5 and 3.5 GHz is necessary for sensing applications. In this work, we present a stripline-based, planar, Ω-shaped microwave antenna that enables one to reliably manipulate NV spins. We found an optimal antenna design using finite integral simulations. We fabricated our antennas on low-cost, transparent glass substrate. We created highly uniform microwave fields in areas of roughly 400 × 400 μm2 while realizing high Rabi frequencies of up to 10 MHz in an ensemble of NV centers.
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14
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Gerasimova EN, Yaroshenko VV, Talianov PM, Peltek OO, Baranov MA, Kapitanova PV, Zuev DA, Timin AS, Zyuzin MV. Real-Time Temperature Monitoring of Photoinduced Cargo Release inside Living Cells Using Hybrid Capsules Decorated with Gold Nanoparticles and Fluorescent Nanodiamonds. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:36737-36746. [PMID: 34313441 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c05252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Real-time temperature monitoring within biological objects is a key fundamental issue for understanding the heating process and performing remote-controlled release of bioactive compounds upon laser irradiation. The lack of accurate thermal control significantly limits the translation of optical laser techniques into nanomedicine. Here, we design and develop hybrid (complex) carriers based on multilayered capsules combined with nanodiamonds (NV centers) as nanothermometers and gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) as nanoheaters to estimate an effective laser-induced temperature rise required for capsule rupture and further release of cargo molecules outside and inside cancerous (B16-F10) cells. We integrate both elements (NV centers and Au NPs) in the capsule structure using two strategies: (i) loading inside the capsule's cavity (CORE) and incorporating them inside the capsule's wall (WALL). Theoretically and experimentally, we show the highest and lowest heat release from capsule samples (CORE or WALL) under laser irradiation depending on the Au NP arrangement within the capsule. Applying NV centers, we measure the local temperature of capsule rupture inside and outside the cells, which is determined to be 128 ± 1.12 °C. Finally, the developed hybrid containers can be used to perform the photoinduced release of cargo molecules with simultaneous real-time temperature monitoring inside the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena N Gerasimova
- Department of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Kronverksky Pr. 49, bldg. A, St. Petersburg 197101, Russian Federation
| | - Vitaly V Yaroshenko
- Department of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Kronverksky Pr. 49, bldg. A, St. Petersburg 197101, Russian Federation
| | - Pavel M Talianov
- Department of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Kronverksky Pr. 49, bldg. A, St. Petersburg 197101, Russian Federation
| | - Oleksii O Peltek
- Department of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Kronverksky Pr. 49, bldg. A, St. Petersburg 197101, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail A Baranov
- Faculty of Photonics and Optical Information, Center of Information Optical Technologies ITMO University, Kronverksky Pr. 49, bldg. A, St. Petersburg 197101, Russian Federation
| | - Polina V Kapitanova
- Department of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Kronverksky Pr. 49, bldg. A, St. Petersburg 197101, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry A Zuev
- Department of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Kronverksky Pr. 49, bldg. A, St. Petersburg 197101, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander S Timin
- Research School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russian Federation
- R.M. Gorbacheva Research Institute for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation, Pavlov University, St. Petersburg 197022, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail V Zyuzin
- Department of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Kronverksky Pr. 49, bldg. A, St. Petersburg 197101, Russian Federation
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15
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Mrózek M, Schabikowski M, Mitura-Nowak M, Lekki J, Marszałek M, Wojciechowski AM, Gawlik W. Nitrogen-Vacancy Color Centers Created by Proton Implantation in a Diamond. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14040833. [PMID: 33572415 PMCID: PMC7916184 DOI: 10.3390/ma14040833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We present an experimental study of the longitudinal and transverse relaxation of ensembles of negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV−) centers in a diamond monocrystal prepared by 1.8 MeV proton implantation. The focused proton beam was used to introduce vacancies at a 20 µm depth layer. Applied doses were in the range of 1.5×1013 to 1.5×1017 ions/cm2. The samples were subsequently annealed in vacuum which resulted in a migration of vacancies and their association with the nitrogen present in the diamond matrix. The proton implantation technique proved versatile to control production of nitrogen-vacancy color centers in thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Mrózek
- Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland; (A.M.W.); (W.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Mateusz Schabikowski
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland; (M.S.); (M.M.-N.); (J.L.); (M.M.)
| | - Marzena Mitura-Nowak
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland; (M.S.); (M.M.-N.); (J.L.); (M.M.)
| | - Janusz Lekki
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland; (M.S.); (M.M.-N.); (J.L.); (M.M.)
| | - Marta Marszałek
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland; (M.S.); (M.M.-N.); (J.L.); (M.M.)
| | - Adam M. Wojciechowski
- Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland; (A.M.W.); (W.G.)
| | - Wojciech Gawlik
- Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland; (A.M.W.); (W.G.)
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16
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System for the remote control and imaging of MW fields for spin manipulation in NV centers in diamond. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4813. [PMID: 32179784 PMCID: PMC7075877 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61669-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond have been used as platforms for quantum information, magnetometry and imaging of microwave (MW) fields. The spatial distribution of the MW fields used to drive the electron spin of NV centers plays a key role for these applications. Here, we report a system for the control and characterization of MW magnetic fields used for the NV spin manipulation. The control of the MW field in the vicinity of a diamond surface is mediated by an exchangeable lumped resonator, coupled inductively to a MW planar ring antenna. The characterization of the MW fields in the near-field is performed by an FFT imaging of Rabi oscillations, by using an ensemble of NV centers. We have found that the Rabi frequency over a lumped resonator is enhanced 22 times compared to the Rabi frequency without the presence of the lumped resonator. Our system may find applications in quantum information and magnetometry where a precise and controlled spin manipulation is required, showing NV centers as good candidates for imaging MW fields and characterization of MW devices.
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17
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Yaroshenko V, Soshenko V, Vorobyov V, Bolshedvorskii S, Nenasheva E, Kotel'nikov I, Akimov A, Kapitanova P. Circularly polarized microwave antenna for nitrogen vacancy centers in diamond. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:035003. [PMID: 32259924 DOI: 10.1063/1.5129863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The sensing applications of nitrogen-vacancy color centers in a diamond require an efficient manipulation of the color center ground state over the whole volume of an ensemble. Thus, it is necessary to produce strong uniform magnetic fields of a well-defined circular polarization at microwave frequencies. In this paper, we develop a circularly polarized microwave antenna based on the excitation of hybrid electromagnetic modes in a high-permittivity dielectric resonator. The influence of the geometrical parameters of the antenna on the reflection coefficient and magnetic field magnitude is studied numerically and discussed. The Rabi frequencies and their inhomogeneity over the volume of a commercially available diamond sample are calculated. With respect to the numerical predictions, a Rabi frequency as high as 34 MHz with an inhomogeneity of 4% over a 1.2 mm × ∅2.5 mm (5.9 mm3 in volume) diamond sample can be achieved for 10 W of input power at room temperature. The antenna prototype is fabricated, and experimental investigations of its characteristics are performed in microwave and optical frequency domains. The circular polarization of the microwave magnetic field with an ellipticity of 0.94 is demonstrated experimentally. The Rabi oscillation frequency and its inhomogeneity are measured, and the results demonstrate a good agreement with the numerically predicted results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Yaroshenko
- Department of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, 197101 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | - Igor Kotel'nikov
- Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University "LETI", 5, Popova St., Saint Petersburg 197356, Russia
| | - Alexey Akimov
- P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Polina Kapitanova
- Department of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, 197101 Saint Petersburg, Russia
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18
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Motojima M, Suzuki T, Shigekawa H, Kainuma Y, An T, Hase M. Giant nonlinear optical effects induced by nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond crystals. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:32217-32227. [PMID: 31684438 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.032217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the effect of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in single crystal diamond on nonlinear optical effects using 40 fs femtosecond laser pulses. The near-infrared femtosecond pulses allow us to study purely nonlinear optical effects, such as optical Kerr effect (OKE) and two-photon absorption (TPA), related to unique optical transitions by electronic structures with NV centers. It is found that both nonlinear optical effects are enhanced by the introduction of NV centers in the N + dose levels of 2.0×10 11 and 1.0×10 12 N +/cm 2. In particular, our data demonstrate that the OKE signal is strongly enhanced for the heavily implanted type-IIa diamond. We suggest that the strong enhancement of the OKE is possibly originated from cascading OKE, where the high-density NV centers effectively break the inversion symmetry near the surface region of diamond.
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19
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Wojciechowski AM, Mrózek PNM, Sycz K, Kruk A, Ficek M, Głowacki M, Bogdanowicz R, Gawlik W. Optical Magnetometry Based on Nanodiamonds with Nitrogen-Vacancy Color Centers. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12182951. [PMID: 31514463 PMCID: PMC6766205 DOI: 10.3390/ma12182951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen-vacancy color centers in diamond are a very promising medium for many sensing applications such as magnetometry and thermometry. In this work, we study nanodiamonds deposited from a suspension onto glass substrates. Fluorescence and optically detected magnetic resonance spectra recorded with the dried-out nanodiamond ensembles are presented and a suitable scheme for tracking the magnetic-field value using a continuous poly-crystalline spectrum is introduced. Lastly, we demonstrate a remote-sensing capability of the high-numerical-aperture imaging fiber bundle with nanodiamonds deposited on its end facet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Wojciechowski
- Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, ojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Paulina Nakonieczna Mariusz Mrózek
- Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, ojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
- Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, ojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Krystian Sycz
- Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, ojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Kruk
- Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, ojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland.
- Institute of Technology, Pedagogical University of Cracow, Podchorążych 2, 30-084 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Mateusz Ficek
- Department of Metrology and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12G. Narutowicza St., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Maciej Głowacki
- Department of Metrology and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12G. Narutowicza St., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Robert Bogdanowicz
- Department of Metrology and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12G. Narutowicza St., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Gawlik
- Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, ojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland.
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20
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Ziem F, Garsi M, Fedder H, Wrachtrup J. Quantitative nanoscale MRI with a wide field of view. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12166. [PMID: 31434907 PMCID: PMC6704114 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47084-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel magnetic sensing modalities using quantum sensors or nanoscale probes have drastically improved the sensitivity and hence spatial resolution of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) down to the nanoscale. Recent demonstrations of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) with paramagnetic colour centres include single molecule sensitivity, and sub-part-per-million spectral resolution. Mostly, these results have been obtained using well-characterised single sensors, which only permit extended imaging by scanning-probe microscopy. Here, we enhance multiplexed MRI with a thin layer of ensemble spin sensors in an inhomogeneous control field by optimal control spin manipulation to improve ensemble sensitivity and field of view (FOV). We demonstrate MRI of fluorine in patterned thin films only 1.2 nm in thickness, corresponding to a net moment of 120 nuclear spins per sensor spin. With the aid of the NMR signal, we reconstruct the nanoscale depth distribution of the sensor spins within the substrate. In addition, we exploit inhomogeneous ensemble control to squeeze the point spread function of the imager to about 100 nm and show that localisation of a point-like NMR signal within 40 nm is feasible. These results pave the way to quantitive NMR ensemble sensing and magnetic resonance microscopy with a resolution of few ten nanometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ziem
- 3rd Physical Institute, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany. .,Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, IQst, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. .,Center for Applied Quantum Technology, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - M Garsi
- 3rd Physical Institute, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.,Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, IQst, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.,Center for Applied Quantum Technology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - H Fedder
- 3rd Physical Institute, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.,Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, IQst, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.,Center for Applied Quantum Technology, Stuttgart, Germany.,Swabian Instruments GmbH, Stammheimer Str. 41, 70435, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - J Wrachtrup
- 3rd Physical Institute, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.,Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, IQst, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.,Center for Applied Quantum Technology, Stuttgart, Germany
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21
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Li DF, Li CH, Zhou LM, Zheng Y, Zhao BW, Li S, Zhao N, Chen XD, Guo GC, Sun FW. Thickness dependent surface plasmon of silver film detected by nitrogen vacancy centers in diamond. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:5587-5590. [PMID: 30439901 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.005587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Precise detection of surface plasmons is crucial for the research of nanophotonics and quantum optics. In this Letter, we used a single nitrogen vacancy center in diamond as a probe to detect the surface plasmon that was tuned by the thickness of a metallic film. The fluorescence intensity and lifetime of the nitrogen vacancy (NV) center were measured to obtain the information of local light-matter interaction. A nonlinear thickness dependent change of the surface plasmon was observed, with the maximum at the thickness of approximately 30 nm. With optimized thickness of silver film, the fluorescence intensity of a single NV center was enhanced 2.6 times, and the lifetime was reduced by a factor of 3, without affecting the coherence time of the NV spin state. The results proved that this system can quantitatively detect the light-matter interaction at nanoscale, and it provides an approach to enhance the fluorescence intensity of a quantum emitter.
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22
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Yaroshenko V, Zalogina A, Zuev D, Kapitanova P, Shadrivov I. Circularly polarized antenna for coherent manipulation of NV-centers in diamond. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1092/1/012168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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23
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Eisenach ER, Barry JF, Pham LM, Rojas RG, Englund DR, Braje DA. Broadband loop gap resonator for nitrogen vacancy centers in diamond. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:094705. [PMID: 30278724 DOI: 10.1063/1.5037465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We present an S-band tunable loop gap resonator (LGR), which provides strong, homogeneous, and directionally uniform broadband microwave (MW) drive for nitrogen-vacancy (NV) ensembles. With 42 dBm of input power, the composite device provides drive field amplitudes approaching 5 G over a circular area ≳50 mm2 or cylindrical volume ≳250 mm3. The wide 80 MHz device bandwidth allows driving all NV Zeeman resonances for bias magnetic fields below 20 G. The device realizes percent-scale MW drive inhomogeneity; we measure a fractional root-mean-square inhomogeneity σ rms = 1.6% and a peak-to-peak variation σ pp = 3% over a circular area of 11 mm2 and σ rms = 3.2% and σ pp = 10.5% over a larger 32 mm2 circular area. We demonstrate incident MW power coupling to the LGR using two methodologies: a printed circuit board-fabricated exciter antenna for deployed compact bulk sensors and an inductive coupling coil suitable for microscope-style imaging. The inductive coupling coil allows for approximately 2π steradian combined optical access above and below the device, ideal for envisioned and existing NV imaging and bulk sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Eisenach
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J F Barry
- MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, Massachusetts 02421, USA
| | - L M Pham
- MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, Massachusetts 02421, USA
| | - R G Rojas
- MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, Massachusetts 02421, USA
| | - D R Englund
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - D A Braje
- MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, Massachusetts 02421, USA
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24
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Jia W, Shi Z, Qin X, Rong X, Du J. Ultra-broadband coplanar waveguide for optically detected magnetic resonance of nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:064705. [PMID: 29960527 DOI: 10.1063/1.5028335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We report on coplanar waveguides (CPWs) designed for optically detected magnetic resonance of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamonds. A broad band up to 15.8 GHz has been realized, which ensures that the electron spins can be manipulated under external magnetic fields up to 5000 G. The conversion factor of CPW has been measured by Rabi nutation experiments, which ranges from 6.64 G W-1/2 to 10.60 G W-1/2 in the frequency band from 0.76 GHz to 17.3 GHz. Broadband CPWs also provide high quality control pulses due to the minimization of the distortion. These characteristics will find potential applications in NV-based quantum information processing and single spin magnetometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfei Jia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhifu Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xi Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xing Rong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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25
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On the Possibility of Miniature Diamond-Based Magnetometers Using Waveguide Geometries. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:mi9060276. [PMID: 30424209 PMCID: PMC6187276 DOI: 10.3390/mi9060276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We propose the use of a diamond waveguide structure to enhance the sensitivity of magnetometers relying on the detection of the spin state of nitrogen-vacancy ensembles in diamond by infrared optical absorption. An optical waveguide structure allows for enhanced optical path-lengths avoiding the use of optical cavities and complicated setups. The presented design for diamond-based magnetometers enables miniaturization while maintaining high sensitivity and forms the basis for magnetic field sensors applicable in biomedical, industrial and space-related applications.
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