1
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Webb TJ, Lake PW. Progress toward absolute calibrations of DC x-ray sources from 1 keV to >30 keV for Z diagnostics applications. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2024; 95:083546. [PMID: 39171979 DOI: 10.1063/5.0213745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Numerous x-ray diagnostics at the Z facility, time-resolved and time-integrated, would benefit from a local calibrated x-ray source. For many years, Z has used low-power Manson x-ray sources to provide some characterization information for components of Z diagnostics below 30 keV. More recently, we have acquired TruFocus x-ray sources, which operate at voltages up to 100 kV depending on the anode material and model. These DC sources have demonstrated good stability and repeatability. Absolute calibrations of either sources or detectors usually involve another calibrated detector from another source, which has not been readily available locally. Therefore, we have adopted the strategy of characterizing a sensitive semiconductor diode detector by controlling or inferring the active volume. This characterized detector is then used to scale the Manson x-ray spectral shape as measured by an Amptek energy-resolving detector. The result agrees well with the modeled source spectrum. We can apply this technique to the TruFocus as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Webb
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87111, USA
| | - Patrick W Lake
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87111, USA
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2
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Bai X, Zhang J, Liu H, Liu C. Bifocal photon sieve imaging in the hard x-ray region. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:1713-1716. [PMID: 38560844 DOI: 10.1364/ol.519852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Hard x-rays are widely used for plasma diagnosis, nondestructive inspection, and high-resolution x-ray imaging. A typical x-ray source is a tabletop micro-focus x-ray source. Here, a bifocal photon sieve (PS) with the smallest diameter of 59.6 nm was designed and fabricated by electron-beam lithography to focus hard x-rays on variable-resolution array images. An imaging experiment at 8.39 keV demonstrates that the designed and fabricated PS has two different focal lengths. The numerous pinholes that can be optimized provide richer degrees of freedom to realize considerably more functionalities. A multi-focal PS provides the possibility of splitting x-rays and further extends interferometry from visible light to hard x-rays.
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3
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Ricketts SA, Mangan MA, Volegov P, Fittinghoff DN, Lewis WE, Mannion OM, Morel JE, Adams ML, Ampleford DJ. Neutron source reconstruction using a generalized expectation-maximization algorithm on one-dimensional neutron images from the Z facility. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2024; 95:033501. [PMID: 38436450 DOI: 10.1063/5.0176152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Magnetized Liner Inertial Fusion experiments have been performed at the Z facility at Sandia National Laboratories. These experiments use deuterium fuel, which produces 2.45 MeV neutrons on reaching thermonuclear conditions. To study the spatial structure of neutron production, the one-dimensional imager of neutrons diagnostic was fielded to record axial resolved neutron images. In this diagnostic, neutrons passing through a rolled edge aperture form an image on a CR-39-based solid state nuclear track detector. Here, we present a modified generalized expectation-maximization algorithm to reconstruct an axial neutron emission profile of the stagnated fusion plasma. We validate the approach by comparing the reconstructed neutron emission profile to an x-ray emission profile provided by a time-integrated pinhole camera.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Ricketts
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
- Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77841, USA
| | - M A Mangan
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - P Volegov
- Los Alamos National Laboratory (Retired), Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544, USA
| | - D N Fittinghoff
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - W E Lewis
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - O M Mannion
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - J E Morel
- Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77841, USA
| | - M L Adams
- Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77841, USA
| | - D J Ampleford
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
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4
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Nagayama T, Schaeuble MA, Fein JR, Loisel GP, Wu M, Mayes DC, Hansen SB, Knapp PF, Webb TJ, Schwarz J, Vesey RA. A generalized approach to x-ray data modeling for high-energy-density plasma experiments. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:2887772. [PMID: 37129462 DOI: 10.1063/5.0128811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Accurate understanding of x-ray diagnostics is crucial for both interpreting high-energy-density experiments and testing simulations through quantitative comparisons. X-ray diagnostic models are complex. Past treatments of individual x-ray diagnostics on a case-by-case basis have hindered universal diagnostic understanding. Here, we derive a general formula for modeling the absolute response of non-focusing x-ray diagnostics, such as x-ray imagers, one-dimensional space-resolved spectrometers, and x-ray power diagnostics. The present model is useful for both data modeling and data processing. It naturally accounts for the x-ray crystal broadening. The new model verifies that standard approaches for a crystal response can be good approximations, but they can underestimate the total reflectivity and overestimate spectral resolving power by more than a factor of 2 in some cases near reflectivity edge features. We also find that a frequently used, simplified-crystal-response approximation for processing spectral data can introduce an absolute error of more than an order of magnitude and the relative spectral radiance error of a factor of 3. The present model is derived with straightforward geometric arguments. It is more general and is recommended for developing a unified picture and providing consistent treatment over multiple x-ray diagnostics. Such consistency is crucial for reliable multi-objective data analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nagayama
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - M A Schaeuble
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - J R Fein
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - G P Loisel
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - M Wu
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - D C Mayes
- University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - S B Hansen
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - P F Knapp
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - T J Webb
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - J Schwarz
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - R A Vesey
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
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5
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Webb TJ, Bliss DE, Chandler GA, Dolan DH, Dunham G, Edens A, Harding E, Johnston MD, Jones MC, Langendorf S, Mangan M, Maurer AJ, McCoy CA, Moore NW, Presura R, Steiner AM, Wu M, Yager-Elorriaga DA, Yates KC. Radiation, optical, power flow, and electrical diagnostics at the Z facility: Layout and techniques utilized to operate in the harsh environment. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:031102. [PMID: 37012753 DOI: 10.1063/5.0123448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The Z machine is a current driver producing up to 30 MA in 100 ns that utilizes a wide range of diagnostics to assess accelerator performance and target behavior conduct experiments that use the Z target as a source of radiation or high pressures. We review the existing suite of diagnostic systems, including their locations and primary configurations. The diagnostics are grouped in the following categories: pulsed power diagnostics, x-ray power and energy, x-ray spectroscopy, x-ray imaging (including backlighting, power flow, and velocimetry), and nuclear detectors (including neutron activation). We will also briefly summarize the primary imaging detectors we use at Z: image plates, x-ray and visible film, microchannel plates, and the ultrafast x-ray imager. The Z shot produces a harsh environment that interferes with diagnostic operation and data retrieval. We term these detrimental processes "threats" of which only partial quantifications and precise sources are known. We summarize the threats and describe techniques utilized in many of the systems to reduce noise and backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Webb
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D E Bliss
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G A Chandler
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D H Dolan
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G Dunham
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - A Edens
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - E Harding
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M D Johnston
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M C Jones
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - S Langendorf
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - M Mangan
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - A J Maurer
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - C A McCoy
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - N W Moore
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - R Presura
- Nevada National Security Site, Albuquerque Operations, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - A M Steiner
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M Wu
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D A Yager-Elorriaga
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - K C Yates
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
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6
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Thuillier T, Benitez J, Biri S, Rácz R. X-ray diagnostics of ECR ion sources-Techniques, results, and challenges. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:021102. [PMID: 35232141 DOI: 10.1063/5.0076321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The high magnetic confinement provided by the minimum-B structure of electron cyclotron resonance ion sources (ECRIS) hosts a non-equilibrium plasma, composed of cold multi-charged ions and hot electrons whose energy can expand up to ≈1 MeV. With a very limited accessibility, the ECR plasma is difficult to study. The x-ray photons generated by the interaction of the warm and hot electron populations within the plasma, as well as the photons generated by electrons lost to the chamber wall, are a signal of great interest as it gives an insight to the properties of the ECR plasma. After an introduction presenting the mechanism generating the x rays in ECRIS, this Review presents the methodology to measure x rays both for volumetric measurements and plasma imaging. The main insights of those measurements are presented. Prospects of x-ray measurements to better understand the plasma dynamics are finally highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Thuillier
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - J Benitez
- LBNL: One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - S Biri
- Institute for Nuclear Research (Atomki), Bem tér 18/c, 4026 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - R Rácz
- Institute for Nuclear Research (Atomki), Bem tér 18/c, 4026 Debrecen, Hungary
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7
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Innovative Analytical Method for X-ray Imaging and Space-Resolved Spectroscopy of ECR Plasmas. CONDENSED MATTER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/condmat7010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
At the Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics-Southern National Laboratory (INFN-LNS), and in collaboration with the ATOMKI laboratories, an innovative multi-diagnostic system with advanced analytical methods has been designed and implemented. This is based on several detectors and techniques (Optical Emission Spectroscopy, RF systems, interfero-polarimetry, X-ray detectors), and here we focus on high-resolution, spatially resolved X-ray spectroscopy, performed by means of a X-ray pin-hole camera setup operating in the 0.5–20 keV energy domain. The diagnostic system was installed at a 14 GHz Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) ion source (ATOMKI, Debrecen), enabling high-precision, X-ray, spectrally resolved imaging of ECR plasmas heated by hundreds of Watts. The achieved spatial and energy resolutions were 0.5 mm and 300 eV at 8 keV, respectively. Here, we present the innovative analysis algorithm that we properly developed to obtain Single Photon-Counted (SPhC) images providing the local plasma-emitted spectrum in a High-Dynamic-Range (HDR) mode, by distinguishing fluorescence lines of the materials of the plasma chamber (Ti, Ta) from plasma (Ar). This method allows for a quantitative characterization of warm electrons population in the plasma (and its 2D distribution), which are the most important for ionization, and to estimate local plasma density and spectral temperatures. The developed post-processing analysis is also able to remove the readout noise that is often observable at very low exposure times (msec). The setup is now being updated, including fast shutters and trigger systems to allow simultaneous space and time-resolved plasma spectroscopy during transients, stable and turbulent regimes.
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8
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Webb TJ, Ampleford D, Ball CR, Gomez MR, Lake PW, Maurer A, Presura R. A time-resolved, in-chamber x-ray pinhole imager for Z. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:033512. [PMID: 33820102 DOI: 10.1063/5.0040706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We have commissioned a new time-resolved, x-ray imaging diagnostic for the Z facility. The primary intended application is for diagnosing the stagnation behavior of Magnetized Liner Inertial Fusion (MagLIF) and similar targets. We have a variety of imaging systems at Z, both time-integrated and time-resolved, that provide valuable x-ray imaging information, but no system at Z up to this time provides a combined high-resolution imaging with multi-frame time resolution; this new diagnostic, called TRICXI for Time Resolved In-Chamber X-ray Imager, is meant to provide time-resolved spatial imaging with high resolution. The multi-frame camera consists of a microchannel plate camera. A key component to achieving the design goals is to place the instrument inside the Z vacuum chamber within 2 m of the load, which necessitates a considerable amount of x-ray shielding as well as a specially designed, independent vacuum system. A demonstration of the imaging capability for a series of MagLIF shots is presented. Predictions are given for resolution and relative image irradiance to guide experimenters in choosing the desired configuration for their experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Webb
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - David Ampleford
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | | | - Matthew R Gomez
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - Patrick W Lake
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - Andrew Maurer
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - Radu Presura
- Nevada National Security Site, New Mexico Operations, Sandia Office, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
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9
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Wengrowicz JM, Hurvitz G. Neutral attenuating pinhole for x-ray imaging of high-intensity sources. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:3174-3178. [PMID: 32400600 DOI: 10.1364/ao.386906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pinhole imagers are common x-ray diagnostics in high energy density physics experiments, where temperatures exceeding 107K are reached in the laboratory. In such extreme conditions, self-emitted black-body x-ray radiation is the main drive for physical phenomena (energy transport, shock waves). In order to avoid damages to the detector, high-pass filters are commonly used. The passed photons are ∼10 times more energetic than the common photon (maximum of the Planckian) and may fail to show the main drive in the experiment. Here we propose a neutral attenuation pinhole (NAP)-a novel, to the best of our knowledge, pinhole design that provides uniform x-ray attenuation over wavelength while keeping the optimal pinhole diameter. Semi-random distribution of thousands of sub-holes, all located within optimal diameter, results in essential large attenuation while keeping image resolution. Simulations and experimental results of the NAP spatial resolution are similar to a regular pinhole. By using a thick enough substrate, the attenuation is uniform over a wide spectrum. A NAP consisting of a 1 µm thick Au substrate allows constant 1:100 attenuation up to 1.5 keV, while a 3 µm thick substrate can be used up to 5 keV.
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10
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Vogel JK, Pivovaroff MJ, Kozioziemski B, Walton CC, Ayers J, Bell P, Bradley D, Descalle MA, Hau-Riege S, Pickworth LA, Ampleford DJ, Ball CR, Bourdon CJ, Fein JR, Gard PD, Maurer A, Wu M, Ames A, Bruni R, Romaine S, Kilaru K, Roberts OJ, Ramsey B. Design and raytrace simulations of a multilayer-coated Wolter x-ray optic for the Z machine at Sandia National Laboratories. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:10G113. [PMID: 30399826 DOI: 10.1063/1.5038811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent breakthroughs in the fabrication of small-radii Wolter optics for astrophysics allow high energy density facilities to consider such optics as novel x-ray diagnostics at photon energies of 15-50 keV. Recently, the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, and the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center jointly developed and fabricated the first custom Wolter microscope for implementation in SNL's Z machine with optimized sensitivity at 17.5 keV. To achieve spatial resolution of order 100-200 microns over a field of view of 5 × 5 × 5 mm3 with high throughput and narrow energy bandpass, the geometry of the optic and its multilayer required careful design and optimization. While the geometry mainly influences resolution and the field of view of the diagnostic, the mirror coating determines the spectral response and throughput. Here we outline the details of the design and fabrication process for the first multilayer-coated Wolter I optic for SNL's Z machine (Z Wolter), including its W/Si multilayer, and present results of raytrace simulations completed to predict and verify the performance of the optic.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Vogel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M J Pivovaroff
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - B Kozioziemski
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C C Walton
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Ayers
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - P Bell
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D Bradley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M-A Descalle
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S Hau-Riege
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - L A Pickworth
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D J Ampleford
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - C R Ball
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - C J Bourdon
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - J R Fein
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - P D Gard
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - A Maurer
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - M Wu
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - A Ames
- Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - R Bruni
- Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - S Romaine
- Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - K Kilaru
- Universities Space Research Association, Huntsville, Alabama 35805, USA
| | - O J Roberts
- Universities Space Research Association, Huntsville, Alabama 35805, USA
| | - B Ramsey
- NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama 35812, USA
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11
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Fein JR, Ampleford DJ, Vogel JK, Kozioziemski B, Walton CC, Wu M, Ball CR, Ames A, Ayers J, Bell P, Bourdon CJ, Bradley D, Bruni R, Dunham GS, Gard PD, Johnson D, Kilaru K, Kirtley C, Lake PW, Maurer A, Nielsen-Weber L, Pickworth LA, Pivovaroff MJ, Ramsey B, Roberts OJ, Rochau GA, Romaine S, Sullivan M. A Wolter imager on the Z machine to diagnose warm x-ray sources. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:10G115. [PMID: 30399891 DOI: 10.1063/1.5038347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A new Wolter x-ray imager has been developed for the Z machine to study the emission of warm (>15 keV) x-ray sources. A Wolter optic has been adapted from observational astronomy and medical imaging, which uses curved x-ray mirrors to form a 2D image of a source with 5 × 5 × 5 mm3 field-of-view and measured 60-300-μm resolution on-axis. The mirrors consist of a multilayer that create a narrow bandpass around the Mo Kα lines at 17.5 keV. We provide an overview of the instrument design and measured imaging performance. In addition, we present the first data from the instrument of a Mo wire array z-pinch on the Z machine, demonstrating improvements in spatial resolution and a 350-4100× increase in the signal over previous pinhole imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Fein
- Sandia National Laboratories, 1515 Eubank Blvd SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - D J Ampleford
- Sandia National Laboratories, 1515 Eubank Blvd SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - J K Vogel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - B Kozioziemski
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - C C Walton
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - M Wu
- Sandia National Laboratories, 1515 Eubank Blvd SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - C R Ball
- Sandia National Laboratories, 1515 Eubank Blvd SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - A Ames
- Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - J Ayers
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - P Bell
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - C J Bourdon
- Sandia National Laboratories, 1515 Eubank Blvd SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - D Bradley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - R Bruni
- Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - G S Dunham
- Sandia National Laboratories, 1515 Eubank Blvd SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - P D Gard
- Sandia National Laboratories, 1515 Eubank Blvd SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - D Johnson
- Sandia National Laboratories, 1515 Eubank Blvd SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - K Kilaru
- Universities Space Research Association, 320 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, Alabama 35805, USA
| | - C Kirtley
- Sandia National Laboratories, 1515 Eubank Blvd SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - P W Lake
- Sandia National Laboratories, 1515 Eubank Blvd SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - A Maurer
- Sandia National Laboratories, 1515 Eubank Blvd SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - L Nielsen-Weber
- Sandia National Laboratories, 1515 Eubank Blvd SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - L A Pickworth
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - M J Pivovaroff
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - B Ramsey
- NASA-Marshall Spaceflight Center, Huntsville, Alabama 35811, USA
| | - O J Roberts
- Universities Space Research Association, 320 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, Alabama 35805, USA
| | - G A Rochau
- Sandia National Laboratories, 1515 Eubank Blvd SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - S Romaine
- Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - M Sullivan
- Sandia National Laboratories, 1515 Eubank Blvd SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
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12
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Harper-Slaboszewicz VJ, Ulmen BA, Parzyck CT, Ampleford DJ, McCourt AL, Bell KS, Coverdale CA. Coarse spectral characterization of warm x-rays at the Z facility using a filtered thermoluminescent dosimeter array. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2017; 88:043501. [PMID: 28456222 DOI: 10.1063/1.4979626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A new collimated filtered thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) array has been developed at the Z facility to characterize warm x-rays (hν > 10 keV) produced by Z pinch radiation sources. This array includes a Kapton debris shield assembly to protect the TLDs from the source debris, a collimator array to limit the field of view of the TLDs to the source region, a filter wheel containing filters of aluminum, copper and tungsten up to 3 mm thick to independently filter each TLD, and a hermetically sealed cassette containing the TLDs as well as tungsten shielding on the sides and back of the array to minimize scattered radiation reaching the TLDs. Experimental results from a krypton gas puff and silver wire array shot are analyzed using two different functional forms of the energy spectrum to demonstrate the ability of this diagnostic to consistently extend the upper end of the x-ray spectrum characterization from ∼50 keV to >1 MeV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - B A Ulmen
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1159, USA
| | - C T Parzyck
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1159, USA
| | - D J Ampleford
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1159, USA
| | - A L McCourt
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1159, USA
| | - K S Bell
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1159, USA
| | - C A Coverdale
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1159, USA
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