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Adhikari S, Baer R. Weak second-order quantum state diffusion unraveling of the Lindblad master equation. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:064107. [PMID: 38341784 DOI: 10.1063/5.0191947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Simulating mixed-state evolution in open quantum systems is crucial for various chemical physics, quantum optics, and computer science applications. These simulations typically follow the Lindblad master equation dynamics. An alternative approach known as quantum state diffusion unraveling is based on the trajectories of pure states generated by random wave functions, which evolve according to a nonlinear Itô-Schrödinger equation (ISE). This study introduces weak first-order and second-order solvers for the ISE based on directly applying the Itô-Taylor expansion with exact derivatives in the interaction picture. We tested the method on free and driven Morse oscillators coupled to a thermal environment and found that both orders allowed practical estimation with a few dozen iterations. The variance was relatively small compared to the linear unraveling and did not grow with time. The second-order solver delivers a much higher accuracy and stability with bigger time steps than the first-order scheme, with a small additional workload. However, the second-order algorithm has quadratic complexity with the number of Lindblad operators as opposed to the linear complexity of the first-order algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayak Adhikari
- Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics and Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Roi Baer
- Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics and Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
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Cohen G, Galperin M. Green’s function methods for single molecule junctions. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:090901. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5145210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guy Cohen
- The Raymond and Beverley Sackler Center for Computational Molecular and Materials Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Michael Galperin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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Miwa K, Imada H, Imai-Imada M, Kimura K, Galperin M, Kim Y. Many-Body State Description of Single-Molecule Electroluminescence Driven by a Scanning Tunneling Microscope. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:2803-2811. [PMID: 30694065 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Electron transport and optical properties of a single molecule in contact with conductive materials have attracted considerable attention because of their scientific importance and potential applications. With the recent progress in experimental techniques, especially by virtue of scanning tunneling microscope (STM)-induced light emission, where the tunneling current of the STM is used as an atomic-scale source for induction of light emission from a single molecule, it has become possible to investigate single-molecule properties at subnanometer spatial resolution. Despite extensive experimental studies, the microscopic mechanism of electronic excitation of a single molecule in STM-induced light emission has yet to be clarified. Here we present a formulation of single-molecule electroluminescence driven by electron transfer between a molecule and metal electrodes based on a many-body state representation of the molecule. The effects of intramolecular Coulomb interaction on conductance and luminescence spectra are investigated using the nonequilibrium Hubbard Green's function technique combined with first-principles calculations. We compare simulation results with experimental data and find that the intramolecular Coulomb interaction is crucial for reproducing recent experiments for a single phthalocyanine molecule. The developed theory provides a unified description of the electron transport and optical properties of a single molecule in contact with metal electrodes driven out of equilibrium, and thereby, it contributes to a microscopic understanding of optoelectronic conversion in single molecules on solid surfaces and in nanometer-scale junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuniyuki Miwa
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory , RIKEN , Wako , Saitama 351-0198 , Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Hiroshi Imada
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory , RIKEN , Wako , Saitama 351-0198 , Japan
| | - Miyabi Imai-Imada
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory , RIKEN , Wako , Saitama 351-0198 , Japan
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Science , The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa , Chiba 277-8651 , Japan
| | - Kensuke Kimura
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory , RIKEN , Wako , Saitama 351-0198 , Japan
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Science , The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa , Chiba 277-8651 , Japan
| | - Michael Galperin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Yousoo Kim
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory , RIKEN , Wako , Saitama 351-0198 , Japan
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Najarian AM, McCreery RL. Long-Range Activationless Photostimulated Charge Transport in Symmetric Molecular Junctions. ACS NANO 2019; 13:867-877. [PMID: 30604970 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b08662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Molecular electronic junctions consisting of nitroazobenzene oligomers covalently bonded to a conducting carbon surface using an established "all-carbon" device design were illuminated with UV-vis light through a partially transparent top electrode. Monitoring junction conductance with a DC bias imposed permitted observation of photocurrents while varying the incident wavelength, light intensity, molecular layer thickness, and temperature. The photocurrent spectrum tracked the in situ absorption spectrum of nitroazobenzene, increased linearly with light intensity, and depended exponentially on applied bias. The electronic characteristics of the photocurrent differed dramatically from those of the same device in the dark, with orders of magnitude higher conductance and very weak attenuation with molecular layer thickness (β = 0.14 nm-1 for thickness above 5 nm). The temperature dependence of the photocurrent was opposite that of the dark current, with a 35% decrease in conductance between 80 and 450 K, while the dark current increased by a factor of 4.5 over the same range. The photocurrent was similar to the dark current for thin molecular layers but greatly exceeded the dark current for low bias and thick molecular layers. We conclude that the light and dark mechanisms are additive, with photoexcited carriers transported without thermal activation for a thickness range of 5-10 nm. The inverse temperature dependence is likely due to scattering or recombination events, both of which increase with temperature and in turn decrease the photocurrent. Photostimulated resonant transport potentially widens the breadth of conceivable molecular electronic devices and may have immediate value for wavelength-specific photodetection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard L McCreery
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada T6G 2R3
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Aram TN, Ernzerhof M, Asgari A, Mayou D. Impact of offset energies on the yield of interfacial charge separation in molecular photocells. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:064102. [PMID: 30111125 DOI: 10.1063/1.5029491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We display that the process of charge carriers' separation at molecular photocells is a complex phenomenon that is controlled by the cumulative action of Coulomb interaction for electron-hole pairs and LUMO-LUMO offset energies. By applying quantum scattering theory and the Lippmann-Schwinger equation, we provide a comprehensive framework of the device operation in which the operating molecular photocell is described by a wave function. We find that depending on the magnitude of offset energies, the electron-hole interaction can normally decrease or abnormally increase the charge separation yield. To rationalize the results, we benefit from the spectral information provided in the model. Our analysis helps to optimize molecular photocells operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Nemati Aram
- Research Institute for Applied Physics and Astronomy, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51665-163, Iran
| | - Matthias Ernzerhof
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128 Succursale A, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Asghar Asgari
- Research Institute for Applied Physics and Astronomy, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51665-163, Iran
| | - Didier Mayou
- Institut Néel, CNRS and Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble F-38042, France
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Chen F, Ochoa MA, Galperin M. Nonequilibrium diagrammatic technique for Hubbard Green functions. J Chem Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4965825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Maicol A. Ochoa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Michael Galperin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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Galperin M. Photonics and spectroscopy in nanojunctions: a theoretical insight. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:4000-4019. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00067g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Green function methods for photonics and spectroscopy in nanojunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Galperin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry
- University of California San Diego
- La Jolla
- USA
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Kato A, Tanimura Y. Quantum heat current under non-perturbative and non-Markovian conditions: Applications to heat machines. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:224105. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4971370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Kato
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Tanimura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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