2
|
Song Y, Zou X, Gong X, Becoulet A, Buttery R, Bonoli P, Hoang T, Maingi R, Qian J, Zhong X, Liu A, Li E, Ding R, Huang J, Zang Q, Liu H, Wang L, Zhang L, Li G, Sun Y, Garofalo A, Osborne T, Leonard T, Baek SG, Wallace G, Xu L, Zhang B, Wang S, Chu Y, Zhang T, Duan Y, Lian H, Zhang X, Jin Y, Zeng L, Lyu B, Xiao B, Huang Y, Wang Y, Shen B, Xiang N, Wu Y, Wu J, Wang X, Ding B, Li M, Zhang X, Qin C, Xi W, Zhang J, Huang L, Yao D, Hu Y, Zuo G, Yuan Q, Zhou Z, Wang M, Xu H, Xie Y, Wang Z, Chen J, Xu G, Hu J, Lu K, Liu F, Wu X, Wan B, Li J. Realization of thousand-second improved confinement plasma with Super I-mode in Tokamak EAST. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eabq5273. [PMID: 36608124 PMCID: PMC9821864 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq5273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Mastering nuclear fusion, which is an abundant, safe, and environmentally competitive energy, is a great challenge for humanity. Tokamak represents one of the most promising paths toward controlled fusion. Obtaining a high-performance, steady-state, and long-pulse plasma regime remains a critical issue. Recently, a big breakthrough in steady-state operation was made on the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST). A steady-state plasma with a world-record pulse length of 1056 s was obtained, where the density and the divertor peak heat flux were well controlled, with no core impurity accumulation, and a new high-confinement and self-organizing regime (Super I-mode = I-mode + e-ITB) was discovered and demonstrated. These achievements contribute to the integration of fusion plasma technology and physics, which is essential to operate next-step devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuntao Song
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xiaolan Zou
- CEA, IRFM, F-13108 St Paul Les Durance, France
| | - Xianzu Gong
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | | | - Richard Buttery
- General Atomics, PO Box 85608, San Diego, CA 92186-5608, USA
| | - Paul Bonoli
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Tuong Hoang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Rajesh Maingi
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Jinping Qian
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhong
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Adi Liu
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Erzhong Li
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Rui Ding
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Qing Zang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Haiqing Liu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Guoqiang Li
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Youwen Sun
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Andrea Garofalo
- General Atomics, PO Box 85608, San Diego, CA 92186-5608, USA
| | - Tom Osborne
- General Atomics, PO Box 85608, San Diego, CA 92186-5608, USA
| | - Tony Leonard
- General Atomics, PO Box 85608, San Diego, CA 92186-5608, USA
| | - Seung Gyou Baek
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Greg Wallace
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Liqing Xu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Shouxin Wang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yuqi Chu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yanmin Duan
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Hui Lian
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xuexi Zhang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yifei Jin
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Long Zeng
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Bo Lyu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Binjia Xiao
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yao Huang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Biao Shen
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Nong Xiang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yu Wu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Jiefeng Wu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Bojiang Ding
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Miaohui Li
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xinjun Zhang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Chengming Qin
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Weibin Xi
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Liansheng Huang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Damao Yao
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yanlan Hu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Guizhong Zuo
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Qiping Yuan
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhou
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Mao Wang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Handong Xu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yahong Xie
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Zhengchu Wang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Junling Chen
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Guosheng Xu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Jiansheng Hu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Kun Lu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Fukun Liu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xinchao Wu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Baonian Wan
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Jiangang Li
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Xu JC, Wang L, Xu GS, Zhu DH, Feng W, Liu JB, Deng GZ, Lan H, Yao DM, Luo GN, Guo HY. Design of Langmuir probe diagnostic system for the upgraded lower tungsten divertor in EAST tokamak. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:10J127. [PMID: 30399710 DOI: 10.1063/1.5038822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In order to achieve long-pulse H-mode plasma scenario over 400 s with high heating power in the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) device, the lower graphite divertor will be upgraded into a tungsten (W) divertor with active water cooling, which consists of the W/Cu monoblock units and the W flat-tile units as the divertor plasma facing components. As a fundamental diagnostic tool, the divertor Langmuir probe (Div-LP) diagnostic system will be upgraded accordingly. This paper presents the design of two kinds of new Div-LP systems, which are planned to be utilized on the W/Cu monoblock units and the W flat-tile units for the upgraded lower tungsten divertor, respectively, including their structures and preliminary poloidal and toroidal layouts. The Div-LP diagnostic system can measure the plasma parameters with the schemes of triple-probe, double-probe, and single-probe, to obtain the spatial and temporal distribution of plasma behavior on the divertor targets, which is useful for the discharge control and operation in EAST. In addition, the thermal analysis of the two kinds of probe assemblies is also carried out by using the three-dimensional finite element code ANSYS, which is aimed to get the optimal designs to withstand the long-pulse and high-power operation in EAST future experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J C Xu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - L Wang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - G S Xu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - D H Zhu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - W Feng
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - J B Liu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - G Z Deng
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - H Lan
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - D M Yao
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - G N Luo
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - H Y Guo
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mao H, Ding F, Luo GN, Hu Z, Chen X, Xu F, Yang Z, Chen J, Wang L, Ding R, Zhang L, Gao W, Xu J, Wu C. A multichannel visible spectroscopy system for the ITER-like W divertor on EAST. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2017; 88:043502. [PMID: 28456259 DOI: 10.1063/1.4979406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To facilitate long-pulse high power operation, an ITER-like actively cooled tungsten (W) divertor was installed in Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) to replace the original upper graphite divertor in 2014. A dedicated multichannel visible spectroscopic diagnostic system has been accordingly developed for the characterization of the plasma and impurities in the W divertor. An array of 22 lines-of-sight (LOSs) provides a profile measurement of the light emitted from the plasma along upper outer divertor, and the other 17 vertical LOSs view the upper inner divertor, achieving a 13 mm poloidal resolution in both regions. The light emitted from the plasma is collected by a specially designed optical lens assembly and then transferred to a Czerny-Turner spectrometer via 40 m quartz fibers. At the end, the spectra dispersed by the spectrometer are recorded with an Electron-Multiplying Charge Coupled Device (EMCCD). The optical throughput and quantum efficiency of the system are optimized in the wavelength range 350-700 nm. The spectral resolution/coverage can be adjusted from 0.01 nm/3 nm to 0.41 nm/140 nm by switching the grating with suitable groove density. The frame rate depends on the setting of LOS number in EMCCD and can reach nearly 2 kHz for single LOS detection. The light collected by the front optical lens can also be divided and partly transferred to a photomultiplier tube array with specified bandpass filter, which can provide faster sampling rates by up to 200 kHz. The spectroscopic diagnostic is routinely operated in EAST discharges with absolute optical calibrations applied before and after each campaign, monitoring photon fluxes from impurities and H recycling in the upper divertor. This paper presents the technical details of the diagnostic and typical measurements during EAST discharges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongmin Mao
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Fang Ding
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Guang-Nan Luo
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Zhenhua Hu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xiahua Chen
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Zhongshi Yang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Jingbo Chen
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Rui Ding
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Jichan Xu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Chengrui Wu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| |
Collapse
|