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Fozouni Y, Larson EC, Gnade B. Towards automated molecular detection through simulated generation of CMOS-based rotational spectroscopy. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17055. [PMID: 37383210 PMCID: PMC10293684 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of CMOS sensors for rotational spectroscopy is a promising, but challenging avenue for low-cost gas sensing and molecular identification. A main challenge in this approach is that practical CMOS spectroscopy samples contain various different noise sources that reduce the effectiveness of matching techniques for molecular identification with rotational spectroscopy. To help solve this challenge, we develop a software application tool that can demonstrate the feasibility and reliability of detection with CMOS sensor samples. Specifically, the tool characterizes the types of noise in CMOS sample collection and synthesizes spectroscopy files based upon existing databases of rotational spectroscopy samples gathered from other sensors. We use the software to create a large database of plausible CMOS-generated sample files of gases. This dataset is used to help evaluate spectral matching algorithms used in gas sensing and molecular identification applications. We evaluate these traditional methods on the synthesized dataset and discuss how peak finding and spectral matching algorithms can be altered to accommodate the noise sources present in CMOS sample collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasamin Fozouni
- Computer Science, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, USA
| | - Eric C. Larson
- Computer Science, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, USA
| | - Bruce Gnade
- Engineering, University of Texas, Dallas, USA
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Raymond AW, Kelvin Lee KL, McCarthy MC, Drouin BJ, Mazur E. Detecting Laser-Volatilized Salts with a Miniature 100-GHz Spectrometer. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:1429-1436. [PMID: 32045246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b10548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rotational transitions are unique identifiers of molecular species, including isotopologues. This article describes the rotational detections of two laser-volatilized salts, NaCl and KCl, made with a miniature Fourier transform millimeter-wave (FTmmW) cavity spectrometer that could one day be used to measure solid composition in the field or in space. The two salts are relevant targets for icy moons in the outer solar system, and in principle, other molecular solids could be analyzed with the FTmmW instrument. By coupling the spectrometer to a collisionally cooling laser ablation source, (a) we demonstrate that the FTmmW instrument is sensitive enough to detect ablation products, and (b) we use the small size of the FTmmW cavity to measure ablation product signal along the carrier gas beam. We find that for 532 nm nanosecond pulses, ablated molecules are widely dispersed in the carrier-gas jet. In addition to the miniature spectrometer results, we present several complementary measurements intended to characterize the laser ablation process. For pulse energies between 10 and 30 mJ, the ablation product yield increases linearly, reaching approximately 1012 salt molecules per 30 mJ pulse. Using mass spectrometry, we observe Li+, Na+, and K+ in the plumes of ablated NaCl, KCl, and LiCl, which implies dissociation of the volatilized material. We do not observe salt ions (e.g., NaCl+). However, with 800 nm femtosecond laser pulses, the triatomic ion clusters Li2Cl+, Na2Cl+, and K2Cl+ are produced. Finally, we observe incomplete volatilization with the nanosecond pulses: some of the ejecta are liquid droplets. The insights about ablation plume physics gleaned from these experiments should guide future implementations of the laser-volatilization technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Raymond
- Center for Astrophysics
- Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - Kin Long Kelvin Lee
- Center for Astrophysics
- Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - Michael C McCarthy
- Center for Astrophysics
- Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States.,John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Harvard University , 9 Oxford Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - Brian J Drouin
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory , California Institute of Technology , 4800 Oak Grove Drive , Pasadena , California 91109-8909 , United States
| | - Eric Mazur
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Harvard University , 9 Oxford Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States.,Department of Physics , Harvard University , 9 Oxford Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
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Nemchick DJ, Drouin BJ, Cich MJ, Crawford T, Tang AJ, Kim Y, Reck TJ, Schlecht ET, Chang MCF, Virbila G. A 90-102 GHz CMOS based pulsed Fourier transform spectrometer: New approaches for in situ chemical detection and millimeter-wave cavity-based molecular spectroscopy. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:073109. [PMID: 30068109 DOI: 10.1063/1.5025729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We present a system level description of a cavity-enhanced millimeter-wave spectrometer that is the first in its class to combine source and detection electronics constructed from architectures commonly deployed in the mobile phone industry and traditional pulsed Fourier transform techniques to realize a compact device capable of sensitive and specific in situ gas detections. The instrument, which has an operational bandwidth of 90-102 GHz, employs several unique components, including a custom-designed pair of millimeter-wave transmitter and heterodyne receiver integrated circuit chips constructed with 65 nm complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) techniques. These elements are directly mated to a hybrid coupling structure that enables free-space interaction of the electronics with a small gas volume while also acting as a cavity end mirror. Instrument performance for sensing of volatile compounds is highlighted with experimental trials taken in bulk gas flows and seeded molecular beam environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deacon J Nemchick
- Laboratory Studies and Atmospheric Observations, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - Brian J Drouin
- Laboratory Studies and Atmospheric Observations, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - Matthew J Cich
- Laboratory Studies and Atmospheric Observations, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - Timothy Crawford
- Laboratory Studies and Atmospheric Observations, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - Adrian J Tang
- Submillimeter Wave Advanced Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - Yanghyo Kim
- Submillimeter Wave Advanced Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - Theodore J Reck
- Submillimeter Wave Advanced Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - Erich T Schlecht
- Submillimeter Wave Advanced Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - M-C Frank Chang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Gabriel Virbila
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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