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Chen Y, Chen PJ, Hu R, Zhu Y, Yu JH, Pham AV, Momeni O, Domier C, Dannenberg J, Li X, Yu G, Luhmann N. Frontier system-on-chip (SoC) technology for microwave diagnostics (invited). THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2024; 95:093516. [PMID: 39254431 DOI: 10.1063/5.0219545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
The next generation of fusion reactors, exemplified by projects such as the Demonstration Power Plant following the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor, faces the monumental challenge of proving the viability of generating electricity through thermonuclear fusion. This pursuit introduces heightened complexities in diagnostic methodologies, particularly in microwave-based diagnostics. The increased neutron fluence necessitates significant reductions in vessel penetrations and the elimination of internal diagnostics, posing substantial challenges. SoC technology offers a promising solution by enabling the miniaturization, modularization, integration, and enhancing the reliability of microwave systems. After seven years of research, our team successfully pioneered the V- and W-band system-on-chip approach, leading to the development of active transmitters and passive receiver modules applied in practical settings, notably within the DIII-D tokamak project. Arrays of these modules have supported microwave imaging diagnostics. New physics measurement results from the Electron Cyclotron Emission Imaging system on DIII-D provide compelling evidence of improved diagnostics following the adoption of SoC technology. Furthermore, we achieved a breakthrough in developing an F-band SoC, advancing higher frequency capabilities for fusion devices. These achievements represent a significant leap forward in fusion diagnostic technology, marking substantial progress toward establishing reliable and efficient plasma diagnostics for future fusion reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Pin-Jung Chen
- University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Robert Hu
- National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, 30010
| | - Yilun Zhu
- University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Jo-Han Yu
- University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - A-V Pham
- University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Omeed Momeni
- University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Calvin Domier
- University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | | | - Xiaoliang Li
- University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Guanying Yu
- University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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2
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Yu G, Zhu Y, Kramer G, Austin M, Denk S, Yoo MG, Li X, Zhao B, Xie R, Li Z, Chen Y, Liu X, Qiu S, Luhmann NC. Modeling the electron cyclotron emission radiation signature from suprathermal electrons in a tokamak. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2024; 95:073505. [PMID: 38958514 DOI: 10.1063/5.0217728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
An Electron Cyclotron Emission (ECE) modeling code has been developed to model ECE radiation with an arbitrary electron momentum distribution, a small oblique angle, both ordinary (O-mode) and extraordinary polarizations (X-mode), and multiple cyclotron frequency harmonics. The emission and absorption coefficients are calculated using the Poynting theorem from the cold plasma dispersion and the electron-microwave interaction from the full anti-Hermitian tensor. The modeling shows several ECE radiation signatures that can be used to diagnose the population of suprathermal electrons in a tokamak. First, in an n = 2 X-mode (X2) optically thick plasma and oblique ECE view, the modeling shows that only suprathermal electrons, which reside in a finite region of the velocity and space domains, can effectively generate cyclotron emissions to the ECE receiver. The code also finds that the O1 mode is sensitive to suprathermal electrons of both a high v⊥ and v‖, while the X2 mode is dominantly sensitive to suprathermal electrons of a high v⊥. The modeling shows that an oblique ECE system with both X/O polarization and a broad frequency coverage can be used to effectively yield information of the suprathermal electron population in a tokamak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanying Yu
- University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Yilun Zhu
- University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Gerrit Kramer
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New York 08543, USA
| | - Max Austin
- The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Severin Denk
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Min-Gu Yoo
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Xiaoliang Li
- University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Bingzhe Zhao
- University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Ruifeng Xie
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53709, USA
| | - Zeyu Li
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53709, USA
| | - Ying Chen
- University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Xianzi Liu
- University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Shasha Qiu
- University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - N C Luhmann
- University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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3
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Qiu S, Himes L, Domier C, Tang X, Liu X, Hu F, Yu G, Li X, Zhu Y, Luhmann N, Xie J, Wu Z. Design of a 140 GHz waveguide notch filter for millimeter-wave receiver module protection in fusion plasma diagnostics. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2024; 95:023503. [PMID: 38350476 DOI: 10.1063/5.0176796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
A carefully designed waveguide-based millimeter-wave notch filter, operating at 140 GHz, safeguards plasma diagnostic instruments from gyrotron leakage. Utilizing cylindrical cavity resonators with aperture coupling, the filter efficiently resonates 140 GHz wave-power into the TE11p mode, optimizing various geometrical parameters for practical fabrication and high-yield production. Thorough thermal analysis ensures its ability to handle power. The filter achieves outstanding performance with over 90 dB rejection at 140 GHz while providing low insertion loss over the passband (110-138 GHz), which is ideally suited for system-on-chip approach F-band diagnostic system applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Qiu
- University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Logan Himes
- University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Calvin Domier
- University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Xiaopin Tang
- University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Xianzi Liu
- University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Fengqi Hu
- University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Guanying Yu
- University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Xiaoliang Li
- University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Yilun Zhu
- University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Neville Luhmann
- University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Jinlin Xie
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zhengwei Wu
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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4
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Jiang M, Zhu Y, Yu X, Shi Z, Luhmann N, Yang Z, Deng W, Yang Z, Zhou Y, Tong R. Optical design and synthetic analysis of the electron cyclotron emission imaging diagnostic of HL-2M tokamak. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2023.113570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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5
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Yu G, Zhu Y, Austin M, Chen Y, Cao J, Diallo A, Kramer G, Li Z, Li X, Liu X, Nazikian R, Zheng Y, Luhmann NC. Diagnosing the pedestal magnetic field and magnetohydrodynamics radial structure with pedestal-scrape of layer electron cyclotron emission radiation inversion in H-mode plasma (invited). THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:103528. [PMID: 36319341 DOI: 10.1063/5.0099348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Forward modeling is used to interpret inversion patterns of the pedestal-Scrape of Layer (SOL) Electron Cyclotron Emission (ECE) in DIII-D H-mode experiments. The modeling not only significantly improves the ECE data interpretation quality but also leads to the potential measurements of (1) the magnetic field strength |B| at the separatrix, (2) the pedestal |B| evolution during an inter-Edge Localized Mode (ELM) period, and (3) the pedestal Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) radial structure. The ECE shine-through effect leads to three types of pedestal-SOL radiation inversions that are discussed in this paper. The first type of inversion is the non-monotonic Te,rad profile with respect to the major radius. Using the ECE frequency at the minimum Te,rad, the inversion can be applied to measure the magnetic field |B| at the separatrix and calibrate the mapping of the ECE channels with respect to the separatrix. The second type of inversion refers to the opposite phase between the radiation fluctuations δTe,rad at the pedestal and SOL. This δTe,rad phase inversion is sensitive to density and temperature fluctuations at the pedestal foot and, thus, can be used to qualitatively measure the MHD radial structure. The third type of inversion appears when the pedestal and SOL Te,rad evolve in an opposite trend, which can be used to infer the pedestal |B| field change during an inter-ELM period. The bandwidth effect on measuring δTe,rad due to pedestal MHD is also investigated in the radiation modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Yu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Y Zhu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - M Austin
- Institute for Fusion Studies, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Y Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - J Cao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - A Diallo
- Princeton Plasma Physics Lab, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - G Kramer
- Princeton Plasma Physics Lab, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - Z Li
- Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - X Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - X Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - R Nazikian
- General Atomic, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Y Zheng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - N C Luhmann
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Yu X, Shi ZB, Jiang M, Yu GY, Zhu YL, Yang ZC, Chen W, Zhu YR, Fang KR, Tong RH, Han JH, Zhang XR. Analysis of synthetic electron cyclotron emission from the high field side of HL-2M tokamak plasmas. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:083518. [PMID: 36050087 DOI: 10.1063/5.0098907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A synthetic electron cyclotron emission (ECE) diagnostic is used to interpret ECE signals from preset plasma equilibrium profiles, including magnetic field, electron density, and electron temperature. According to the simulation results, the electron temperature (Te) profile covering the harmonic overlap region can be obtained by receiving ECE signals at the high field side (HFS) of the HL-2M plasma. The third harmonic ECE at the low field side (LFS) cannot pass through the second harmonic resonance layer at the HFS unless the optical thickness (τ) of the second harmonic becomes gray (τ ≤ 2). In addition, the impact of the relativistic frequency down-shift has been evaluated and corrected. The measurable range of the HFS ECE has been calculated by scanning different parameters (electron density, temperature, and magnetic field). Higher plasma parameters allow a wider radial range of electron temperature measurements. The minimum inner measurable position can reach R = 120 cm (r/a = -0.89) when the product of core temperature (Te0) and density (ne0) is greater than 35 × 1019 keV m-3, which is extended by more than 30 cm inward compared with that of the LFS measurement. The HFS ECE will greatly improve the diagnostic ability of ECE systems on the HL-2M tokamak.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Yu
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Z B Shi
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - M Jiang
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - G Y Yu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Y L Zhu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Z C Yang
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - W Chen
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Y R Zhu
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - K R Fang
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - R H Tong
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - J H Han
- Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - X R Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Beams of the Ministry of Education, School of Physics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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High level of integration of front-end imaging optics system for electron cyclotron emission imaging diagnostics on the DIII-D tokamak. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2021.112915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Zhu Y, Yu JH, Yu G, Ye Y, Chen Y, Tobias B, Diallo A, Kramer G, Ren Y, Tang W, Dong G, Churchill R, Domier CW, Li X, Luo C, Chen M, Luhmann NC. System-on-chip upgrade of millimeter-wave imaging diagnostics for fusion plasma. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:053522. [PMID: 34243257 DOI: 10.1063/5.0040449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Monolithic, millimeter wave "system-on-chip" technology has been employed in chip heterodyne radiometers in a newly developed Electron Cyclotron Emission Imaging (ECEI) system on the DIII-D tokamak for 2D electron temperature and fluctuation diagnostics. The system employs 20 horn-waveguide receiver modules each with customized W-band (75-110 GHz) monolithic microwave integrated circuit chips comprising a W-band low noise amplifier, a balanced mixer, a ×2 local oscillator (LO) frequency doubler, and two intermediate frequency amplifier stages in each module. Compared to previous quasi-optical ECEI arrays with Schottky mixer diodes mounted on planar antennas, the upgraded W-band array exhibits >30 dB additional gain and 20× improvement in noise temperature; an internal eight times multiplier chain is used to provide LO coupling, thereby eliminating the need for quasi-optical coupling. The horn-waveguide shielding housing avoids out-of-band noise interference on each module. The upgraded ECEI system plays an important role for absolute electron temperature and fluctuation measurements for edge and core region transport physics studies. An F-band receiver chip (up to 140 GHz) is under development for additional fusion facilities with a higher toroidal magnetic field. Visualization diagnostics provide multi-scale and multi-dimensional data in plasma profile evolution. A significant aspect of imaging measurement is focusing on artificial intelligence for science applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhu
- University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - J-H Yu
- University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - G Yu
- University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Y Ye
- University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Y Chen
- University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - B Tobias
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - A Diallo
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - G Kramer
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - Y Ren
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - W Tang
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - G Dong
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - R Churchill
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - C W Domier
- University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - X Li
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230000, China
| | - C Luo
- University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - M Chen
- University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - N C Luhmann
- University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
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9
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Yu G, Zhu Y, Wang Y, Meneghini O, Smith SP, Zou Y, Luo C, Cao J, Tobias B, Diallo A, Kramer GJ, Ren Y, Luhmann NC. Integrated package of electron cyclotron emission imaging data processing and forward modeling in OMFIT. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:033540. [PMID: 33820069 DOI: 10.1063/5.0040448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An Electron Cyclotron Emission Imaging (ECEI) data analysis module has been developed for the OMFIT platform to accommodate the needs of users at the DIII-D tokamak for physics applications. The user can easily access the ECEI spatial observation windows in the plasma that are calculated based on the automatically retrieved hardware setup and available DIII-D equilibria, perform spectral analysis, and obtain 2D electron temperature fluctuation images. The module provides a powerful data post-processing package for extracting important physics parameters from the 2D measurements, including the radial structure and poloidal mode number of Alfven eigenmodes, as well as the frequency-vs-wavenumber dispersion relationship of broadband MHD. The module propagates characterized synthetic fluctuations for the user, so one can perform forward modeling tasks with simple analytical fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Yu
- University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Y Zhu
- University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Y Wang
- University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - O Meneghini
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - S P Smith
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Y Zou
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - C Luo
- University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - J Cao
- University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - B Tobias
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - A Diallo
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08534, USA
| | - G J Kramer
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08534, USA
| | - Y Ren
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08534, USA
| | - N C Luhmann
- University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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10
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Zhu Y, Yu JH, Yu G, Ye Y, Tobias B, Diallo A, Kramer G, Ren Y, Domier CW, Li X, Luo C, Chen M, Chen Y, Luhmann NC. W-band system-on-chip electron cyclotron emission imaging system on DIII-D. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:093504. [PMID: 33003819 DOI: 10.1063/5.0018082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Monolithic, millimeter-wave "system-on-chip" (SoC) technology has been employed in heterodyne receiver integrated circuit radiometers in a newly developed Electron Cyclotron Emission Imaging (ECEI) system on the DIII-D tokamak for 2D electron temperature profile and fluctuation evolution diagnostics. A prototype module operating in the E-band (72 GHz-80 GHz) was first employed in a 2 × 10 element array that demonstrated significant improvements over the previous quasi-optical Schottky diode mixer arrays during the 2018 operational campaign of the DIII-D tokamak. For compatibility with International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor relevant scenarios on DIII-D, the SoC ECEI system was upgraded with 20 horn-waveguide receiver modules. Each individual module contains a University of California Davis designed W-band (75 GHz-110 GHz) receiver die that integrates a broadband low noise amplifier, a double balanced down-converting mixer, and a ×4 multiplier on the local oscillator (LO) chain. A ×2 multiplier and two IF amplifiers are packaged and selected to further boost the signal strength and downconvert the signal frequency. The upgraded W-band array exhibits >30 dB additional gain and 20× improvement in noise temperature compared with the previous Schottky diode radio frequency mixer input systems; an internal 8 times multiplier chain is used to bring down the LO frequency below 12 GHz, thereby obviating the need for a large aperture for quasi-optical LO coupling and replacing it with coaxial connectors. Horn-waveguide shielding housing avoids out-of-band noise interference on each individual module. The upgraded ECEI system plays an important role for absolute electron temperature evolution and fluctuation measurements for edge and core region transport physics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhu
- University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - J-H Yu
- University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - G Yu
- University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Y Ye
- University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - B Tobias
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - A Diallo
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - G Kramer
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - Y Ren
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - C W Domier
- University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - X Li
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230000, China
| | - C Luo
- University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - M Chen
- University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Y Chen
- University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - N C Luhmann
- University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
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11
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Quasi-optical electron cyclotron emission imaging diagnostic advancements on the J-TEXT tokamak. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2020.111636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Zhu Y, Ye Y, Yu JH, Tobias B, Pham AV, Wang Y, Luo C, Domier CW, Kramer G, Ren Y, Diallo A, Nazikian R, Chen M, Yu G, Luhmann NC. Liquid crystal polymer receiver modules for electron cyclotron emission imaging on the DIII-D tokamak. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:10H120. [PMID: 30399858 DOI: 10.1063/1.5035373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A new generation of millimeter-wave heterodyne imaging receiver arrays has been developed and demonstrated on the DIII-D electron cyclotron emission imaging (ECEI) system. Improved circuit integration, improved noise performance, and enhanced shielding from out-of-band emission are made possible by using advanced liquid crystal polymer (LCP) substrates and monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) receiver chips. This array exhibits ∼15 dB additional gain and >30× reduction in noise temperature compared to previous generation ECEI arrays. Each LCP horn-waveguide module houses a 3 × 3 mm GaAs MMIC receiver chip, which consists of a low noise millimeter-wave preamplifier, balanced mixer, and IF amplifier together with a local oscillator multiplier chain driven at ∼12 GHz. A proof-of-principle partial LCP instrument with 5 poloidal channels was installed on DIII-D in 2017, with a full proof-of-principle system (20 poloidal × 8 radial channels) installed and commissioned in early 2018. The enhanced shielding of the LCP modules is seen to greatly reduce the sensitivity of ECEI signals to out-of-band microwave noise which has plagued previous ECEI studies on DIII-D. The LCP ECEI system is expected to be a valuable diagnostic tool for pedestal region measurements, focusing particularly on electron temperature evolution during edge localized mode bursting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhu
- University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Y Ye
- University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - J-H Yu
- University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - B Tobias
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - A-V Pham
- University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Y Wang
- University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - C Luo
- University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - C W Domier
- University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - G Kramer
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - Y Ren
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - A Diallo
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - R Nazikian
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - M Chen
- University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - G Yu
- University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - N C Luhmann
- University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
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13
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Chen M, Zhu Y, Luo C, Shi L, Tobias BJ, Luhmann NC. Synthetic diagnostic for electron cyclotron emission imaging. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:10H117. [PMID: 30399739 DOI: 10.1063/1.5035426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic diagnostics are aimed at simulating the response of diagnostic systems under actual experimental scenarios and are the key to drawing quantitative inferences from experimental data. The synthetic Electron Cyclotron Emission Imaging (ECEI) diagnostic is suitable for evaluation of the improvement arising from the application of Field Curvature Adjustment (FCA) lenses in the design of the upgraded Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) tokamak ECEI system. In previous ECEI systems, a curved image plane is inevitable in optics systems comprising only convex lenses, which leads to significant crosstalk between vertically adjacent channels and strongly limits the vertical channel resolution of the imaging system. The synthetic ECEI diagnostic results show that, with FCA lenses applied, the upgraded ECEI system has significant advantages to focus on high poloidal wavenumber structures with the aberrations from the spherical surfaces corrected and the various artifacts related to the field curvature suppressed. Also, the synthetic ECEI diagnostic is used for some quantitative calculations to partially decouple the effect of density fluctuations and temperature fluctuations for a given plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Y Zhu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - C Luo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - L Shi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - B J Tobias
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - N C Luhmann
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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14
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Li JX, Zhu YL, Chen M, Cao JH, Dannenberg J, Domier C, Luhmann NC. A new method of out-of-focus millimeter wave imaging in fusion plasma diagnostics using Bessel beams. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:093506. [PMID: 30278691 DOI: 10.1063/1.5012778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Electron cyclotron emission imaging (ECEI) and microwave imaging reflectometry diagnostics have been employed on a number of magnetic fusion plasma confinement devices. The common approach is based on a Gaussian beam assumption, which generates good spatial resolution (centimeter level). However, the radial focal depth is limited by the poloidal resolution, which is comparable with the Rayleigh length (∼150 mm). By contrast, a new Bessel beam approach has been developed and demonstrated to generate much longer focal depth with the property of propagation stability. To test the new approach, the DIII-D tokamak LCP ECEI optics have been re-designed to support a Bessel beam approach based on an axicon lens. The achievable radial coverage can exceed that of the current Gaussian approach by 3×. The imaging result is discussed in this paper based on the simulation analysis and laboratory testing result.
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Affiliation(s)
- J X Li
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Y L Zhu
- University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - M Chen
- University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - J H Cao
- University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - J Dannenberg
- University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - C Domier
- University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - N C Luhmann
- University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
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15
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Zhou T, Liu Y, Ti A, Figini L, Zhao H, Zhu Z, Ling B. Synthetic Diagnostic for Interpreting the ECE Spectrum on EAST. FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/15361055.2017.1396165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianfu Zhou
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plasma Physics, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plasma Physics, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Ang Ti
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plasma Physics, Hefei 230031, China
| | | | - Hailin Zhao
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plasma Physics, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Zeying Zhu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plasma Physics, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Bili Ling
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plasma Physics, Hefei 230031, China
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