1
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Zhang T, Banerjee S, Koulias LN, Valeev EF, DePrince AE, Li X. Dirac-Coulomb-Breit Molecular Mean-Field Exact-Two-Component Relativistic Equation-of-Motion Coupled-Cluster Theory. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:3408-3418. [PMID: 38651293 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c08167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
We present a relativistic equation-of-motion coupled-cluster with single and double excitation formalism within the exact two-component framework (X2C-EOM-CCSD), where both scalar relativistic effects and spin-orbit coupling are variationally included at the reference level. Three different molecular mean-field treatments of relativistic corrections, including the one-electron, Dirac-Coulomb, and Dirac-Coulomb-Breit Hamiltonian, are considered in this work. Benchmark calculations include atomic excitations and fine-structure splittings arising from spin-orbit coupling. Comparison with experimental values and relativistic time-dependent density functional theory is also carried out. The computation of the oscillator strength using the relativistic X2C-EOM-CCSD approach allows for studies of spin-orbit-driven processes, such as the spontaneous phosphorescence lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Samragni Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Lauren N Koulias
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Edward F Valeev
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - A Eugene DePrince
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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2
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Shumilov KD, Jenkins AJ, La Pierre HS, Vlaisavljevich B, Li X. Overdestabilization vs Overstabilization in the Theoretical Analysis of f-Orbital Covalency. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:12030-12039. [PMID: 38648269 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The complex nature of the f-orbital electronic structures and their interaction with the chemical environment pose significant computational challenges. Advanced computational techniques that variationally include scalar relativities and spin-orbit coupling directly at the molecular orbital level have been developed to address this complexity. Among these, variational relativistic multiconfigurational multireference methods stand out for their high accuracy and systematic improvement in studies of f-block complexes. Additionally, these advanced methods offer the potential for calibrating low-scaling electronic structure methods such as density functional theory. However, studies on the Cl K-edge X-ray absorption spectra of the [Ce(III)Cl6]3- and [Ce(IV)Cl6]2- complexes show that time-dependent density functional theory with approximate exchange-correlation kernels can lead to inaccuracies, resulting in an overstabilization of 4f orbitals and incorrect assessments of covalency. In contrast, approaches utilizing small active space wave function methods may understate the stability of these orbitals. The results herein demonstrate the need for large active space, multireference, and variational relativistic methods in studying f-block complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill D Shumilov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Andrew J Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Henry S La Pierre
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Nuclear and Radiological Engineering and Medical Physics Program, School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Bess Vlaisavljevich
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota 57069, United States
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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3
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Ehrman J, Shumilov K, Jenkins AJ, Kasper JM, Vitova T, Batista ER, Yang P, Li X. Unveiling Hidden Shake-Up Features in the Uranyl M 4-Edge Spectrum. JACS AU 2024; 4:1134-1141. [PMID: 38559711 PMCID: PMC10976573 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The M4,5-edge high energy resolution X-ray absorption near-edge structure (HR-XANES) spectra of actinyls offer valuable insights into the electronic structure and bonding properties of heavy-element complexes. To conduct a comprehensive spectral analysis, it is essential to employ computational methods that accurately account for relativistic effects and electron correlation. In this work, we utilize variational relativistic multireference configurational interaction methods to compute and analyze the X-ray M4-edge absorption spectrum of uranyl. By employing these advanced computational techniques, we achieve excellent agreement between the calculated spectral features and experimental observations. Moreover, the calculations unveil significant shake-up features, which arise from the intricate interplay between strongly correlated 3d core-electron and ligand excitations. This research provides important theoretical insights into the spectral characteristics of heavy-element complexes. Furthermore, it establishes the foundation for utilizing M4,5-edge spectroscopy as a means to investigate the chemical activities of such complexes. By leveraging this technique, we can gain a deeper understanding of the bonding behavior and reactivity of heavy-element compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan
N. Ehrman
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Kirill Shumilov
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Andrew J. Jenkins
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Joseph M. Kasper
- Theoretical
Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Tonya Vitova
- Institute
for Nuclear Waste Disposal (INE), Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 3640, Karlsruhe D-76021, Germany
| | - Enrique R. Batista
- Theoretical
Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Ping Yang
- Theoretical
Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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4
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Liao C, Hoyer CE, Banerjee Ghosh R, Jenkins AJ, Knecht S, Frisch MJ, Li X. Comparison of Variational and Perturbative Spin-Orbit Coupling within Two-Component CASSCF. J Phys Chem A 2024. [PMID: 38489510 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c08031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The modeling of spin-orbit coupling (SOC) remains a challenge in computational chemistry due to the high computational cost. With the rising popularity of spin-driven processes and f-block metals in chemistry and materials science, it is incumbent on the community to develop accurate multiconfigurational SOC methods that scale to large systems and understand the limits of different treatments of SOC. Herein, we introduce an implementation of perturbative SOC in scalar-relativistic two-component CASSCF (srX2C-CASSCF-SO). Perspectives on the limitations and accuracy of srX2C-CASSCF-SO are presented via benchmark calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Liao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Chad E Hoyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Rahoul Banerjee Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Andrew J Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Stefan Knecht
- Algorithmiq Ltd, Kanavakatu 3C, FI-00160 Helsinki, Finland
- ETH Zürich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Life Sciences, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michael J Frisch
- Gaussian Inc., 340 Quinnipiac Street, Bldg 40, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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5
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Crisci L, Coppola F, Petrone A, Rega N. Tuning ultrafast time-evolution of photo-induced charge-transfer states: A real-time electronic dynamics study in substituted indenotetracene derivatives. J Comput Chem 2024; 45:210-221. [PMID: 37706600 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Photo-induced charge transfer (CT) states are pivotal in many technological and biological processes. A deeper knowledge of such states is mandatory for modeling the charge migration dynamics. Real-time time-dependent density functional theory (RT-TD-DFT) electronic dynamics simulations are employed to explicitly observe the electronic density time-evolution upon photo-excitation. Asymmetrically substituted indenotetracene molecules, given their potential application as n-type semiconductors in organic photovoltaic materials, are here investigated. Effects of substituents with different electron-donating characters are analyzed in terms of the overall electronic energy spacing and resulting ultrafast CT dynamics through linear response (LR-)TD-DFT and RT-TD-DFT based approaches. The combination of the computational techniques here employed provided direct access to the electronic density reorganization in time and to its spatial and rational representation in terms of molecular orbital occupation time evolution. Such results can be exploited to design peculiar directional charge dynamics, crucial when photoactive materials are used for light-harvesting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Crisci
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di M.S. Angelo, Naples, Italy
- Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Alessio Petrone
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di M.S. Angelo, Naples, Italy
- Scuola Superiore Meridionale, Naples, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di M.S. Angelo ed. 6, Naples, Italy
| | - Nadia Rega
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di M.S. Angelo, Naples, Italy
- Scuola Superiore Meridionale, Naples, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di M.S. Angelo ed. 6, Naples, Italy
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6
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Buttarazzi E, Perrella F, Rega N, Petrone A. Watching the Interplay between Photoinduced Ultrafast Charge Dynamics and Nuclear Vibrations. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:8751-8766. [PMID: 37991892 PMCID: PMC10720350 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Here is presented the ultrafast hole-electron dynamics of photoinduced metal to ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) states in a Ru(II) complex, [Ru(dcbpy)2(NCS)2]4- (dcbpy = 4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine), a photoactive molecule employed in dye sensitized solar cells. Via cutting-edge computational techniques, a tailored computational protocol is here presented and developed to provide a detailed analysis of the electronic manifold coupled with nuclear vibrations to better understand the nonradiative pathways and the resulting overall dye performances in light-harvesting processes (electron injection). Thus, the effects of different vibrational modes were investigated on both the electronic levels and charge transfer dynamics through a theoretical-computational approach. First, the linear response time-dependent density functional (LR-TDDFT) formalism was employed to characterize excitation energies and spacing among electronic levels (the electronic layouts). Then, to understand the ultrafast (femtosecond) charge dynamics on the molecular scale, we relied on the nonperturbative mean-field quantum electronic dynamics via real-time (RT-) TDDFT. Three vibrational modes were selected, representative for collective nuclear movements that can have a significant influence on the electronic structure: two involving NCS- ligands and one involving dcbpy ligands. As main results, we observed that such MLCT states, under vibrational distortions, are strongly affected and a faster interligand electron transfer mechanism is observed along with an increasing MLCT character of the adiabatic electronic states approaching closer in energy due to the vibrations. Such findings can help both in providing a molecular picture of multidimensional vibro-electronic spectroscopic techniques, used to characterize ultrafast coherent and noncoherent dynamics of complex systems, and to improve dye performances with particular attention to the study of energy or charge transport processes and vibronic couplings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Buttarazzi
- Scuola
Superiore Meridionale, Largo San Marcellino 10, I-80138 Napoli, Italy
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli
Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 21, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Fulvio Perrella
- Scuola
Superiore Meridionale, Largo San Marcellino 10, I-80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Nadia Rega
- Scuola
Superiore Meridionale, Largo San Marcellino 10, I-80138 Napoli, Italy
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli
Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 21, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
- Istituto
Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario
di Monte S. Angelo ed. 6, Via Cintia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Alessio Petrone
- Scuola
Superiore Meridionale, Largo San Marcellino 10, I-80138 Napoli, Italy
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli
Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 21, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
- Istituto
Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario
di Monte S. Angelo ed. 6, Via Cintia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
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7
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Havenridge S, Aikens CM. Understanding the Ligand-Dependent Photoluminescent Mechanism in Small Alkynyl-Protected Gold Nanoclusters. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:9932-9943. [PMID: 37966050 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Alkynyl-protected gold clusters have recently gained attention because they are more structurally versatile than their thiolate-protected counterparts. Despite their flexibility, however, a higher photoluminescent quantum yield (PLQY) has been observed experimentally compared to that of organically soluble thiolate-protected clusters. Previous experiments have shown that changing the organic ligand, or R group, in these clusters does not affect the geometric or electronic properties of the core, leading to a similar absorption profile. This article serves as a follow-up to those experiments in which the geometric, optical, and photoluminescent (PL) properties of Au22(ETP)18 are pieced together to find the photoluminescence mechanism. These properties are then compared between Au22(C≡CR)18 clusters where the ligand is changed from R = ETP to PA and ET (ETP = 3-ethynylthiophene, PA = phenylacetylene, and ET = 3-ethynyltoluene). As the theoretical results do not reproduce the same absorption profile among the different ligands as in the experiment, this article also presents a supplementary benchmark of the geometric and optical properties among the three ligands for different levels of theory. The calculations show that the photoluminescence mechanism with the ETP ligand results in ligand-to-metal-to-metal charge transfer (LMMCT), while PA and ET are likely a result of core-dominated fluorescence. The changes are the result of the Au(I) ring atoms as well as how the aromatic groups are connected to the cluster. Additionally, dispersion, solvent, and polarization functions are all important to creating an accurate chemical environment, but the most useful tool in these calculations is the use of a long-range-corrected exchange-correlation functional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shana Havenridge
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66502, United States
| | - Christine M Aikens
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66502, United States
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8
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Di Felice R, Mayes ML, Richard RM, Williams-Young DB, Chan GKL, de Jong WA, Govind N, Head-Gordon M, Hermes MR, Kowalski K, Li X, Lischka H, Mueller KT, Mutlu E, Niklasson AMN, Pederson MR, Peng B, Shepard R, Valeev EF, van Schilfgaarde M, Vlaisavljevich B, Windus TL, Xantheas SS, Zhang X, Zimmerman PM. A Perspective on Sustainable Computational Chemistry Software Development and Integration. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:7056-7076. [PMID: 37769271 PMCID: PMC10601486 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
The power of quantum chemistry to predict the ground and excited state properties of complex chemical systems has driven the development of computational quantum chemistry software, integrating advances in theory, applied mathematics, and computer science. The emergence of new computational paradigms associated with exascale technologies also poses significant challenges that require a flexible forward strategy to take full advantage of existing and forthcoming computational resources. In this context, the sustainability and interoperability of computational chemistry software development are among the most pressing issues. In this perspective, we discuss software infrastructure needs and investments with an eye to fully utilize exascale resources and provide unique computational tools for next-generation science problems and scientific discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Di Felice
- Departments
of Physics and Astronomy and Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- CNR-NANO
Modena, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Maricris L. Mayes
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, Massachusetts 02747, United States
| | | | | | - Garnet Kin-Lic Chan
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Wibe A. de Jong
- Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Niranjan Govind
- Physical
Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Pitzer Center
for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Matthew R. Hermes
- Department
of Chemistry, Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Karol Kowalski
- Physical
Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Hans Lischka
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech
University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Karl T. Mueller
- Physical
and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Erdal Mutlu
- Advanced
Computing, Mathematics, and Data Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Anders M. N. Niklasson
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Mark R. Pederson
- Department
of Physics, The University of Texas at El
Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Bo Peng
- Physical
Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Ron Shepard
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne
National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Edward F. Valeev
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | | | - Bess Vlaisavljevich
- Department
of Chemistry, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota 57069, United States
| | - Theresa L. Windus
- Department
of Chemistry, Iowa State University and
Ames Laboratory, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Sotiris S. Xantheas
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Advanced
Computing, Mathematics and Data Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Xing Zhang
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Paul M. Zimmerman
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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9
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Herbert JM, Zhu Y, Alam B, Ojha AK. Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory for X-ray Absorption Spectra: Comparing the Real-Time Approach to Linear Response. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:6745-6760. [PMID: 37708349 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
We simulate X-ray absorption spectra at elemental K-edges using time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) in both its conventional linear-response implementation and its explicitly time-dependent or "real-time" formulation. Real-time TDDFT simulations enable broadband spectra calculations without the need to invoke frozen occupied orbitals ("core/valence separation"), but we find that these spectra are often contaminated by transitions to the continuum that originate from lower-energy core and semicore orbitals. This problem becomes acute in triple-ζ basis sets, although it is sometimes sidestepped in double-ζ basis sets. Transitions to the continuum acquire surprisingly large dipole oscillator strengths, leading to spectra that are difficult to interpret. Meaningful spectra can be recovered by means of a filtering technique that decomposes the spectrum into contributions from individual occupied orbitals, and the same procedure can be used to separate L- and K-edge spectra arising from different elements within a given molecule. In contrast, conventional linear-response TDDFT requires core/valence separation but is free of these artifacts. It is also significantly more efficient than the real-time approach, even when hundreds of individual states are needed to reproduce near-edge absorption features and even when Padé approximants are used to reduce the real-time simulations to just 2-4 fs of time propagation. Despite the cost, the real-time approach may be useful to examine the validity of the core/valence separation approximation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Herbert
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Chemical Physics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Chemical Physics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Bushra Alam
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Avik Kumar Ojha
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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10
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Ehrman J, Martinez-Baez E, Jenkins AJ, Li X. Improving One-Electron Exact-Two-Component Relativistic Methods with the Dirac-Coulomb-Breit-Parameterized Effective Spin-Orbit Coupling. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:5785-5790. [PMID: 37589436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
In photochemical processes, spin-orbit coupling plays a crucial role in determining the outcome of the reaction. However, the exact treatment of the Dirac-Coulomb-Breit two-electron operator required for rigorous inclusion of spin-orbit coupling is computationally prohibitive. To address this challenge, we present a Dirac-Coulomb-Breit-parameterized screened-nuclear spin-orbit factor to approximate two-electron spin-orbit couplings in the effective one-electron spin-orbit Hamiltonian. We propose two schemes, the universal and row-dependent parameterizations, to further improve the accuracy of the method. Benchmark calculations on both atomic and molecular systems are performed and compared to results from the computationally expensive four-component Dirac-Coulomb-Breit method. The Dirac-Coulomb-Breit-parameterized approach offers a more computationally feasible method for accurate spin-orbit coupling calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Ehrman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Ernesto Martinez-Baez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Andrew J Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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11
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Singh KK, Bhattacharyya A, Havenridge S, Ghabin M, Ausmann H, Siegler MA, Aikens CM, Das A. A first glance into mixed phosphine-stibine moieties as protecting ligands for gold clusters. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:6934-6940. [PMID: 37009838 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05497c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Atomically precise gold clusters have attracted considerable research interest as their tunable structure-property relationships have resulted in widespread applications, from sensing and biomedicine to energetic materials and catalysis. In this article, the synthesis and optical properties of a novel [Au6(SbP3)2][PF6]2 cluster are reported. Despite the lack of spherical symmetry in the core, the cluster shows exceptional thermal and chemical stability. Detailed structural attributes and optical properties are evaluated experimentally and theoretically. This, to the best of our knowledge, is the first report of a gold cluster protected via synergistic multidentate coordination of stibine (Sb) and phosphine moieties (P). To further show that the latter moieties give a set of unique properties that differs from monodentate phosphine-protected [Au6(PPh3)6]2+, geometric structure, electronic structure, and optical properties are analyzed theoretically. In addition, this report also demonstrates the critical role of overall-ligand architecture in stabilizing mixed ligand-protected gold clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kundan K Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275, USA.
| | - Ayan Bhattacharyya
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275, USA.
| | - Shana Havenridge
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA.
| | - Mohamed Ghabin
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275, USA.
| | - Hagan Ausmann
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275, USA.
| | - Maxime A Siegler
- Department of Chemistry, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Christine M Aikens
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA.
| | - Anindita Das
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275, USA.
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12
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Liao C, Kasper JM, Jenkins AJ, Yang P, Batista ER, Frisch MJ, Li X. State Interaction Linear Response Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory with Perturbative Spin-Orbit Coupling: Benchmark and Perspectives. JACS AU 2023; 3:358-367. [PMID: 36873704 PMCID: PMC9975852 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Spin-orbit coupling (SOC) is an important driving force in photochemistry. In this work, we develop a perturbative spin-orbit coupling method within the linear response time-dependent density function theory framework (TDDFT-SO). A full state interaction scheme, including singlet-triplet and triplet-triplet coupling, is introduced to describe not only the coupling between the ground and excited states, but also between excited states with all couplings between spin microstates. In addition, expressions to compute spectral oscillator strengths are presented. Scalar relativity is included variationally using the second-order Douglas-Kroll-Hess Hamiltonian, and the TDDFT-SO method is validated against variational SOC relativistic methods for atomic, diatomic, and transition metal complexes to determine the range of applicability and potential limitations. To demonstrate the robustness of TDDFT-SO for large-scale chemical systems, the UV-Vis spectrum of Au25(SR)18 - is computed and compared to experiment. Perspectives on the limitation, accuracy, and capability of perturbative TDDFT-SO are presented via analyses of benchmark calculations. Additionally, an open-source Python software package (PyTDDFT-SO) is developed and released to interface with the Gaussian 16 quantum chemistry software package to perform this calculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Liao
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington98195, United States
| | - Joseph M. Kasper
- Theoretical
Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
| | - Andrew J. Jenkins
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington98195, United States
| | - Ping Yang
- Theoretical
Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
| | - Enrique R. Batista
- Theoretical
Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
| | - Michael J. Frisch
- Gaussian
Inc., 340 Quinnipiac Street, Bldg 40, Wallingford, Connecticut06492, United States
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington98195, United States
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13
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Moitra T, Konecny L, Kadek M, Rubio A, Repisky M. Accurate Relativistic Real-Time Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory for Valence and Core Attosecond Transient Absorption Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:1714-1724. [PMID: 36757216 PMCID: PMC9940299 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
First principles theoretical modeling of out-of-equilibrium processes observed in attosecond pump-probe transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS) triggering pure electron dynamics remains a challenging task, especially for heavy elements and/or core excitations containing fingerprints of scalar and spin-orbit relativistic effects. To address this, we formulate a methodology for simulating TAS within the relativistic real-time, time-dependent density functional theory (RT-TDDFT) framework, for both the valence and core energy regimes. Especially for TAS, full four-component (4c) RT simulations are feasible but computationally demanding. Therefore, in addition to the 4c approach, we also introduce the atomic mean-field exact two-component (amfX2C) Hamiltonian accounting for one- and two-electron picture-change corrections within RT-TDDFT. amfX2C preserves the accuracy of the parent 4c method at a fraction of its computational cost. Finally, we apply the methodology to study valence and near-L2,3-edge TAS processes of experimentally relevant systems and provide additional physical insights using relativistic nonequilibrium response theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsha Moitra
- Hylleraas
Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Lukas Konecny
- Hylleraas
Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marius Kadek
- Hylleraas
Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
- Department
of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Algorithmiq
Ltd., Kanavakatu 3C, FI-00160 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Angel Rubio
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Center
for Computational Quantum Physics (CCQ), The Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Avenue, New York New York 10010, United States
- Nano-Bio
Spectroscopy Group, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Universidad del País Vasco, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Michal Repisky
- Hylleraas
Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
- Department
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, 84104 Bratislava, Slovakia
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14
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Havenridge S, Weerawardene KLDM, Aikens CM. Characterization of Pt-doping effects on nanoparticle emission: a theoretical look at Au 24Pt(SH) 18 and Au 24Pt(SC 3H 7) 18. Faraday Discuss 2023; 242:464-477. [PMID: 36222075 DOI: 10.1039/d2fd00110a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Developments in nanotechnology have made the creation of functionalized materials with atomic precision possible. Thiolate-protected gold nanoclusters, in particular, have become the focus of study in literature as they possess high stability and have tunable structure-property relationships. In addition to adjustments in properties due to differences in size and shape, heteroatom doping has become an exciting way to tune the properties of these systems by mixing different atomic d characters from transition metal atoms. Au24Pt(SR)18 clusters, notably, have shown incredible catalytic properties, but fall short in the field of photochemistry. The influence of the Pt dopant on the photoluminescence mechanism and excited state dynamics has been investigated by a few experimental groups, but the origin of the differences that arise due to doping has not been clarified thoroughly. In this paper, density functional theory methods are used to analyze the geometry, optical and photoluminescent properties of Au24Pt(SR)18 in comparison with those of [Au25(SR)18]1-. Furthermore, as these clusters have shown slightly different geometric and optical properties for different ligands, the analysis is completed with both hydrogen and propyl ligands in order to ascertain the role of the passivating ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shana Havenridge
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA.
| | | | - Christine M Aikens
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA.
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15
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Perrella F, Li X, Petrone A, Rega N. Nature of the Ultrafast Interligands Electron Transfers in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. JACS AU 2023; 3:70-79. [PMID: 36711100 PMCID: PMC9875239 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Charge-transfer dynamics and interligand electron transfer (ILET) phenomena play a pivotal role in dye-sensitizers, mostly represented by the Ru-based polypyridyl complexes, for TiO2 and ZnO-based solar cells. Starting from metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) excited states, charge dynamics and ILET can influence the overall device efficiency. In this letter, we focus on N34- dye ( [Ru(dcbpy)2(NCS)2]4-, dcbpy = 4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine) to provide a first direct observation with high time resolution (<20 fs) of the ultrafast electron exchange between bpy-like ligands. ILET is observed in water solution after photoexcitation in the ∼400 nm MLCT band, and assessment of its ultrafast time-scale is here given through a real-time electronic dynamics simulation on the basis of state-of-the-art electronic structure methods. Indirect effects of water at finite temperature are also disentangled by investigating the system in a symmetric gas-phase structure. As main result, remarkably, the ILET mechanism appears to be based upon a purely electronic evolution among the dense, experimentally accessible, MLCT excited states manifold at ∼400 nm, which rules out nuclear-electronic couplings and proves further the importance of the dense electronic manifold in improving the efficiency of dye sensitizers in solar cell devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio Perrella
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli
Federico II, Complesso Universitario di M.S. Angelo, via Cintia 21, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Alessio Petrone
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli
Federico II, Complesso Universitario di M.S. Angelo, via Cintia 21, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
- Scuola
Superiore Meridionale, Largo San Marcellino 10, I-80138 Napoli, Italy
- Istituto
Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo ed.
6, via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Nadia Rega
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli
Federico II, Complesso Universitario di M.S. Angelo, via Cintia 21, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
- Scuola
Superiore Meridionale, Largo San Marcellino 10, I-80138 Napoli, Italy
- Istituto
Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo ed.
6, via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- CRIB,
Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca sui Biomateriali, Piazzale Tecchio 80, I-80125 Napoli, Italy
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16
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Perrella F, Petrone A, Rega N. Understanding Charge Dynamics in Dense Electronic Manifolds in Complex Environments. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:626-639. [PMID: 36602443 PMCID: PMC9878732 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced charge transfer (CT) excited states and their relaxation mechanisms can be highly interdependent on the environment effects and the consequent changes in the electronic density. Providing a molecular interpretation of the ultrafast (subpicosecond) interplay between initial photoexcited states in such dense electronic manifolds in condensed phase is crucial for improving and understanding such phenomena. Real-time time-dependent density functional theory is here the method of choice to observe the charge density, explicitly propagated in an ultrafast time domain, along with all time-dependent properties that can be easily extracted from it. A designed protocol of analysis for real-time electronic dynamics to be applied to time evolving electronic density related properties to characterize both in time and in space CT dynamics in complex systems is here introduced and validated, proposing easy to be read cross-correlation maps. As case studies to test such tools, we present the photoinduced charge-transfer electronic dynamics of 5-benzyluracil, a mimic of nucleic acid/protein interactions, and the metal-to-ligand charge-transfer electronic dynamics in water solution of [Ru(dcbpy)2(NCS)2]4-, dcbpy = (4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine), or "N34-", a dye sensitizer for solar cells. Electrostatic and explicit ab initio treatment of solvent molecules have been compared in the latter case, revealing the importance of the accurate modeling of mutual solute-solvent polarization on CT kinetics. We observed that explicit quantum mechanical treatment of solvent slowed down the charge carriers mobilities with respect to the gas-phase. When all water molecules were modeled instead as simpler embedded point charges, the electronic dynamics appeared enhanced, with a reduced hole-electron distance and higher mean velocities due to the close fixed charges and an artificially increased polarization effect. Such analysis tools and the presented case studies can help to unveil the influence of the electronic manifold, as well as of the finite temperature-induced structural distortions and the environment on the ultrafast charge motions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio Perrella
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli
Federico II, Complesso Universitario di
M.S. Angelo, via Cintia 21, I-80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Alessio Petrone
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli
Federico II, Complesso Universitario di
M.S. Angelo, via Cintia 21, I-80126, Napoli, Italy
- Scuola
Superiore Meridionale, Largo San Marcellino 10, I-80138, Napoli, Italy
- Istituto
Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo ed. 6, via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italia
| | - Nadia Rega
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli
Federico II, Complesso Universitario di
M.S. Angelo, via Cintia 21, I-80126, Napoli, Italy
- Scuola
Superiore Meridionale, Largo San Marcellino 10, I-80138, Napoli, Italy
- Istituto
Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo ed. 6, via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italia
- CRIB,
Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca sui Biomateriali, Piazzale Tecchio 80, I-80125, Napoli, Italy
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17
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Hoyer CE, Hu H, Lu L, Knecht S, Li X. Relativistic Kramers-Unrestricted Exact-Two-Component Density Matrix Renormalization Group. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:5011-5020. [PMID: 35881436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c02150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work we develop a variational relativistic density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) approach within the exact-two-component (X2C) framework (X2C-DMRG), using spinor orbitals optimized with the two-component relativistic complete active space self-consistent field. We investigate fine-structure splittings of p- (Ga, In, Tl) and d-block (Sc, Y, La) atoms and excitation energies of monohydride molecules (GeH, SnH, and TlH) with X2C-DMRG calculations using an all-electron relativistic Hamiltonian in a Kramers-unrestricted basis. We find that X2C-DMRG yields accurate 2P and 2D splittings compared to multireference configuration interaction with singles and doubles (MRCISD). We also investigated the degree of symmetry breaking in the atomic multiplets and convergence of electron correlation in the total energies. Symmetry breaking can be large in some cases (∼30 meV); however, increasing the number of renormalized block states m for the DMRG optimization recovers the symmetry breaking by several orders of magnitude. Encouragingly, we find the convergence of electron correlation to be close to MRCISDTQ5 quality. Relativistic X2C-DMRG approaches are important for cases where spin-orbit coupling is significant and the underlying reference wave function requires a large determinantal space. We are able to obtain quantitatively correct fine-structure splittings for systems up to 1019 number of determinants with traditional CI approaches, which are currently unfeasible to converge for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad E Hoyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Hang Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Lixin Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Stefan Knecht
- Algorithmiq Ltd., Kanavakatu 3C, FI-00160 Helsinki, Finland.,Abteilung SHE Chemie, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, DE-64291 Darmstadt, Germany.,Department Chemie, Johannes-Gutenberg Universität Mainz, DE-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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18
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Ye L, Wang H, Zhang Y, Liu W. Self-Adaptive Real-Time Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory for X-ray Absorptions. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:074106. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0106250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Real-time time-dependent density functional theory (RT-TDDFT) can in principle access the whole absorption spectrum of a many-electron system exposed to a narrow pulse. However, this requires an accurate and efficient propagator for the numerical integration of the time-dependent Kohn-Sham equation. While a low-order time propagator is already sufficient for the low-lying valence absorption spectra, it is no longer the case for the X-ray absorption spectra (XAS) of systems composed even only of light elements, for which the use of a high-order propagator is indispensable. It is then crucial to choose a largest possible time step and a shortest possible simulation time, so as to minimize the computational cost. To this end, we propose here a robust AutoPST approach to determine automatically (Auto) the propagator (P), step (S), and time (T) for relativistic RT-TDDFT simulations of XAS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hao Wang
- Shandong University - Qingdao Campus, China
| | | | - Wenjian Liu
- Qingdao Institue for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, Shandong University, China
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19
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Grofe A, Li X. Relativistic nonorthogonal configuration interaction: application to L 2,3-edge X-ray spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:10745-10756. [PMID: 35451435 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01127a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we develop a relativistic exact-two-component nonorthogonal configuration interaction (X2C-NOCI) for computing L-edge X-ray spectra. This article to our knowledge is the first time NOCI has been used for relativistic wave functions. A set of molecular complexes, including SF6, SiCl4 and [FeCl6]3-, are used to demonstrate the accuracy and computational scaling of the X2C-NOCI method. Our results suggest that X2C-NOCI is able to satisfactorily capture the main features of the L2,3-edge X-ray absorption spectra. Excitations from the core require a large amount of orbital relaxation to yield reasonable energies and X2C-NOCI allows us to treat orbital optimization explicitly. However, the cost of computing the nonorthogonal coupling is higher than in conventional CI. Here, we propose an improved integral screening using overlap-scaled density combined with a continuous measure of the generalized Slater-Condon rules that allows us to estimate if an element is zero before attempting a two-electron integral contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Grofe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
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20
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Lu L, Hu H, Jenkins AJ, Li X. Exact-Two-Component Relativistic Multireference Second-Order Perturbation Theory. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:2983-2992. [PMID: 35481362 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As the relativistic corrections become stronger for late-row elements, the fully perturbative treatment of spin-orbit coupling and dynamic correlation may become inadequate for accurate descriptions of chemical properties. In this work, we introduce a determinant-based Kramers-unrestricted exact-two-component multireference second-order perturbation (X2C-MRPT2) method which variationally includes relativistic corrections with a perturbative dynamic correlation. The restricted active space partitioning scheme is employed to provide an adjustable correlation space for the second-order perturbation treatment. The multistate perturbation theory is also developed to improve the descriptions of ground and excited states. Benchmark studies of atomic fine-structure splittings and spectroscopic constants of molecular monohydrides using X2C-MRPT2 are compared to the other perturbative and variational approaches. The results suggest that X2C-MRPT2 is a highly accurate alternative to the fully variational multireference configuration interaction method at only a small fraction of the computational cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Hang Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Andrew J Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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21
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Abstract
Intersystem crossing (ISC), a vital component of the electronic and nuclear transitions that compose photophysics, has been successfully simulated in light elements and transition metal complexes. Derived from the Z-dependent spin-orbit coupling (SOC), ISC is expected to be of greater importance in heavier elements, but few attempts have been made at the simulation of ISC in lanthanides or actinides. In this work, we explore several of the challenges that will need to be overcome in order to treat ISC in late-row elements, including the loss of spin as a good quantum number, the need to include SOC variationally via two- or four-component electronic structure, and the high density of states present in late-row complexes. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations are used to illustrate several of these effects, while a model Hamiltonian is used to illustrate the importance of momentum rescaling in surface hopping simulations of strongly coupled states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J S Valentine
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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22
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Sharma P, Jenkins AJ, Scalmani G, Frisch MJ, Truhlar DG, Gagliardi L, Li X. Exact-Two-Component Multiconfiguration Pair-Density Functional Theory. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:2947-2954. [PMID: 35384665 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Molecules containing late-row elements exhibit large relativistic effects. To account for both relativistic effects and electron correlation in a computationally inexpensive way, we derived a formulation of multiconfiguration pair-density functional theory with the relativistic exact-two-component Hamiltonian (X2C-MC-PDFT). In this new method, relativistic effects are included during variational optimization of a reference wave function by exact-two-component complete active-space self-consistent-field (X2C-CASSCF) theory, followed by an energy evaluation using pair-density functional theory. Benchmark studies of excited-state and ground-state fine-structure splitting of atomic species show that X2C-MC-PDFT can significantly improve the X2C-CASSCF results by introducing additional state-specific electron correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Andrew J Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Giovanni Scalmani
- Gaussian Inc., 340 Quinnipiac Street, Building 40, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Michael J Frisch
- Gaussian Inc., 340 Quinnipiac Street, Building 40, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Donald G Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Laura Gagliardi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 5735 S Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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23
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Kasper JM, Li X, Kozimor SA, Batista ER, Yang P. Relativistic Effects in Modeling the Ligand K-Edge X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure of Uranium Complexes. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:2171-2179. [PMID: 35274960 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Accurate modeling of the complex electronic structure of actinide complexes requires full inclusion of relativistic effects. In this study, we examine the effect of explicit inclusion of spin-orbit coupling (SOC) versus scalar relativistic effects on the predicted spectra for heavy-element complexes. In this study, we employ a relativistic two-component Hamiltonian in the X2C form with all of the electrons in the system being considered explicitly to compare and contrast with previous studies that included the relativistic effects by means of relativistic effective core potentials (RECPs). A few uranium complexes are chosen as model systems. Comparison of the computed Cl K-edge X-ray absorption spectra with experimental data shows significantly improved agreement when a variational relativistic treatment of SOC is performed. In particular, we note the importance of SOC terms to obtain not only correct transition energies but also correct intensities for these heavy-element complexes because of the redistribution of ligand bonding character among the valence MOs. While RECPs generally agree well with all-electron scalar relativistic calculations, there are some differences in the predicted spectra of open-shell systems. These methods are still suitable for broad application to analyze the qualitative nature of transitions in X-ray absorption spectra, but caution is recommended for quantitative analysis, as SOC can be non-negligible for both open- and closed-shell heavy-element systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Kasper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States.,Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States.,Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Stosh A Kozimor
- Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Enrique R Batista
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Ping Yang
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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24
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Konecny L, Vicha J, Komorovsky S, Ruud K, Repisky M. Accurate X-ray Absorption Spectra near L- and M-Edges from Relativistic Four-Component Damped Response Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory. Inorg Chem 2021; 61:830-846. [PMID: 34958215 PMCID: PMC8767545 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The simulation of
X-ray absorption spectra requires both scalar
and spin–orbit (SO) relativistic effects to be taken into account,
particularly near L- and M-edges where the SO splitting of core p
and d orbitals dominates. Four-component Dirac–Coulomb Hamiltonian-based
linear damped response time-dependent density functional theory (4c-DR-TDDFT)
calculates spectra directly for a selected frequency region while
including the relativistic effects variationally, making the method
well suited for X-ray applications. In this work, we show that accurate
X-ray absorption spectra near L2,3- and M4,5-edges of closed-shell transition metal and actinide compounds with
different central atoms, ligands, and oxidation states can be obtained
by means of 4c-DR-TDDFT. While the main absorption lines do not change
noticeably with the basis set and geometry, the exchange–correlation
functional has a strong influence with hybrid functionals performing
the best. The energy shift compared to the experiment is shown to
depend linearly on the amount of Hartee–Fock exchange with
the optimal value being 60% for spectral regions above 1000 eV, providing
relative errors below 0.2% and 2% for edge energies and SO splittings,
respectively. Finally, the methodology calibrated in this work is
used to reproduce the experimental L2,3-edge X-ray absorption
spectra of [RuCl2(DMSO)2(Im)2] and
[WCl4(PMePh2)2], and resolve the
broad bands into separated lines, allowing an interpretation based
on ligand field theory and double point groups. These results support
4c-DR-TDDFT as a reliable method for calculating and analyzing X-ray
absorption spectra of chemically interesting systems, advance the
accuracy of state-of-the art relativistic DFT approaches, and provide
a reference for benchmarking more approximate techniques. The paper demonstrates that relativistic four-component
TDDFT theory can reproduce and analyze experimental X-ray absorption
spectra near L2,3- and M4,5-edges of transition
metal and actinide compounds with different central atoms, ligands,
and oxidation states. With variational inclusion of scalar and spin−orbit
relativistic effects and hybrid functionals with an optimized amount
of Hartee−Fock exchange (60%), it achieves relative errors
below 0.2% and 2% for edge energies and spin−orbit (SO) splittings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Konecny
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jan Vicha
- Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University, tř. Tomáše Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Komorovsky
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-84536 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Kenneth Ruud
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Michal Repisky
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
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25
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Jenkins AJ, Hu H, Lu L, Frisch MJ, Li X. Two-Component Multireference Restricted Active Space Configuration Interaction for the Computation of L-Edge X-ray Absorption Spectra. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 18:141-150. [PMID: 34908414 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
X-ray absorption spectroscopy is a powerful probe of local electronic and nuclear structures, providing insights into chemical processes. The theoretical prediction and interpretation of metal L-edge X-ray absorption spectra are complicated by both relativistic effects, including spin-orbit coupling and the multiconfigurational nature of the states involved. This work details an exact two-component multireference restricted active space (RAS) configuration interaction scheme that uses an exact two-component state-averaged complete active space self-consistent-field method, which includes the spin-orbit coupling in a variational manner, for the accurate description of the electronic structure before using a RAS configuration interaction method to describe the core excited states of the X-ray spectrum. Benchmark calculations are presented for a series of iron-containing complexes, with results showing key features of the spectrum being reproduced, including ligand-to-metal charge transfer and shake-up excitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Hang Hu
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Lixin Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Michael J Frisch
- Gaussian Inc., 340 Quinnipiac Street, Building 40, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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26
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Shepard C, Zhou R, Yost DC, Yao Y, Kanai Y. Simulating electronic excitation and dynamics with real-time propagation approach to TDDFT within plane-wave pseudopotential formulation. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:100901. [PMID: 34525811 DOI: 10.1063/5.0057587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We give a perspective on simulating electronic excitation and dynamics using the real-time propagation approach to time-dependent density functional theory (RT-TDDFT) in the plane-wave pseudopotential formulation. RT-TDDFT is implemented in various numerical formalisms in recent years, and its practical application often dictates the most appropriate implementation of the theory. We discuss recent developments and challenges, emphasizing numerical aspects of studying real systems. Several applications of RT-TDDFT simulation are discussed to highlight how the approach is used to study interesting electronic excitation and dynamics phenomena in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Shepard
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, USA
| | - Ruiyi Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, USA
| | - Dillon C Yost
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Yi Yao
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, USA
| | - Yosuke Kanai
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, USA
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27
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Grofe A, Gao J, Li X. Exact-two-component block-localized wave function: A simple scheme for the automatic computation of relativistic ΔSCF. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:014103. [PMID: 34241404 DOI: 10.1063/5.0054227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Block-localized wave function is a useful method for optimizing constrained determinants. In this article, we extend the generalized block-localized wave function technique to a relativistic two-component framework. Optimization of excited state determinants for two-component wave functions presents a unique challenge because the excited state manifold is often quite dense with degenerate states. Furthermore, we test the degree to which certain symmetries result naturally from the ΔSCF optimization such as time-reversal symmetry and symmetry with respect to the total angular momentum operator on a series of atomic systems. Variational optimizations may often break the symmetry in order to lower the overall energy, just as unrestricted Hartree-Fock breaks spin symmetry. Overall, we demonstrate that time-reversal symmetry is roughly maintained when using Hartree-Fock, but less so when using Kohn-Sham density functional theory. Additionally, maintaining total angular momentum symmetry appears to be system dependent and not guaranteed. Finally, we were able to trace the breaking of total angular momentum symmetry to the relaxation of core electrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Grofe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Jiali Gao
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China; Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA; and Beijing University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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28
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De Santis M, Belpassi L, Jacob CR, Severo Pereira Gomes A, Tarantelli F, Visscher L, Storchi L. Environmental Effects with Frozen-Density Embedding in Real-Time Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory Using Localized Basis Functions. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:5695-5711. [PMID: 32786918 PMCID: PMC8009524 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Frozen-density embedding (FDE) represents a versatile embedding scheme to describe the environmental effect on electron dynamics in molecular systems. The extension of the general theory of FDE to the real-time time-dependent Kohn-Sham method has previously been presented and implemented in plane waves and periodic boundary conditions [Pavanello, M.; J. Chem. Phys. 2015, 142, 154116]. In the current paper, we extend our recent formulation of the real-time time-dependent Kohn-Sham method based on localized basis set functions and developed within the Psi4NumPy framework to the FDE scheme. The latter has been implemented in its "uncoupled" flavor (in which the time evolution is only carried out for the active subsystem, while the environment subsystems remain at their ground state), using and adapting the FDE implementation already available in the PyEmbed module of the scripting framework PyADF. The implementation was facilitated by the fact that both Psi4NumPy and PyADF, being native Python API, provided an ideal framework of development using the Python advantages in terms of code readability and reusability. We employed this new implementation to investigate the stability of the time-propagation procedure, which is based on an efficient predictor/corrector second-order midpoint Magnus propagator employing an exact diagonalization, in combination with the FDE scheme. We demonstrate that the inclusion of the FDE potential does not introduce any numerical instability in time propagation of the density matrix of the active subsystem, and in the limit of the weak external field, the numerical results for low-lying transition energies are consistent with those obtained using the reference FDE calculations based on the linear-response TDDFT. The method is found to give stable numerical results also in the presence of a strong external field inducing nonlinear effects. Preliminary results are reported for high harmonic generation (HHG) of a water molecule embedded in a small water cluster. The effect of the embedding potential is evident in the HHG spectrum reducing the number of the well-resolved high harmonics at high energy with respect to the free water. This is consistent with a shift toward lower ionization energy passing from an isolated water molecule to a small water cluster. The computational burden for the propagation step increases approximately linearly with the size of the surrounding frozen environment. Furthermore, we have also shown that the updating frequency of the embedding potential may be significantly reduced, much less than one per time step, without jeopardizing the accuracy of the transition energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo De Santis
- Dipartimento di
Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università
degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Istituto di Scienze
e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- Istituto di Scienze
e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Christoph R. Jacob
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Gaußstr. 17, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Francesco Tarantelli
- Dipartimento di
Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università
degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Lucas Visscher
- Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Loriano Storchi
- Istituto di Scienze
e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università
degli Studi ‘G. D’Annunzio’, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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29
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Hoyer CE, Li X. Relativistic two-component projection-based quantum embedding for open-shell systems. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:094113. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0012433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chad E. Hoyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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30
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Kasper JM, Jenkins AJ, Sun S, Li X. Perspective on Kramers symmetry breaking and restoration in relativistic electronic structure methods for open-shell systems. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:090903. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0015279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M. Kasper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Andrew J. Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Shichao Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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31
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Li X, Govind N, Isborn C, DePrince AE, Lopata K. Real-Time Time-Dependent Electronic Structure Theory. Chem Rev 2020; 120:9951-9993. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Niranjan Govind
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Christine Isborn
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of California, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - A. Eugene DePrince
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Kenneth Lopata
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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32
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Darapaneni P, Meyer AM, Sereda M, Bruner A, Dorman JA, Lopata K. Simulated field-modulated x-ray absorption in titania. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:054110. [PMID: 32770877 DOI: 10.1063/5.0009677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we present a method to compute the x-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectra of solid-state transition metal oxides using real-time time-dependent density functional theory, including spin-orbit coupling effects. This was performed on bulk-mimicking anatase titania (TiO2) clusters, which allows for the use of hybrid functionals and atom-centered all electron basis sets. Furthermore, this method was employed to calculate the shifts in the XANES spectra of the Ti L-edge in the presence of applied electric fields to understand how external fields can modify the electronic structure, and how this can be probed using x-ray absorption spectroscopy. Specifically, the onset of t2g peaks in the Ti L-edge was observed to red shift and the eg peaks were observed to blue shift with increasing fields, attributed to changes in the hybridization of the conduction band (3d) orbitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragathi Darapaneni
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Alexander M Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Mykola Sereda
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Adam Bruner
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - James A Dorman
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Kenneth Lopata
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
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33
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Chen M, Lopata K. First-Principles Simulations of X-ray Transient Absorption for Probing Attosecond Electron Dynamics. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:4470-4478. [PMID: 32470295 PMCID: PMC7467644 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
X-ray transient absorption spectroscopy (XTAS) is a promising technique for measuring electron dynamics in molecules and solids with attosecond time resolutions. In XTAS, the elemental specificity and spatial locality of core-to-valence X-ray absorption is exploited to relate modulations in the time-resolved absorption spectra to local electron density variations around particular atoms. However, interpreting these absorption modulations and frequency shifts as a function of the time delay in terms of dynamics can be challenging. In this paper, we present a first-principles study of attosecond XTAS in a selection of simple molecules based on real-time time-dependent density functional theory (RT-TDDFT) with constrained DFT to emulate the state of the system following the interaction with a ultraviolet pump laser. In general, there is a decrease in the optical density and a blue shift in the frequency with increasing electron density around the absorbing atom. In carbon monoxide (CO), modulations in the O K-edge occur at the frequency of the valence electron dynamics, while for dioxygen (O2) they occur at twice the frequency, due to the indistinguishability of the oxygen atoms. In 4-aminophenol (H2NC6H4OH), likewise, there is a decrease in the optical density and a blue shift in the frequency for the oxygen and nitrogen K-edges with increasing charge density on the O and N, respectively. Similar effects are observed in the nitrogen K-edge for a long-range charge-transfer excitation in a benzene (C6H6)-tetracyanoethylene (C6N4; TCNE) dimer but with weaker modulations due to the delocalization of the charge across the entire TCNE molecule. Additionally, in all cases, there are pre-edge features corresponding to core transitions to depopulated orbitals. These potentially offer a background-free signal that only appears in pumped molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Kenneth Lopata
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States.,Center for Computation and Technology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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34
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Sun S, Li X. Relativistic Effects in Magnetic Circular Dichroism: Restricted Magnetic Balance and Temperature Dependence. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:4533-4542. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shichao Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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35
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Repisky M, Komorovsky S, Kadek M, Konecny L, Ekström U, Malkin E, Kaupp M, Ruud K, Malkina OL, Malkin VG. ReSpect: Relativistic spectroscopy DFT program package. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:184101. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0005094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Repisky
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Stanislav Komorovsky
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, SK-84536 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marius Kadek
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Lukas Konecny
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ulf Ekström
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Elena Malkin
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Martin Kaupp
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry, Strasse des 17 Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kenneth Ruud
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Olga L. Malkina
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, SK-84536 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Vladimir G. Malkin
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, SK-84536 Bratislava, Slovakia
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36
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Pavošević F, Culpitt T, Hammes-Schiffer S. Multicomponent Quantum Chemistry: Integrating Electronic and Nuclear Quantum Effects via the Nuclear–Electronic Orbital Method. Chem Rev 2020; 120:4222-4253. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabijan Pavošević
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Tanner Culpitt
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Sharon Hammes-Schiffer
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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37
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Hu H, Jenkins AJ, Liu H, Kasper JM, Frisch MJ, Li X. Relativistic Two-Component Multireference Configuration Interaction Method with Tunable Correlation Space. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:2975-2984. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b01290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Hu
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Andrew J. Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Hongbin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Joseph M. Kasper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Michael J. Frisch
- Gaussian Inc., 340 Quinnipiac Street, Building 40, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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38
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Kasper JM, Li X. Natural transition orbitals for complex two-component excited state calculations. J Comput Chem 2020; 41:1557-1563. [PMID: 32220083 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
While the natural transition orbital (NTO) method has allowed electronic excitations from time-dependent Hartree-Fock and density functional theory to be viewed in a traditional orbital picture, the extension to multicomponent molecular orbitals such as those used in relativistic two-component methods or generalized Hartree-Fock (GHF) or generalized Kohn-Sham (GKS) is less straightforward due to mixing of spin-components and the inherent inclusion of spin-flip transitions in time-dependent GHF/GKS. An extension of single-component NTOs to the two-component framework is presented, in addition to a brief discussion of the practical aspects of visualizing two-component complex orbitals. Unlike the single-component analog, the method explicitly describes the spin and frequently obtains solutions with several significant orbital pairs. The method is presented using calculations on a mercury atom and a CrO2 Cl2 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Kasper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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39
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De Santis M, Storchi L, Belpassi L, Quiney HM, Tarantelli F. PyBERTHART: A Relativistic Real-Time Four-Component TDDFT Implementation Using Prototyping Techniques Based on Python. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:2410-2429. [PMID: 32101419 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo De Santis
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Loriano Storchi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi ‘G. D’Annunzio’, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Harry M. Quiney
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, 3010 Victoria, Australia
| | - Francesco Tarantelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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40
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Smith B, Akimov AV. Modeling nonadiabatic dynamics in condensed matter materials: some recent advances and applications. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2020; 32:073001. [PMID: 31661681 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab5246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on recent developments in the field of nonadiabatic molecular dynamics (NA-MD), with particular attention given to condensed-matter systems. NA-MD simulations for small molecular systems can be performed using high-level electronic structure (ES) calculations, methods accounting for the quantization of nuclear motion, and using fewer approximations in the dynamical methodology itself. Modeling condensed-matter systems imposes many limitations on various aspects of NA-MD computations, requiring approximations at various levels of theory-from the ES, to the ways in which the coupling of electrons and nuclei are accounted for. Nonetheless, the approximate treatment of NA-MD in condensed-phase materials has gained a spin lately in many applied studies. A number of advancements of the methodology and computational tools have been undertaken, including general-purpose methods, as well as those tailored to nanoscale and condensed matter systems. This review summarizes such methodological and software developments, puts them into the broader context of existing approaches, and highlights some of the challenges that remain to be solved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States of America
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41
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Kasper JM, Gamelin DR, Li X. Theoretical investigation of quantum confinement on the Rashba effect in ZnO semiconductor nanocrystals. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:014308. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5128355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M. Kasper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Daniel R. Gamelin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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42
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Zhang T, Kasper JM, Li X. Localized relativistic two-component methods for ground and excited state calculations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.arcc.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
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43
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Konecny L, Repisky M, Ruud K, Komorovsky S. Relativistic four-component linear damped response TDDFT for electronic absorption and circular dichroism calculations. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:194112. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5128564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Konecny
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michal Repisky
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kenneth Ruud
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Stanislav Komorovsky
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Mattiat J, Luber S. Electronic circular dichroism with real time time dependent density functional theory: Propagator formalism and gauge dependence. Chem Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2019.110464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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45
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Koulias LN, Williams-Young DB, Nascimento DR, DePrince AE, Li X. Relativistic Real-Time Time-Dependent Equation-of-Motion Coupled-Cluster. J Chem Theory Comput 2019; 15:6617-6624. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b00729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren N. Koulias
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - David B. Williams-Young
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road MS 50A-3111, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Daniel R. Nascimento
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - A. Eugene DePrince
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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46
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Valentine AJS, Radler JJ, Mills A, Kim P, Castellano FN, Chen LX, Li X. Resolving the ultrafast intersystem crossing in a bimetallic platinum complex. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:114303. [PMID: 31542032 DOI: 10.1063/1.5115169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bimetallic platinum complexes have interesting luminescent properties and feature long-lasting vibrational coherence and ultrafast intersystem crossing (ISC) after photoexcitation. Ultrafast triplet formation is driven by very strong spin-orbit coupling in these platinum (II) systems, where relativistic theoretical approaches beyond first-order perturbation theory are desirable. Using a fully variational relativistic theoretical method recently developed by the authors, we investigate the origins of ultrafast ISC in the [Pt(ppy) (μ-tBu2pz)]2 complex (ppy = phenylpyridine, pz = pyrazolate). Spin-orbit coupling values, evaluated along a Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics trajectory, are used to propagate electronic populations in time. Using this technique, we estimate ultrafast ISC rates of 15-134 fs in this species for the possible ISC pathways into the three low-lying triplet states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J S Valentine
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Joseph J Radler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Alexis Mills
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Pyosang Kim
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Felix N Castellano
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
| | - Lin X Chen
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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47
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Valentine AJS, Li X. Toward the evaluation of intersystem crossing rates with variational relativistic methods. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:084107. [PMID: 31470709 DOI: 10.1063/1.5113815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The change in electronic state from one spin multiplicity to another, known as intersystem crossing, occurs in molecules via the relativistic phenomenon of spin-orbit coupling. Current means of estimating intersystem crossing rates rely on the perturbative evaluation of spin-orbit coupling effects. This perturbative approach, valid in lighter atoms where spin-orbit coupling is weaker, is expected to break down for heavier elements where relativistic effects become dominant. Methods which incorporate spin-orbit effects variationally, such as the exact-two-component (X2C) method, will be necessary to treat this strong-coupling regime. We present a novel procedure which produces a diabatic basis of spin-pure electronic states coupled by spin-orbit terms, generated from fully variational relativistic calculations. This method is implemented within X2C using time-dependent density-functional theory and is compared to results from a perturbative relativistic study in the weak spin-orbit coupling regime. Additional calculations on a more strongly spin-orbit-coupled [UO2Cl4]2- complex further illustrate the strengths of this method. This procedure will be valuable in the estimation of intersystem crossing rates within strongly spin-coupled species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J S Valentine
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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48
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Stetina TF, Kasper JM, Li X. Modeling L2,3-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy with linear response exact two-component relativistic time-dependent density functional theory. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:234103. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5091807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Torin F. Stetina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Joseph M. Kasper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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49
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Jenkins AJ, Liu H, Kasper JM, Frisch MJ, Li X. Variational Relativistic Two-Component Complete-Active-Space Self-Consistent Field Method. J Chem Theory Comput 2019; 15:2974-2982. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Hongbin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Joseph M. Kasper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Michael J. Frisch
- Gaussian Inc., 340 Quinnipiac Street, Building 40, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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50
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Ulusoy IS, Wilson AK. Spin trapping and flipping in FeCO through relativistic electron dynamics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:7265-7271. [PMID: 30607408 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp06583g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal compounds are very versatile, and their characteristics can differ profoundly depending on their electronic structure. Compounds in which a spin transition from a low-spin to a high-spin state can be achieved through means of an optical excitation are particularly intriguing, as a controlled spin-flip opens promising avenues in areas such as sensing, information technology, molecular switches and energy technology. The fundamental mechanisms in spin crossover and spin transitions remain unanswered, due to the complexity of electronic structure and interplay of relativistic effects. Presented here is a new approach that allows the first direct study of spin flip dynamics through a mapping of spin-mixed to spin-pure states. The method is applied to FeCO and addresses the spin-flip dynamics during a spin transition. Wave packets that combine different spin states are generated through optical excitation and relevant mechanisms in optically triggered spin transitions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga S Ulusoy
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824-1322, USA.
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