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Diaz FR, Mero M, Amini K. High-repetition-rate ultrafast electron diffraction with direct electron detection. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2024; 11:054302. [PMID: 39346930 PMCID: PMC11438501 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) instruments typically operate at kHz or lower repetition rates and rely on indirect detection of electrons. However, these experiments encounter limitations because they are required to use electron beams containing a relatively large number of electrons (≫100 electrons/pulse), leading to severe space-charge effects. Consequently, electron pulses with long durations and large transverse diameters are used to interrogate the sample. Here, we introduce a novel UED instrument operating at a high repetition rate and employing direct electron detection. We operate significantly below the severe space-charge regime by using electron beams containing 1-140 electrons per pulse at 30 kHz. We demonstrate the ability to detect time-resolved signals from thin film solid samples with a difference contrast signal, Δ I / I 0 , and an instrument response function as low as 10-5 and 184-fs (FWHM), respectively, without temporal compression. Overall, our findings underscore the importance of increasing the repetition rate of UED experiments and adopting a direct electron detection scheme, which will be particularly impactful for gas-phase UED. Our newly developed scheme enables more efficient and sensitive investigations of ultrafast dynamics in photoexcited samples using ultrashort electron beams.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. R. Diaz
- Max-Born-Institut, Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - M. Mero
- Max-Born-Institut, Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - K. Amini
- Max-Born-Institut, Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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2
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Konvalina I, Daniel B, Zouhar M, Paták A, Müllerová I, Frank L, Piňos J, Průcha L, Radlička T, Werner WSM, Mikmeková EM. Low-Energy Electron Inelastic Mean Free Path of Graphene Measured by a Time-of-Flight Spectrometer. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2435. [PMID: 34578750 PMCID: PMC8471131 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The detailed examination of electron scattering in solids is of crucial importance for the theory of solid-state physics, as well as for the development and diagnostics of novel materials, particularly those for micro- and nanoelectronics. Among others, an important parameter of electron scattering is the inelastic mean free path (IMFP) of electrons both in bulk materials and in thin films, including 2D crystals. The amount of IMFP data available is still not sufficient, especially for very slow electrons and for 2D crystals. This situation motivated the present study, which summarizes pilot experiments for graphene on a new device intended to acquire electron energy-loss spectra (EELS) for low landing energies. Thanks to its unique properties, such as electrical conductivity and transparency, graphene is an ideal candidate for study at very low energies in the transmission mode of an electron microscope. The EELS are acquired by means of the very low-energy electron microspectroscopy of 2D crystals, using a dedicated ultra-high vacuum scanning low-energy electron microscope equipped with a time-of-flight (ToF) velocity analyzer. In order to verify our pilot results, we also simulate the EELS by means of density functional theory (DFT) and the many-body perturbation theory. Additional DFT calculations, providing both the total density of states and the band structure, illustrate the graphene loss features. We utilize the experimental EELS data to derive IMFP values using the so-called log-ratio method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Konvalina
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic; (B.D.); (M.Z.); (A.P.); (I.M.); (L.F.); (J.P.); (L.P.); (T.R.); (E.M.M.)
| | - Benjamin Daniel
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic; (B.D.); (M.Z.); (A.P.); (I.M.); (L.F.); (J.P.); (L.P.); (T.R.); (E.M.M.)
| | - Martin Zouhar
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic; (B.D.); (M.Z.); (A.P.); (I.M.); (L.F.); (J.P.); (L.P.); (T.R.); (E.M.M.)
| | - Aleš Paták
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic; (B.D.); (M.Z.); (A.P.); (I.M.); (L.F.); (J.P.); (L.P.); (T.R.); (E.M.M.)
| | - Ilona Müllerová
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic; (B.D.); (M.Z.); (A.P.); (I.M.); (L.F.); (J.P.); (L.P.); (T.R.); (E.M.M.)
| | - Luděk Frank
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic; (B.D.); (M.Z.); (A.P.); (I.M.); (L.F.); (J.P.); (L.P.); (T.R.); (E.M.M.)
| | - Jakub Piňos
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic; (B.D.); (M.Z.); (A.P.); (I.M.); (L.F.); (J.P.); (L.P.); (T.R.); (E.M.M.)
| | - Lukáš Průcha
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic; (B.D.); (M.Z.); (A.P.); (I.M.); (L.F.); (J.P.); (L.P.); (T.R.); (E.M.M.)
| | - Tomáš Radlička
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic; (B.D.); (M.Z.); (A.P.); (I.M.); (L.F.); (J.P.); (L.P.); (T.R.); (E.M.M.)
| | - Wolfgang S. M. Werner
- Institute of Applied Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8–10/E134, 1040 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Eliška Materna Mikmeková
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic; (B.D.); (M.Z.); (A.P.); (I.M.); (L.F.); (J.P.); (L.P.); (T.R.); (E.M.M.)
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Verhoeven W, van Rens JFM, Kemper AH, Rietman EH, van Doorn HA, Koole I, Kieft ER, Mutsaers PHA, Luiten OJ. Design and characterization of dielectric filled TM 110 microwave cavities for ultrafast electron microscopy. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:083703. [PMID: 31472630 DOI: 10.1063/1.5080003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microwave cavities oscillating in the TM110 mode can be used as dynamic electron-optical elements inside an electron microscope. By filling the cavity with a dielectric material, it becomes more compact and power efficient, facilitating the implementation in an electron microscope. However, the incorporation of the dielectric material makes the manufacturing process more difficult. Presented here are the steps taken to characterize the dielectric material and to reproducibly fabricate dielectric filled cavities. Also presented are two versions with improved capabilities. The first, called a dual-mode cavity, is designed to support two modes simultaneously. The second has been optimized for low power consumption. With this optimized cavity, a magnetic field strength of 2.84 ± 0.07 mT was generated at an input power of 14.2 ± 0.2 W. Due to the low input powers and small dimensions, these dielectric cavities are ideal as electron-optical elements for electron microscopy setups.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Verhoeven
- Department of Applied Physics, Coherence and Quantum Technology Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - J F M van Rens
- Department of Applied Physics, Coherence and Quantum Technology Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - A H Kemper
- Department of Applied Physics, Coherence and Quantum Technology Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - E H Rietman
- Department of Applied Physics, Coherence and Quantum Technology Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - H A van Doorn
- Department of Applied Physics, Coherence and Quantum Technology Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - I Koole
- Department of Applied Physics, Coherence and Quantum Technology Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - E R Kieft
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Achtseweg Noord 5, 5651 GG Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - P H A Mutsaers
- Department of Applied Physics, Coherence and Quantum Technology Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - O J Luiten
- Department of Applied Physics, Coherence and Quantum Technology Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Verhoeven W, van Rens JFM, Toonen WF, Kieft ER, Mutsaers PHA, Luiten OJ. Time-of-flight electron energy loss spectroscopy by longitudinal phase space manipulation with microwave cavities. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2018; 5:051101. [PMID: 30363957 PMCID: PMC6185865 DOI: 10.1063/1.5052217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The possibility to perform high-resolution time-resolved electron energy loss spectroscopy has the potential to impact a broad range of research fields. Resolving small energy losses with ultrashort electron pulses, however, is an enormous challenge due to the low average brightness of a pulsed beam. In this paper, we propose to use time-of-flight measurements combined with longitudinal phase space manipulation using resonant microwave cavities. This allows for both an accurate detection of energy losses with a high current throughput and efficient monochromation. First, a proof-of-principle experiment is presented, showing that with the incorporation of a compression cavity the flight time resolution can be improved significantly. Then, it is shown through simulations that by adding a cavity-based monochromation technique, a full-width-at-half-maximum energy resolution of 22 meV can be achieved with 3.1 ps pulses at a beam energy of 30 keV with currently available technology. By combining state-of-the-art energy resolutions with a pulsed electron beam, the technique proposed here opens up the way to detecting short-lived excitations within the regime of highly collective physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Verhoeven
- Department of Applied Physics, Coherence and Quantum Technology Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - J F M van Rens
- Department of Applied Physics, Coherence and Quantum Technology Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - W F Toonen
- Department of Applied Physics, Coherence and Quantum Technology Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - E R Kieft
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Achtseweg Noord 5, 5651 GG Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - P H A Mutsaers
- Department of Applied Physics, Coherence and Quantum Technology Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - O J Luiten
- Department of Applied Physics, Coherence and Quantum Technology Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
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Ehberger D, Kealhofer C, Baum P. Electron energy analysis by phase-space shaping with THz field cycles. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2018; 5:044303. [PMID: 30221179 PMCID: PMC6115237 DOI: 10.1063/1.5045167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Time-resolved electron energy analysis and loss spectroscopy can reveal a wealth of information about material properties and dynamical light-matter interactions. Here, we report an all-optical concept for measuring energy spectra of femtosecond electron pulses with sub-eV resolution. Laser-generated terahertz radiation is used to measure arrival time differences within electron pulses with few-femtosecond precision. Controlled dispersion and subsequent compression of the electron pulses provide almost any desired compromise of energy resolution, signal strength, and time resolution. A proof-of-concept experiment on aluminum reveals an energy resolution of <3.5 eV (rms) at 70-keV after a drift distance of only 0.5 m. Simulations of a two-stage scheme reveal that pre-stretched pulses can be used to achieve <10 meV resolution, independent of the source's initial energy spread and limited only by the achievable THz field strength and measuring time.
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Verhoeven W, van Rens JFM, Kieft ER, Mutsaers PHA, Luiten OJ. High quality ultrafast transmission electron microscopy using resonant microwave cavities. Ultramicroscopy 2018; 188:85-89. [PMID: 29554490 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ultrashort, low-emittance electron pulses can be created at a high repetition rate by using a TM110 deflection cavity to sweep a continuous beam across an aperture. These pulses can be used for time-resolved electron microscopy with atomic spatial and temporal resolution at relatively large average currents. In order to demonstrate this, a cavity has been inserted in a transmission electron microscope, and picosecond pulses have been created. No significant increase of either emittance or energy spread has been measured for these pulses. At a peak current of 814 ± 2 pA, the root-mean-square transverse normalized emittance of the electron pulses is ɛn,x=(2.7±0.1)·10-12 m rad in the direction parallel to the streak of the cavity, and ɛn,y=(2.5±0.1)·10-12 m rad in the perpendicular direction for pulses with a pulse length of 1.1-1.3 ps. Under the same conditions, the emittance of the continuous beam is ɛn,x=ɛn,y=(2.5±0.1)·10-12 m rad. Furthermore, for both the pulsed and the continuous beam a full width at half maximum energy spread of 0.95 ± 0.05 eV has been measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Verhoeven
- Department of Applied Physics, Coherence and Quantum Technology Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600, MB Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - J F M van Rens
- Department of Applied Physics, Coherence and Quantum Technology Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600, MB Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - E R Kieft
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Achtseweg Noord 5, 5651, GG Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - P H A Mutsaers
- Department of Applied Physics, Coherence and Quantum Technology Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600, MB Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - O J Luiten
- Department of Applied Physics, Coherence and Quantum Technology Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600, MB Eindhoven, Netherlands.
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7
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van Rens J, Verhoeven W, Franssen J, Lassise A, Stragier X, Kieft E, Mutsaers P, Luiten O. Theory and particle tracking simulations of a resonant radiofrequency deflection cavity in TM 110 mode for ultrafast electron microscopy. Ultramicroscopy 2018; 184:77-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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Weppelman I, Moerland R, Hoogenboom J, Kruit P. Concept and design of a beam blanker with integrated photoconductive switch for ultrafast electron microscopy. Ultramicroscopy 2018; 184:8-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Feist A, Bach N, Rubiano da Silva N, Danz T, Möller M, Priebe KE, Domröse T, Gatzmann JG, Rost S, Schauss J, Strauch S, Bormann R, Sivis M, Schäfer S, Ropers C. Ultrafast transmission electron microscopy using a laser-driven field emitter: Femtosecond resolution with a high coherence electron beam. Ultramicroscopy 2016; 176:63-73. [PMID: 28139341 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We present the development of the first ultrafast transmission electron microscope (UTEM) driven by localized photoemission from a field emitter cathode. We describe the implementation of the instrument, the photoemitter concept and the quantitative electron beam parameters achieved. Establishing a new source for ultrafast TEM, the Göttingen UTEM employs nano-localized linear photoemission from a Schottky emitter, which enables operation with freely tunable temporal structure, from continuous wave to femtosecond pulsed mode. Using this emission mechanism, we achieve record pulse properties in ultrafast electron microscopy of 9Å focused beam diameter, 200fs pulse duration and 0.6eV energy width. We illustrate the possibility to conduct ultrafast imaging, diffraction, holography and spectroscopy with this instrument and also discuss opportunities to harness quantum coherent interactions between intense laser fields and free-electron beams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Feist
- 4th Physical Institute - Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nora Bach
- 4th Physical Institute - Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nara Rubiano da Silva
- 4th Physical Institute - Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Danz
- 4th Physical Institute - Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marcel Möller
- 4th Physical Institute - Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katharina E Priebe
- 4th Physical Institute - Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Till Domröse
- 4th Physical Institute - Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - J Gregor Gatzmann
- 4th Physical Institute - Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Rost
- 4th Physical Institute - Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jakob Schauss
- 4th Physical Institute - Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Strauch
- 4th Physical Institute - Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Reiner Bormann
- 4th Physical Institute - Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Murat Sivis
- 4th Physical Institute - Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sascha Schäfer
- 4th Physical Institute - Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Claus Ropers
- 4th Physical Institute - Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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