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Titov E. Visible Light Induced Exciton Dynamics and trans-to- cis Isomerization in Azobenzene Aggregates: Insights from Surface Hopping/Semiempirical Configuration Interaction Molecular Dynamics Simulations. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:8520-8532. [PMID: 38405525 PMCID: PMC10882624 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Assemblies of photochromic molecules feature exciton states, which govern photochemical and photophysical processes in multichromophoric systems. Understanding the photoinduced dynamics of the assemblies requires nonadiabatic treatment involving multiple exciton states and numerous nuclear degrees of freedom, thus posing a challenge for simulations. In this work, we address this challenge for aggregates of azobenzene, a prototypical molecular switch, performing on-the-fly surface hopping calculations combined with semiempirical configuration interaction electronic structure and augmented with transition density matrix analysis to characterize exciton evolution. Specifically, we consider excitation of azobenzene tetramers in the nπ* absorption band located in the visible (blue) part of the electromagnetic spectrum, thus extending our recent work on dynamics after ππ* excitation corresponding to the ultraviolet region [Titov, J. Phys. Chem. C2023, 127, 13678-13688]. We find that the nπ* excitons, which are initially strongly localized by ground-state conformational disorder, undergo further (very strong) localization during short-time photodynamics. This excited-state localization process is extremely ultrafast, occurring within the first 10 fs of photodynamics. We observe virtually no exciton transfer of the localized excitons in the nπ* manifold. However, the transfer may occur via secondary pathways involving ππ* states or the ground state. Moreover, we find that the nπ* quantum yields of the trans-to-cis isomerization are reduced in the aggregated state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenii Titov
- Institute of Chemistry, Theoretical
Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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Titov E, Beqiraj A. Exciton States of Azobenzene Aggregates: A First‐Principles Study. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.202200907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Evgenii Titov
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Chemistry, Theoretical Chemistry Karl‐Liebknecht‐Straße 24‐25 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Alkit Beqiraj
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Chemistry, Theoretical Chemistry Karl‐Liebknecht‐Straße 24‐25 14476 Potsdam Germany
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3
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Ab Initio Quantum-Mechanical Predictions of Semiconducting Photocathode Materials. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12091002. [PMID: 34577646 PMCID: PMC8471183 DOI: 10.3390/mi12091002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ab initio Quantum-Mechanical methods are well-established tools for material characterization and discovery in many technological areas. Recently, state-of-the-art approaches based on density-functional theory and many-body perturbation theory were successfully applied to semiconducting alkali antimonides and tellurides, which are currently employed as photocathodes in particle accelerator facilities. The results of these studies have unveiled the potential of ab initio methods to complement experimental and technical efforts for the development of new, more efficient materials for vacuum electron sources. Concomitantly, these findings have revealed the need for theory to go beyond the status quo in order to face the challenges of modeling such complex systems and their properties in operando conditions. In this review, we summarize recent progress in the application of ab initio many-body methods to investigate photocathode materials, analyzing the merits and the limitations of the standard approaches with respect to the confronted scientific questions. In particular, we emphasize the necessary trade-off between computational accuracy and feasibility that is intrinsic to these studies, and propose possible routes to optimize it. We finally discuss novel schemes for computationally-aided material discovery that are suitable for the development of ultra-bright electron sources toward the incoming era of artificial intelligence.
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Häse F, Roch LM, Friederich P, Aspuru-Guzik A. Designing and understanding light-harvesting devices with machine learning. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4587. [PMID: 32917886 PMCID: PMC7486390 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17995-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the fundamental processes of light-harvesting is crucial to the development of clean energy materials and devices. Biological organisms have evolved complex metabolic mechanisms to efficiently convert sunlight into chemical energy. Unraveling the secrets of this conversion has inspired the design of clean energy technologies, including solar cells and photocatalytic water splitting. Describing the emergence of macroscopic properties from microscopic processes poses the challenge to bridge length and time scales of several orders of magnitude. Machine learning experiences increased popularity as a tool to bridge the gap between multi-level theoretical models and Edisonian trial-and-error approaches. Machine learning offers opportunities to gain detailed scientific insights into the underlying principles governing light-harvesting phenomena and can accelerate the fabrication of light-harvesting devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Häse
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, 02138, MA, USA
- CIFAR AI Chair, Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5S 1M1, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 214 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada
- Chemical Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Loïc M Roch
- CIFAR AI Chair, Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5S 1M1, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 214 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada
- Chemical Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada
- ChemOS Sàrl, Lausanne, VD, 1006, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Friederich
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 214 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada
- Chemical Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Insititute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Alán Aspuru-Guzik
- CIFAR AI Chair, Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5S 1M1, Canada.
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 214 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada.
- Chemical Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada.
- Lebovic Fellow, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), 661 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5S 1M1, Canada.
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Valencia AM, Guerrini M, Cocchi C. Ab initio modelling of local interfaces in doped organic semiconductors. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:3527-3538. [PMID: 31994551 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06655a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Doping in organic semiconductors remains a debated issue from both an experimental and ab initio perspective. Due to the complexity of these systems, which exhibit a low degree of crystallinity and high level of disorder, modelling doped organic semiconductors from first-principles calculations is not a trivial task, as their electronic and optical properties are sensitive to the choice of initial geometries. A crucial aspect to take into account, in view of rationalizing the electronic structure of these materials through ab initio calculations, is the role of local donor/acceptor interfaces. We address this problem in the framework of state-of-the-art density-functional theory and many-body perturbation theory, investigating the structural, electronic, and optical properties of quaterthiophene and sexithiophene oligomers doped by 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyano-quinodimethane (F4TCNQ). We consider different model structures ranging from isolated dimers and trimers, to periodic stacks. Our results demonstrate that the choice of the initial geometry critically impacts the resulting electronic structure and the degree of charge transfer in the materials, depending on the amount and on the nature of the local interfaces between donor and acceptor species. The optical spectra appear less sensitive to these parameters at least from a first glance, although a quantitative analysis of the excitations reveals that their Frenkel or charge-transfer character is affected by the characteristics of the donor/acceptor interfaces as well as by the donor length. Our findings represent an important step forward towards an insightful first-principles description of the microscopic properties of doped organic semiconductors complementary to experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Valencia
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Physics Department and IRIS Adlershof, Zum Großen Windkanal 6, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Michele Guerrini
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Physics Department and IRIS Adlershof, Zum Großen Windkanal 6, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Caterina Cocchi
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Physics Department and IRIS Adlershof, Zum Großen Windkanal 6, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
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Guerrini M, Cocchi C, Calzolari A, Varsano D, Corni S. Interplay between Intra- and Intermolecular Charge Transfer in the Optical Excitations of J-Aggregates. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2019; 123:6831-6838. [PMID: 30949274 PMCID: PMC6443228 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b11709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In a first-principles study based on density functional theory and many-body perturbation theory, we address the interplay between intra- and intermolecular interactions in a J-aggregate formed by push-pull organic dyes by investigating its electronic and optical properties. We find that the most intense excitation dominating the spectral onset of the aggregate, i.e., the J-band, exhibits a combination of intramolecular charge transfer, coming from the push-pull character of the constituting dyes, and intermolecular charge transfer, due to the dense molecular packing. We also show the presence of a pure intermolecular charge-transfer excitation within the J-band, which is expected to play a relevant role in the emission properties of the J-aggregate. Our results shed light on the microscopic character of optical excitations of J-aggregates and offer new perspectives to further understand the nature of collective excitations in organic semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Guerrini
- Dipartimento
FIM, Università di Modena e Reggio
Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
- CNR
Nano Istituto Nanoscienze, Centro S3, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Department
of Physics and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität
zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Caterina Cocchi
- Department
of Physics and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität
zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- E-mail: (C.C.)
| | | | - Daniele Varsano
- CNR
Nano Istituto Nanoscienze, Centro S3, 41125 Modena, Italy
- E-mail: (D.V.)
| | - Stefano Corni
- CNR
Nano Istituto Nanoscienze, Centro S3, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
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Lui BF, Tierce NT, Tong F, Sroda MM, Lu H, Read de Alaniz J, Bardeen CJ. Unusual concentration dependence of the photoisomerization reaction in donor–acceptor Stenhouse adducts. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:1587-1595. [DOI: 10.1039/c9pp00130a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The isomerization rates of a photochromic donor–acceptor Stenhouse adduct depend on concentration. The net photoisomerization rate decreases with increasing concentration in liquids and polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon F. Lui
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Riverside
- USA
| | | | - Fei Tong
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Riverside
- USA
| | - Miranda M. Sroda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California Santa Barbara
- Santa Barbara
- USA
| | - Hao Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400044
- P.R. China
| | - Javier Read de Alaniz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California Santa Barbara
- Santa Barbara
- USA
| | - Christopher J. Bardeen
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Riverside
- USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program
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Cocchi C, Breuer T, Witte G, Draxl C. Polarized absorbance and Davydov splitting in bulk and thin-film pentacene polymorphs. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:29724-29736. [PMID: 30462114 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp06384b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pentacene is one of the most studied organic materials and in particular its optical properties have been the subject of intense research during the last two decades. In spite of such a widespread interest and of the extensive knowledge achieved so far, a number of issues are still debated. One of the most relevant questions concerns the role of polymorphism and how it affects the lowest-energy exciton, which appears in the visible region and is subject to a sizable Davydov splitting. We address this problem in a combined theoretical and experimental work, where the optical absorption properties of three pentacene polymorphs are investigated within the whole energy range of visible light. Optical spectra computed from first principles in the framework of many-body perturbation theory are directly compared with the polarization-resolved absorbance, measured for three different pentacene phases (the two bulk polymorphs and the thin-film phase). In this way, we unambiguously identify the two Davydov components of the first exciton and the optical fingerprints of each considered phase. With very good agreement between theory and experiment, we show that all polymorphs exhibit common features at the absorption onset, while phase-dependent characteristics appear only above 2 eV. We discuss the character of the lowest-lying singlet and triplet excitons, including dark ones, highlighting the contributions from the electronic bands and the role of the electron-hole interaction and of the local-field effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Cocchi
- Physics Department and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany and European Theoretical Spectroscopic Facility (ETSF), Germany.
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McElhinny KM, Park J, Ahn Y, Huang P, Joo Y, Lakkham A, Pateras A, Wen H, Gopalan P, Evans PG. Photoisomerization Dynamics in a Densely Packed Optically Transformable Azobenzene Monolayer. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:10828-10836. [PMID: 30145906 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Molecular monolayers that can be reconfigured through the use of external stimuli promise to enable the creation of interfaces with precisely selected dynamically adjustable physical and electronic properties with potential impact ranging from electronics to energy storage. Azobenzene-containing molecular monolayers have multiple stable molecular conformations but face a challenging nanoscale problem associated with understanding the basic mechanisms of reconfiguration. Time-resolved X-ray reflectivity studies show that the reconfiguration of a densely packed rhenium-azobenzene monolayer occurs in a period of many seconds. The degree of reconfiguration from trans to cis forms depends on the integrated UV fluence and has kinetics that are consistent with a mechanism in which the transformation occurs through the nucleation and growth of nanoscale two-dimensional regions of the cis isomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle M McElhinny
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Joonkyu Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Youngjun Ahn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Peishen Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Yongho Joo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Arunee Lakkham
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Anastasios Pateras
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Haidan Wen
- Advanced Photon Source , Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , Illinois 60439 , United States
| | - Padma Gopalan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Paul G Evans
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
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Bronsch W, Moldt T, Boie L, Gahl C, Weinelt M. Delocalized versus localized excitations in the photoisomerization of azobenzene-functionalized alkanethiolate SAMs. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:484002. [PMID: 29022887 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa9309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled monolayers of azobenzene-functionalized alkanethiolates form molecular ensembles with preferential orientation and significant excitonic coupling among the azobenzene chromophores. We have studied their optical switching with differential reflectance and two-photon-photoemission spectroscopy tuning the excitation wavelength through the excitonically broadened S2 absorption band. While the effective isomerization cross-section increases towards shorter wavelengths, the fraction of cis molecules in the photostationary state decreases. We attribute this observation to the absorption of the cis isomer in the SAM. The photoisomerization in the SAM thereby follows the behavior of non-interacting chromophores in solution, despite the formation of H-aggregates. Our study thus reveals that photoswitching occurs via localized excitations while strongly excitonically coupled, delocalized states do not contribute significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wibke Bronsch
- Freie Universität Berlin, Fachbereich Physik, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Cocchi C, Draxl C. Understanding the effects of packing and chemical terminations on the optical excitations of azobenzene-functionalized self-assembled monolayers. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:394005. [PMID: 28664870 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa7ca7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In a first-principles study based on many-body perturbation theory, we analyze the optical excitations of azobenzene-functionalized self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) with increasing packing density and different terminations, considering for comparison the corresponding gas-phase molecules and dimers. Intermolecular coupling increases with the density of the chromophores independently of the functional groups. The intense [Formula: see text] resonance that triggers photo-isomerization is present in the spectra of isolated dimers and diluted SAMs, but it is almost completely washed out in tightly packed architectures. Intermolecular coupling is partially inhibited by mixing differently functionalized azobenzene derivatives, in particular when large groups are involved. In this way, the excitation band inducing the photo-isomerization process is partially preserved and the effects of dense packing partly counterbalanced. Our results suggest that a tailored design of azobenzene-functionalized SAMs which optimizes the interplay between the packing density of the chromophores and their termination can lead to significant improvements in the photo-switching efficiency of these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Cocchi
- Physics Department and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany. European Theoretical Spectroscopic Facility (ETSF
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Fu Q, Cocchi C, Nabok D, Gulans A, Draxl C. Graphene-modulated photo-absorption in adsorbed azobenzene monolayers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:6196-6205. [PMID: 28230215 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp06939h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Fu
- Institut für Physik and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany. and European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility (ETSF)
| | - Caterina Cocchi
- Institut für Physik and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany. and European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility (ETSF)
| | - Dmitrii Nabok
- Institut für Physik and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany. and European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility (ETSF)
| | - Andris Gulans
- Institut für Physik and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany. and European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility (ETSF)
| | - Claudia Draxl
- Institut für Physik and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany. and European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility (ETSF)
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