1
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Alam B, Jiang H, Zimmerman PM, Herbert JM. State-specific solvation for restricted active space spin-flip (RAS-SF) wave functions based on the polarizable continuum formalism. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:194110. [PMID: 35597663 DOI: 10.1063/5.0091636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The restricted active space spin-flip (RAS-SF) formalism is a particular form of single-reference configuration interaction that can describe some forms of strong correlation at a relatively low cost and which has recently been formulated for the description of charge-transfer excited states. Here, we introduce both equilibrium and nonequilibrium versions of a state-specific solvation correction for vertical transition energies computed using RAS-SF wave functions, based on the framework of a polarizable continuum model (PCM). Ground-state polarization is described using the solvent's static dielectric constant and in the nonequilibrium solvation approach that polarization is modified upon vertical excitation using the solvent's optical dielectric constant. Benchmark calculations are reported for well-studied models of photo-induced charge transfer, including naphthalene dimer, C2H4⋯C2F4, pentacene dimer, and perylene diimide (PDI) dimer, several of which are important in organic photovoltaic applications. For the PDI dimer, we demonstrate that the charge-transfer character of the excited states is enhanced in the presence of a low-dielectric medium (static dielectric constant ɛ0 = 3) as compared to a gas-phase calculation (ɛ0 = 1). This stabilizes mechanistic traps for singlet fission and helps to explain experimental singlet fission rates. We also examine the effects of nonequilibrium solvation on charge-separated states in an intramolecular singlet fission chromophore, where we demonstrate that the energetic ordering of the states changes as a function of solvent polarity. The RAS-SF + PCM methodology that is reported here provides a framework to study charge-separated states in solution and in photovoltaic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Alam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Hanjie Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Paul M Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - John M Herbert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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2
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Shao W, Jiang H, Ansari R, Zimmerman PM, Kim J. Heavy atom oriented orbital angular momentum manipulation in metal-free organic phosphors. Chem Sci 2022; 13:789-797. [PMID: 35173944 PMCID: PMC8768842 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05689a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal-free purely organic phosphors (POPs) are emerging materials for display technologies, solid-state lighting, and chemical sensors. However, due to limitations in contemporary design strategies, the intrinsic spin-orbit coupling (SOC) efficiency of POPs remains low and their emission lifetime is pinned in the millisecond regime. Here, we present a design concept for POPs where the two main factors that control SOC-the heavy atom effect and orbital angular momentum-are tightly coupled to maximize SOC. This strategy is bolstered by novel natural-transition-orbital-based computational methods to visualize and quantify angular momentum descriptors for molecular design. To demonstrate the effectiveness of this strategy, prototype POPs were created having efficient room-temperature phosphorescence with lifetimes pushed below the millisecond regime, which were enabled by boosted SOC efficiencies beyond 102 cm-1 and achieved record-high efficiencies in POPs. Electronic structure analysis shows how discrete tuning of heavy atom effects and orbital angular momentum is possible within the proposed design strategy, leading to a strong degree of control over the resulting POP properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Shao
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan 48109 USA
| | - Hanjie Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan 48109 USA
| | - Ramin Ansari
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan 48109 USA
| | - Paul M Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan 48109 USA
| | - Jinsang Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan 48109 USA
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3
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Matsika S. Electronic Structure Methods for the Description of Nonadiabatic Effects and Conical Intersections. Chem Rev 2021; 121:9407-9449. [PMID: 34156838 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonadiabatic effects are ubiquitous in photophysics and photochemistry, and therefore, many theoretical developments have been made to properly describe them. Conical intersections are central in nonadiabatic processes, as they promote efficient and ultrafast nonadiabatic transitions between electronic states. A proper theoretical description requires developments in electronic structure and specifically in methods that describe conical intersections between states and nonadiabatic coupling terms. This review focuses on the electronic structure aspects of nonadiabatic processes. We discuss the requirements of electronic structure methods to describe conical intersections and nonadiabatic couplings, how the most common excited state methods perform in describing these effects, and what the recent developments are in expanding the methodology and implementing nonadiabatic couplings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spiridoula Matsika
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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4
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Meitei OR, Mayhall NJ. Spin-Flip Pair-Density Functional Theory: A Practical Approach To Treat Static and Dynamical Correlations in Large Molecules. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:2906-2916. [PMID: 33861603 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We present a practical approach to treat static and dynamical correlation accurately in large multiconfigurational systems. The static correlation is taken into account by using the spin-flip approach, which is well-known for capturing static correlation accurately at low-computational expense. Unlike previous approaches to add dynamical correlation to spin-flip models which use perturbation theory or coupled-cluster theory, we explore the ability to use the on-top pair-density functional theory approaches recently developed by Gagliardi and co-workers (J. Comput. Theor. Chem., 2014, 10, 3669). External relaxations are performed in the spin-flip calculations through a restricted active space framework for which a truncation scheme for the orbitals used in the external excitation is presented. The performance of the approach is demonstrated by computing energy gaps between ground and excited states for diradicals, triradicals, and linear polyacene chains ranging from naphthalene to dodecacene. Accurate results are obtained using the new approach for these challenging open-shell molecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oinam Romesh Meitei
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Nicholas J Mayhall
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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5
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Rask AE, Zimmerman PM. Toward Full Configuration Interaction for Transition-Metal Complexes. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:1598-1609. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c07624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan E. Rask
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor 48109, Michigan, United States
| | - Paul M. Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor 48109, Michigan, United States
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6
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Abstract
Singlet fission (SF) is a photophysical downconversion pathway, in which a singlet excitation transforms into two triplet excited states. As such, it constitutes an exciton multiplication generation process, which is currently at the focal point for future integration into solar energy conversion devices. Beyond this, various other exciting applications were proposed, including quantum cryptography or organic light emitting diodes. Also, the mechanistic understanding evolved rapidly during the last year. Unfortunately, the number of suitable SF-chromophores is still limited. This is per se problematic, considering the wide range of envisaged applicability. With that in mind, we emphasize uncommon SF-scaffolds and outline requirements as well as strategies to expand the chromophore pool of SF-materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Ullrich
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department für Chemie und Pharmazie, Egerlandstr. 1-3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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7
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Hong Y, Kim J, Kim D, Kim H. Theoretical Engineering of Singlet Fission Kinetics in Perylene Bisimide Dimer with Chromophore Rotation. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:875-884. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c08706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongseok Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Juno Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungjun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Quantum Chemistry Laboratory, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
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8
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Carreras A, Jiang H, Pokhilko P, Krylov AI, Zimmerman PM, Casanova D. Calculation of spin–orbit couplings using RASCI spinless one-particle density matrices: Theory and applications. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:214107. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0029146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Abel Carreras
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Manuel de Lardizabal Pasalekua 4, 20018 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Hanjie Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Pavel Pokhilko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Anna I. Krylov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Paul M. Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - David Casanova
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Manuel de Lardizabal Pasalekua 4, 20018 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
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9
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Lin HH, Maschio L, Kats D, Usvyat D, Heine T. Fragment-Based Restricted Active Space Configuration Interaction with Second-Order Corrections Embedded in Periodic Hartree–Fock Wave Function. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:7100-7108. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Hsuan Lin
- Theoretische Chemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lorenzo Maschio
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Daniel Kats
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Denis Usvyat
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Heine
- Theoretische Chemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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10
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Han J, Rehn DR, Buckup T, Dreuw A. Evaluation of Single-Reference DFT-Based Approaches for the Calculation of Spectroscopic Signatures of Excited States Involved in Singlet Fission. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:8446-8460. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c07236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Han
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Wissenschaftliches Rechnen, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Robert Rehn
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Wissenschaftliches Rechnen, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tiago Buckup
- Physikalisch Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Wissenschaftliches Rechnen, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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11
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Jiang H, Zimmerman PM. Charge transfer via spin flip configuration interaction: Benchmarks and application to singlet fission. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:064109. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0018267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hanjie Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Paul M. Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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12
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Meitei OR, Houck SE, Mayhall NJ. Spin–Orbit Matrix Elements for a Combined Spin-Flip and IP/EA approach. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:3597-3606. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oinam Romesh Meitei
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Shannon E. Houck
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Nicholas J. Mayhall
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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13
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Lewis AM, Berkelbach TC. Ab Initio Linear and Pump-Probe Spectroscopy of Excitons in Molecular Crystals. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:2241-2246. [PMID: 32109074 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Linear and nonlinear spectroscopies are powerful tools used to investigate the energetics and dynamics of electronic excited states of both molecules and crystals. While highly accurate ab initio calculations of molecular spectra can be performed relatively routinely, extending these calculations to periodic systems is challenging. Here, we present calculations of the linear absorption spectrum and pump-probe two-photon photoemission spectra of the naphthalene crystal using equation-of-motion coupled-cluster theory with single and double excitations (EOM-CCSD). Molecular acene crystals are of interest due to the low-energy multiexciton singlet states they exhibit, which have been studied extensively as intermediates involved in singlet fission. Our linear absorption spectrum is in good agreement with experiment, predicting a first exciton absorption peak at 4.4 eV, and our two-photon photoemission spectra capture the qualitative behavior of multiexciton states, whose double-excitation character cannot be captured by current methods. The simulated pump-probe spectra provide support for existing interpretations of two-photon photoemission experiments in closely related acene crystals such as tetracene and pentacene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan M Lewis
- Department of Chemistry and James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Timothy C Berkelbach
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, New York, New York 10010, United States
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14
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Wang Z, Zhang C, Wang R, Wang G, Wang X, Xiao M. Weakly coupled triplet pair states probed by quantum beating in delayed fluorescence in tetracene crystals. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:134309. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5110188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Chunfeng Zhang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Rui Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Guodong Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xiaoyong Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Min Xiao
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA
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15
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Tweedy SE, Rodríguez Benítez A, Narayan ARH, Zimmerman PM, Brooks CL, Wymore T. Hydroxyl Radical-Coupled Electron-Transfer Mechanism of Flavin-Dependent Hydroxylases. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:8065-8073. [PMID: 31532200 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b08178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Class A flavin-dependent hydroxylases (FdHs) catalyze the hydroxylation of organic compounds in a site- and stereoselective manner. In stark contrast, conventional synthetic routes require environmentally hazardous reagents and give modest yields. Thus, understanding the detailed mechanism of this class of enzymes is essential to their rational manipulation for applications in green chemistry and pharmaceutical production. Both electrophilic substitution and radical intermediate mechanisms have been proposed as interpretations of FdH hydroxylation rates and optical spectra. While radical mechanistic steps are often difficult to examine directly, modern quantum chemistry calculations combined with statistical mechanical approaches can yield detailed mechanistic models providing insights that can be used to differentiate reaction pathways. In the current work, we report quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) calculations on the fungal TropB enzyme that shows an alternative reaction pathway in which hydroxylation through a hydroxyl radical-coupled electron-transfer mechanism is significantly favored over electrophilic substitution. Furthermore, QM/MM calculations on several modified flavins provide a more consistent interpretation of the experimental trends in the reaction rates seen experimentally for a related enzyme, para-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase. These calculations should guide future enzyme and substrate design strategies and broaden the scope of biological spin chemistry.
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16
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Pastorczak E, Hapka M, Veis L, Pernal K. Capturing the Dynamic Correlation for Arbitrary Spin-Symmetry CASSCF Reference with Adiabatic Connection Approaches: Insights into the Electronic Structure of the Tetramethyleneethane Diradical. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:4668-4674. [PMID: 31356083 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b01582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The recently proposed approach to multireference dynamic correlation energy based on the adiabatic connection (AC) is extended to an arbitrary spin symmetry of the reference state. We show that both the spin-free AC approach and its computationally inexpensive approximation, AC0, when combined with a complete active space wave function, constitute viable alternatives to the perturbation-based and density-functional-based multiconfiguration methods. In particular, the AC0 approach, thanks to its favorable scaling with the system size and the size of the active space, allows for treating larger systems than its perturbation-based counterparts while maintaining comparable accuracy. We show the method's robustness on illustrative chemical systems, including the elusive tetramethyleneethane (TME) diradical, potential energy surfaces of which present a challenge to most computational approaches. For the latter system, AC0 outperforms other methods, staying in close agreement with the full configuration interaction quantum Monte Carlo benchmark. A careful analysis of the contributions to the correlation energy of TME's lowest singlet and triplet states reveals the subtle interplay of the dynamic and static correlation as the key to understanding the shape of the diradical's potential energy surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Pastorczak
- Institute of Physics , Lodz University of Technology , ul. Wolczanska 219 , 90-924 Lodz , Poland
| | - Michał Hapka
- Faculty of Chemistry , University of Warsaw , ul. L. Pasteura 1 , 02-093 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Libor Veis
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , v.v.i., Dolejškova 3 , 18223 Prague 8 , Czech Republic
| | - Katarzyna Pernal
- Institute of Physics , Lodz University of Technology , ul. Wolczanska 219 , 90-924 Lodz , Poland
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17
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Manna S, Ray SS, Chattopadhyay S, Chaudhuri RK. A simplified account of the correlation effects to bond breaking processes: The Brillouin-Wigner perturbation theory using a multireference formulation. J Chem Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5097657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shovan Manna
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah 711103, India
| | - Suvonil Sinha Ray
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Sudip Chattopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah 711103, India
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18
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Burton HGA, Thom AJW. General Approach for Multireference Ground and Excited States Using Nonorthogonal Configuration Interaction. J Chem Theory Comput 2019; 15:4851-4861. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hugh G. A. Burton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Alex J. W. Thom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K
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19
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Abstract
Entanglement of states is one of the most surprising and counterintuitive consequences of quantum mechanics, with potent applications in cryptography and computing. In organic semiconductor materials, one particularly significant manifestation is the spin-entangled triplet-pair state, which consists of a pair of localized triplet excitons coupled into an overall spin-0, -1, or -2 configuration. The most widely analyzed of these is the spin-0 pair, denoted 1(TT), which was initially invoked in the 1960s to explain delayed fluorescence in acene films. It is considered an essential gateway state for triplet-triplet annihilation and the reverse process, singlet fission, enabling interconversion between one singlet and two triplet excitons without any change in overall spin. This state has returned to the forefront of organic materials research in recent years, thanks both to its central role in the resurgent field of singlet fission and to its implication in a host of exotic new photophysical behaviors. Here we review the properties of triplet-pair states, from first principles to recent experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Musser
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom; ,
| | - Jenny Clark
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom; ,
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20
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Houck SE, Mayhall NJ. A Combined Spin-Flip and IP/EA Approach for Handling Spin and Spatial Degeneracies: Application to Double Exchange Systems. J Chem Theory Comput 2019; 15:2278-2290. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.8b01268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E. Houck
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Nicholas J. Mayhall
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
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21
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Abstract
This account aims at providing an understanding of singlet fission, i.e., the photophysical process of a singlet state ( S1) splitting into two triplet states (2 × T1) in molecular chromophores. Since its discovery 50 years ago, the field of singlet fission has enjoyed rapid expansion in the past 8 years. However, there have been lingering confusion and debates on the nature of the all-important triplet pair intermediate states and the definition of singlet fission rates. Here we clarify the confusion from both theoretical and experimental perspectives. We distinguish the triplet pair state that maintains electronic coherence between the two constituent triplets, 1(TT), from one which does not, 1(T···T). Only the rate of formation of 1(T···T) is defined as that of singlet fission. We present distinct experimental evidence for 1(TT), whose formation may occur via incoherent and/or vibronic coherent mechanisms. We discuss the challenges in treating singlet fission beyond the dimer approximation, in understanding the often neglected roles of delocalization on singlet fission rates, and in realizing the much lauded goal of increasing solar energy conversion efficiencies with singlet fission chromophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Miyata
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , Kyushu University , Fukuoka 819-0395 , Japan
| | - Felisa S Conrad-Burton
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - Florian L Geyer
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - X-Y Zhu
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States
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22
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Abstract
The highly unusual state, 1(TT), is a coupled, double triplet state that has recently garnered significant attention. This multiexcitonic state can be formed by a quantum transition from a single-photon bright state in a variety of organic semiconducting materials. 1(TT)'s transient nature and similarity to independent triplets, however, has led to significant difficulties in characterization and prediction of its properties. Recent progress describing 1(TT) from theory and experiment are breaking through these difficulties, and have greatly advanced our comprehension of this state. Starting from the early description of 1(TT) in polyenes, this perspective discusses formation mechanisms, spectroscopic signatures, and the scope of intertriplet interactions. When employing singlet fission to generate charge carriers in a solar cell, 1(TT) has a central role. Due to the variety of coupling strengths between triplet states in 1(TT) amongst different chromophores, two different strategies are discussed to enable efficient charge carrier extraction. Continued growth in our understanding of 1(TT) may lead to control over complex quantum states for intriguing applications beyond high-efficiency, organic solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungjun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Wan Y, Wiederrecht GP, Schaller RD, Johnson JC, Huang L. Transport of Spin-Entangled Triplet Excitons Generated by Singlet Fission. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:6731-6738. [PMID: 30403874 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b02944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Singlet fission provides a promising route for overcoming the Shockley-Queisser limit in solar cells using organic materials. Despite singlet fission dynamics having been extensively investigated, the transport of the various intermediates in relation to the singlet and triplet states is largely unknown. Here we employ temperature-dependent ultrafast transient absorption microscopy to image the transport of singlet fission intermediates in single crystals of tetracene. These measurements suggest a mobile singlet fission intermediate state at low temperatures, with a diffusion constant of 36 cm2s-1 at 5 K, approaching that for the free singlet excitons, which we attribute to the spin-entangled correlated triplet pair state 1[TT]. These results indicate that 1[TT] could transport with a similar mechanism as the bright singlet excitons, which has important implications in designing materials for singlet fission and spintronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wan
- College of Chemistry , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , China
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Gary P Wiederrecht
- Center for Nanoscale Materials , Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , Illinois 60439 , United States
| | - Richard D Schaller
- Center for Nanoscale Materials , Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , Illinois 60439 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Justin C Johnson
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory , 15013 Denver West Pkwy , Golden , Colorado 80401 , United States
| | - Libai Huang
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
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Zhu T, Huang L. Exciton Transport in Singlet Fission Materials: A New Hare and Tortoise Story. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:6502-6510. [PMID: 30358404 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b02181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Singlet fission is promising for redistributing the solar spectrum to overcome the Shockley-Queisser limit for single-junction solar cells using molecular materials. Despite recent experimental and theoretical advances in understanding the underlying mechanisms, how exciton transport is coupled to singlet fission dynamics is much less explored. In this Perspective, we examine exciton transport in singlet fission materials, highlighting the use of transient absorption microscopy (TAM) to track the population of different states in both spatial and temporal domains. In contrast to the conventional picture where singlet and triplet excitons migrate independently, TAM measurements of acene single crystals reveal cooperative transport between fast-moving singlet and slow-moving triplet excitons. Such cooperative transport is unique to singlet fission materials and allows hundreds of nanometers triplet migration on the nanosecond time scale, beneficial for solar cell applications. The transport of triplet pair intermediates and general criteria for achieving cooperative singlet-triplet transport are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhu
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Libai Huang
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
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25
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Bytautas L, Dukelsky J. Seniority based energy renormalization group (Ω-ERG) approach in quantum chemistry: Initial formulation and application to potential energy surfaces. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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26
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Rudenko AE, Clayman NE, Walker KL, Maclaren JK, Zimmerman PM, Waymouth RM. Ligand-Induced Reductive Elimination of Ethane from Azopyridine Palladium Dimethyl Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:11408-11415. [PMID: 30160962 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b06398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Reductive elimination (RE) is a critical step in many catalytic processes. The reductive elimination of unsaturated groups (aryl, vinyl and ethynyl) from Pd(II) species is considerably faster than RE of saturated alkyl groups. Pd(II) dimethyl complexes ligated by chelating diimine ligands are stable toward RE unless subjected to a thermal or redox stimulus. Herein, we report the spontaneous RE of ethane from (azpy)PdMe2 complexes and the unique role of the redox-active azopyridine (azpy) ligands in facilitating this reaction. The (azpy)PdMe2 complexes are air- and moisture-stable in the solid form, but they readily produce ethane upon dissolution in polar solvents at temperatures from 10 °C to room temperature without the need for an external oxidant or elevated temperatures. Experimental and computational studies indicate that a bimolecular methyl transfer precedes the reductive elimination step, where both steps are facilitated by the redox-active azopyridine ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey E Rudenko
- Department of Chemistry , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305-5080 , United States
| | - Naomi E Clayman
- Department of Chemistry , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305-5080 , United States
| | - Katherine L Walker
- Department of Chemistry , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305-5080 , United States
| | - Jana K Maclaren
- Stanford Nano Shared Facilities , Stanford University , 476 Lomita Mall , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Paul M Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109-1055 , United States
| | - Robert M Waymouth
- Department of Chemistry , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305-5080 , United States
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27
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Filatov M, Martínez TJ, Kim KS. Description of ground and excited electronic states by ensemble density functional method with extended active space. J Chem Phys 2018; 147:064104. [PMID: 28810777 DOI: 10.1063/1.4996873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An extended variant of the spin-restricted ensemble-referenced Kohn-Sham (REKS) method, the REKS(4,4) method, designed to describe the ground electronic states of strongly multireference systems is modified to enable calculation of excited states within the time-independent variational formalism. The new method, the state-interaction state-averaged REKS(4,4), i.e., SI-SA-REKS(4,4), is capable of describing several excited states of a molecule involving double bond cleavage, polyradical character, or multiple chromophoric units. We demonstrate that the new method correctly describes the ground and the lowest singlet excited states of a molecule (ethylene) undergoing double bond cleavage. The applicability of the new method for excitonic states is illustrated with π stacked ethylene and tetracene dimers. We conclude that the new method can describe a wide range of multireference phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Filatov
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Todd J Martínez
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Kwang S Kim
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
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Kim H, Keller B, Ho-Wu R, Abeyasinghe N, Vázquez RJ, Goodson T, Zimmerman PM. Enacting Two-Electron Transfer from a Double-Triplet State of Intramolecular Singlet Fission. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:7760-7763. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b01884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyungjun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Bradley Keller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Rosina Ho-Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Neranga Abeyasinghe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Ricardo J. Vázquez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Theodore Goodson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Paul M. Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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29
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Lukman S, Richter JM, Yang L, Hu P, Wu J, Greenham NC, Musser AJ. Efficient Singlet Fission and Triplet-Pair Emission in a Family of Zethrene Diradicaloids. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:18376-18385. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b10762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Lukman
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionoplis Way, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Johannes M. Richter
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Le Yang
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionoplis Way, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Pan Hu
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Jishan Wu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionoplis Way, Singapore 138634, Singapore
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Neil C. Greenham
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Musser
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
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30
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Robinson PJ, Pineda Flores SD, Neuscamman E. Excitation variance matching with limited configuration interaction expansions in variational Monte Carlo. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:164114. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5008743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Robinson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | | | - Eric Neuscamman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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31
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Schriber JB, Evangelista FA. Adaptive Configuration Interaction for Computing Challenging Electronic Excited States with Tunable Accuracy. J Chem Theory Comput 2017; 13:5354-5366. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.7b00725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey B. Schriber
- Department of Chemistry and
Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Francesco A. Evangelista
- Department of Chemistry and
Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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32
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Yong CK, Musser AJ, Bayliss SL, Lukman S, Tamura H, Bubnova O, Hallani RK, Meneau A, Resel R, Maruyama M, Hotta S, Herz LM, Beljonne D, Anthony JE, Clark J, Sirringhaus H. The entangled triplet pair state in acene and heteroacene materials. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15953. [PMID: 28699637 PMCID: PMC5510179 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Entanglement of states is one of the most surprising and counter-intuitive consequences of quantum mechanics, with potent applications in cryptography and computing. In organic materials, one particularly significant manifestation is the spin-entangled triplet-pair state, which mediates the spin-conserving fission of one spin-0 singlet exciton into two spin-1 triplet excitons. Despite long theoretical and experimental exploration, the nature of the triplet-pair state and inter-triplet interactions have proved elusive. Here we use a range of organic semiconductors that undergo singlet exciton fission to reveal the photophysical properties of entangled triplet-pair states. We find that the triplet pair is bound with respect to free triplets with an energy that is largely material independent (∼30 meV). During its lifetime, the component triplets behave cooperatively as a singlet and emit light through a Herzberg-Teller-type mechanism, resulting in vibronically structured photoluminescence. In photovoltaic blends, charge transfer can occur from the bound triplet pairs with >100% photon-to-charge conversion efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaw Keong Yong
- Cavendish Laboratory, Optoelectronics Group, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK.,Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Andrew J Musser
- Cavendish Laboratory, Optoelectronics Group, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Hicks Buildling, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield S3 7RH, UK
| | - Sam L Bayliss
- Cavendish Laboratory, Optoelectronics Group, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Steven Lukman
- Cavendish Laboratory, Optoelectronics Group, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Hiroyuki Tamura
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Olga Bubnova
- Cavendish Laboratory, Optoelectronics Group, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Rawad K Hallani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
| | - Aurélie Meneau
- Cavendish Laboratory, Optoelectronics Group, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Roland Resel
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Munetaka Maruyama
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Shu Hotta
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Laura M Herz
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - John E Anthony
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
| | - Jenny Clark
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Hicks Buildling, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield S3 7RH, UK
| | - Henning Sirringhaus
- Cavendish Laboratory, Optoelectronics Group, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
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33
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Zimmerman PM. Strong correlation in incremental full configuration interaction. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:224104. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4985566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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34
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Zimmerman PM. Singlet–Triplet Gaps through Incremental Full Configuration Interaction. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:4712-4720. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b03998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan 930 North University
Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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35
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