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Pfaff S, Larsson A, Orlov D, Rämisch L, Gericke SM, Lundgren E, Zetterberg J. A Polycrystalline Pd Surface Studied by Two-Dimensional Surface Optical Reflectance during CO Oxidation: Bridging the Materials Gap. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:444-453. [PMID: 38109219 PMCID: PMC10788831 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Industrial catalysts are complex materials systems operating in harsh environments. The active parts of the catalysts are nanoparticles that expose different facets with different surface orientations at which the catalytic reactions occur. However, these facets are close to impossible to study in detail under industrially relevant operating conditions. Instead, simpler model systems, such as single crystals with a well-defined surface orientation, have been successfully used to study gas-surface interactions such as adsorption and desorption, surface oxidation, and oxidation/reduction reactions. To more closely mimic the many facets exhibited by nanoparticles and thereby close the so-called materials gap, there has also been a recent move toward using polycrystalline surfaces and curved crystals. However, these studies are limited either by the pressure or spatial resolution at realistic pressures or by the number of surfaces studied simultaneously. In this work, we demonstrate the use of reflectance microscopy to study a vast number of catalytically active surfaces simultaneously under realistic and identical reaction conditions. As a proof of concept, we have conducted an operando experiment to study CO oxidation over a Pd polycrystal, where the polycrystalline surface acts as a collection of many single-crystal surfaces. Finally, we visualized the resulting data by plotting the reflectivity as a function of surface orientation. We think the techniques and visualization methods introduced in this work will be key toward bridging the materials gap in catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Pfaff
- Combustion
Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Ave, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Alfred Larsson
- Division
of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund
University, Sölvegatan 14, S-22363 Lund, Sweden
| | - Dmytro Orlov
- Division
of Mechanics, Materials and Component Design, Lund University, Ole
Römers väg 1, S-22363 Lund, Sweden
| | - Lisa Rämisch
- Combustion
Physics, Lund University, Sölvegatan 14, S-22363 Lund, Sweden
| | - Sabrina M. Gericke
- Combustion
Physics, Lund University, Sölvegatan 14, S-22363 Lund, Sweden
| | - Edvin Lundgren
- Division
of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund
University, Sölvegatan 14, S-22363 Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Zetterberg
- Combustion
Physics, Lund University, Sölvegatan 14, S-22363 Lund, Sweden
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2
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Pfaff S, Rämisch L, Gericke SM, Larsson A, Lundgren E, Zetterberg J. Visualizing the Gas Diffusion Induced Ignition of a Catalytic Reaction. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Pfaff
- Lund University, Combustion Physics, Sölvegatan 14, S-22363 Lund, Sweden
| | - Lisa Rämisch
- Lund University, Combustion Physics, Sölvegatan 14, S-22363 Lund, Sweden
| | - Sabrina M. Gericke
- Lund University, Combustion Physics, Sölvegatan 14, S-22363 Lund, Sweden
| | - Alfred Larsson
- Lund University, Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Sölvegatan 14, S-22363 Lund, Sweden
| | - Edvin Lundgren
- Lund University, Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Sölvegatan 14, S-22363 Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Zetterberg
- Lund University, Combustion Physics, Sölvegatan 14, S-22363 Lund, Sweden
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3
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Pfaff S, Larsson A, Orlov D, Harlow GS, Abbondanza G, Linpé W, Rämisch L, Gericke SM, Zetterberg J, Lundgren E. Operando Reflectance Microscopy on Polycrystalline Surfaces in Thermal Catalysis, Electrocatalysis, and Corrosion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:19530-19540. [PMID: 33870682 PMCID: PMC8288973 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c04961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a microscope with a spatial resolution of 5 μm, which can be used to image the two-dimensional surface optical reflectance (2D-SOR) of polycrystalline samples in operando conditions. Within the field of surface science, operando tools that give information about the surface structure or chemistry of a sample under realistic experimental conditions have proven to be very valuable to understand the intrinsic reaction mechanisms in thermal catalysis, electrocatalysis, and corrosion science. To study heterogeneous surfaces in situ, the experimental technique must both have spatial resolution and be able to probe through gas or electrolyte. Traditional electron-based surface science techniques are difficult to use under high gas pressure conditions or in an electrolyte due to the short mean free path of electrons. Since it uses visible light, SOR can easily be used under high gas pressure conditions and in the presence of an electrolyte. In this work, we use SOR in combination with a light microscope to gain information about the surface under realistic experimental conditions. We demonstrate this by studying the different grains of three polycrystalline samples: Pd during CO oxidation, Au in electrocatalysis, and duplex stainless steel in corrosion. Optical light-based techniques such as SOR could prove to be a good alternative or addition to more complicated techniques in improving our understanding of complex polycrystalline surfaces with operando measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Pfaff
- Combustion
Physics, Lund University, Sölvegatan 14, S-22363 Lund, Sweden
| | - Alfred Larsson
- Division
of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund
University, Sölvegatan
14, S-22363 Lund, Sweden
| | - Dmytro Orlov
- Materials
Engineering, Lund University, Ole Römers väg 1, S-22363 Lund, Sweden
| | - Gary S. Harlow
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Giuseppe Abbondanza
- Division
of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund
University, Sölvegatan
14, S-22363 Lund, Sweden
| | - Weronica Linpé
- Division
of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund
University, Sölvegatan
14, S-22363 Lund, Sweden
| | - Lisa Rämisch
- Combustion
Physics, Lund University, Sölvegatan 14, S-22363 Lund, Sweden
| | - Sabrina M. Gericke
- Combustion
Physics, Lund University, Sölvegatan 14, S-22363 Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Zetterberg
- Combustion
Physics, Lund University, Sölvegatan 14, S-22363 Lund, Sweden
| | - Edvin Lundgren
- Division
of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund
University, Sölvegatan
14, S-22363 Lund, Sweden
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4
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Hejral U, Shipilin M, Gustafson J, Stierle A, Lundgren E. High energy surface x-ray diffraction applied to model catalyst surfaces at work. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:073001. [PMID: 33690191 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/abb17c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Catalysts are materials that accelerate the rate of a desired chemical reaction. As such, they constitute an integral part in many applications ranging from the production of fine chemicals in chemical industry to exhaust gas treatment in vehicles. Accordingly, it is of utmost economic interest to improve catalyst efficiency and performance, which requires an understanding of the interplay between the catalyst structure, the gas phase and the catalytic activity under realistic reaction conditions at ambient pressures and elevated temperatures. In recent years efforts have been made to increasingly develop techniques that allow for investigating model catalyst samples under conditions closer to those of real technical catalysts. One of these techniques is high energy surface x-ray diffraction (HESXRD), which uses x-rays with photon energies typically in the range of 70-80 keV. HESXRD allows a fast data collection of three dimensional reciprocal space for the structure determination of model catalyst samples under operando conditions and has since been used for the investigation of an increasing number of different model catalysts. In this article we will review general considerations of HESXRD including its working principle for different model catalyst samples and the experimental equipment required. An overview over HESXRD investigations performed in recent years will be given, and the advantages of HESXRD with respect to its application to different model catalyst samples will be presented. Moreover, the combination of HESXRD with other operando techniques such as in situ mass spectrometry, planar laser-induced fluorescence and surface optical reflectance will be discussed. The article will close with an outlook on future perspectives and applications of HESXRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uta Hejral
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, 20355 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mikhail Shipilin
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Gustafson
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Andreas Stierle
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, 20355 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Edvin Lundgren
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
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Linpé W, Harlow GS, Larsson A, Abbondanza G, Rämisch L, Pfaff S, Zetterberg J, Evertsson J, Lundgren E. An electrochemical cell for 2-dimensional surface optical reflectance during anodization and cyclic voltammetry. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:044101. [PMID: 32357721 DOI: 10.1063/1.5133905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We have developed an electrochemical cell for in situ 2-Dimensional Surface Optical Reflectance (2D-SOR) studies during anodization and cyclic voltammetry. The 2D-SOR signal was recorded from electrodes made of polycrystalline Al, Au(111), and Pt(100) single crystals. The changes can be followed at a video rate acquisition frequency of 200 Hz and demonstrate a strong contrast between oxidizing and reducing conditions. Good correlation between the 2D-SOR signal and the anodization conditions or the cyclic voltammetry current is also observed. The power of this approach is discussed, with a focus on applications in various fields of electrochemistry. The combination of 2D-SOR with other techniques, as well as its spatial resolution and sensitivity, has also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Linpé
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - G S Harlow
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - A Larsson
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - G Abbondanza
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - L Rämisch
- Division of Combustion Physics, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - S Pfaff
- Division of Combustion Physics, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - J Zetterberg
- Division of Combustion Physics, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - J Evertsson
- Hydro Extruded Solutions AB Innovation & Technology, Finspång, Sweden
| | - E Lundgren
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
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6
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Escobedo S, Rusinque B, de Lasa H. Photochemical Thermodynamic Efficiency Factors (PTEFs) for Hydrogen Production Using Different TiO2 Photocatalysts. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b05086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Escobedo
- Faculty of Engineering, Chemical Reactor Engineering Centre (CREC), Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Bianca Rusinque
- Faculty of Engineering, Chemical Reactor Engineering Centre (CREC), Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Hugo de Lasa
- Faculty of Engineering, Chemical Reactor Engineering Centre (CREC), Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
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7
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Pfaff S, Zhou J, Hejral U, Gustafson J, Shipilin M, Albertin S, Blomberg S, Gutowski O, Dippel A, Lundgren E, Zetterberg J. Combining high-energy X-ray diffraction with Surface Optical Reflectance and Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence for operando catalyst surface characterization. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:033703. [PMID: 30927778 DOI: 10.1063/1.5086925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We have combined three techniques, High Energy Surface X-Ray Diffraction (HESXRD), Surface Optical Reflectance, and Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence in an operando study of CO oxidation over a Pd(100) catalyst. We show that these techniques provide useful new insights such as the ability to verify that the finite region being probed by techniques such as HESXRD is representative of the sample surface as a whole. The combination is also suitable to determine when changes in gas composition or surface structure and/or morphology occur and to subsequently correlate them with high temporal resolution. In the study, we confirm previous results which show that the Pd(100) surface reaches high activity before an oxide can be detected. Furthermore, we show that the single crystal catalyst surface does not behave homogeneously, which we attribute to the surface being exposed to inhomogeneous gas conditions in mass transfer limited scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pfaff
- Combustion Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - J Zhou
- Combustion Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - U Hejral
- Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - J Gustafson
- Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - M Shipilin
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Albertin
- Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - S Blomberg
- Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - O Gutowski
- Photon Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - A Dippel
- Photon Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - E Lundgren
- Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - J Zetterberg
- Combustion Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
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8
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Lundgren E, Zhang C, Merte LR, Shipilin M, Blomberg S, Hejral U, Zhou J, Zetterberg J, Gustafson J. Novel in Situ Techniques for Studies of Model Catalysts. Acc Chem Res 2017; 50:2326-2333. [PMID: 28880530 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Motivated mainly by catalysis, gas-surface interaction between single crystal surfaces and molecules has been studied for decades. Most of these studies have been performed in well-controlled environments and have been instrumental for the present day understanding of catalysis, providing information on surface structures, adsorption sites, and adsorption and desorption energies relevant for catalysis. However, the approach has been criticized for being too far from a catalyst operating under industrial conditions at high temperatures and pressures. To this end, a significant amount of effort over the years has been used to develop methods to investigate catalysts at more realistic conditions under operating conditions. One result from this effort is a vivid and sometimes heated discussion concerning the active phase for the seemingly simple CO oxidation reaction over the Pt-group metals in the literature. In recent years, we have explored the possibilities to perform experiments at conditions closer to those of a technical catalyst, in particular at increased pressures and temperatures. In this contribution, results from catalytic CO oxidation over a Pd(100) single crystal surface using Near Ambient Pressure X-ray Photo emission Spectroscopy (NAPXPS), Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence (PLIF), and High Energy Surface X-ray Diffraction (HESXRD) are presented, and the strengths and weaknesses of the experimental techniques are discussed. Armed with structural knowledge from ultrahigh vacuum experiments, the presence of adsorbed molecules and gas-phase induced surface structures can be identified and related to changes in the reactivity or to reaction induced gas-flow limitations. In particular, the application of PLIF to catalysis allows one to visualize how the catalyst itself changes the gas composition close to the model catalyst surface upon ignition, and relate this to the observed surface structures. The effect obscures a straightforward relation between the active phase and the activity, since in the case of CO oxidation, the gas-phase close to the model catalyst surface is shown to be significantly more oxidizing than far away from the catalyst. We show that surface structural knowledge from UHV experiments and the composition of the gas phase close to the catalyst surface are crucial to understand structure-function relationships at semirealistic conditions. In the particular case of Pd, we argue that the surface structure of the PdO(101) has a significant influence on the activity, due to the presence of Coordinatively Unsaturated Sites (CUS) Pd atoms, similar to undercoordinated Ru and Ir atoms found for RuO2(110) and IrO2(110), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edvin Lundgren
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, Box 118, Lund S-221 00, Sweden
| | - Chu Zhang
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, Box 118, Lund S-221 00, Sweden
| | - Lindsay R. Merte
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, Box 118, Lund S-221 00, Sweden
| | - Mikhail Shipilin
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, Box 118, Lund S-221 00, Sweden
| | - Sara Blomberg
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, Box 118, Lund S-221 00, Sweden
| | - Uta Hejral
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, Box 118, Lund S-221 00, Sweden
| | - Jianfeng Zhou
- Division of Combustion Physics, Lund University, Box 118, Lund S-221 00, Sweden
| | - Johan Zetterberg
- Division of Combustion Physics, Lund University, Box 118, Lund S-221 00, Sweden
| | - Johan Gustafson
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, Box 118, Lund S-221 00, Sweden
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Onderwaater W, Taranovskyy A, van Baarle GC, Frenken JWM, Groot IMN. In Situ Optical Reflectance Difference Observations of CO Oxidation over Pd(100). THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2017; 121:11407-11415. [PMID: 28603579 PMCID: PMC5462488 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b02054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Using a home-built reflectometer, we have investigated the changes in the optical reflectivity of a Pd(100) model catalyst during CO oxidation under high-pressure, high-temperature conditions. We observe changes in optical contrast when exposing the surface to CO oxidation conditions at 200 mbar from room temperature up to 400 °C. These changes in reflectivity are a result both of the formation of a surface oxide layer and of a change in surface roughness because of gas exposure. However, the reflectivity is more sensitive to the presence of a thin, flat oxide layer than to surface roughness. CO oxidation plays an important role in the decrease of the reflectivity. Since adding a reducing agent to the gas mixture renders it unlikely that the oxide thickness increases, we conclude that the observed decrease in reflectivity is dominated by increased surface roughness because of the catalytic reaction. We contribute this observed surface roughening to a Mars-van Krevelen-type reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem
G. Onderwaater
- Huygens-Kamerlingh
Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9504, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- European
Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP 220, F-38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Andriy Taranovskyy
- Huygens-Kamerlingh
Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9504, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Joost W. M. Frenken
- Huygens-Kamerlingh
Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9504, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Irene M. N. Groot
- Huygens-Kamerlingh
Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9504, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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