1
|
Ferguson C, Zhang Y, Palego C, Cheng X. Recent Approaches to Design and Analysis of Electrical Impedance Systems for Single Cells Using Machine Learning. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:5990. [PMID: 37447838 DOI: 10.3390/s23135990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Individual cells have many unique properties that can be quantified to develop a holistic understanding of a population. This can include understanding population characteristics, identifying subpopulations, or elucidating outlier characteristics that may be indicators of disease. Electrical impedance measurements are rapid and label-free for the monitoring of single cells and generate large datasets of many cells at single or multiple frequencies. To increase the accuracy and sensitivity of measurements and define the relationships between impedance and biological features, many electrical measurement systems have incorporated machine learning (ML) paradigms for control and analysis. Considering the difficulty capturing complex relationships using traditional modelling and statistical methods due to population heterogeneity, ML offers an exciting approach to the systemic collection and analysis of electrical properties in a data-driven way. In this work, we discuss incorporation of ML to improve the field of electrical single cell analysis by addressing the design challenges to manipulate single cells and sophisticated analysis of electrical properties that distinguish cellular changes. Looking forward, we emphasize the opportunity to build on integrated systems to address common challenges in data quality and generalizability to save time and resources at every step in electrical measurement of single cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Ferguson
- Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Cristiano Palego
- Department of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2DG, UK
| | - Xuanhong Cheng
- Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Simulation study of cell transmembrane potential and electroporation induced by time-varying magnetic fields. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2022.103117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
3
|
Abstract
Electroporation (EP) is a commonly used strategy to increase cell permeability for intracellular cargo delivery or irreversible cell membrane disruption using electric fields. In recent years, EP performance has been improved by shrinking electrodes and device structures to the microscale. Integration with microfluidics has led to the design of devices performing static EP, where cells are fixed in a defined region, or continuous EP, where cells constantly pass through the device. Each device type performs superior to conventional, macroscale EP devices while providing additional advantages in precision manipulation (static EP) and increased throughput (continuous EP). Microscale EP is gentle on cells and has enabled more sensitive assaying of cells with novel applications. In this Review, we present the physical principles of microscale EP devices and examine design trends in recent years. In addition, we discuss the use of reversible and irreversible EP in the development of therapeutics and analysis of intracellular contents, among other noteworthy applications. This Review aims to inform and encourage scientists and engineers to expand the use of efficient and versatile microscale EP technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Eun Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Harrison Khoo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Soojung Claire Hur
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, 401 North Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Duncan JL, Davalos RV. A review: Dielectrophoresis for characterizing and separating similar cell subpopulations based on bioelectric property changes due to disease progression and therapy assessment. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:2423-2444. [PMID: 34609740 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews the use of dielectrophoresis for high-fidelity separations and characterizations of subpopulations to highlight the recent advances in the electrokinetic field as well as provide insight into its progress toward commercialization. The role of cell subpopulations in heterogeneous clinical samples has been studied to deduce their role in disease progression and therapy resistance for instances such as cancer, tissue regeneration, and bacterial infection. Dielectrophoresis (DEP), a label-free electrokinetic technique, has been used to characterize and separate target subpopulations from mixed samples to determine disease severity, cell stemness, and drug efficacy. Despite its high sensitivity to characterize similar or related cells based on their differing bioelectric signatures, DEP has been slowly adopted both commercially and clinically. This review addresses the use of dielectrophoresis for the identification of target cell subtypes in stem cells, cancer cells, blood cells, and bacterial cells dependent on cell state and therapy exposure and addresses commercialization efforts in light of its sensitivity and future perspectives of the technology, both commercially and academically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josie L Duncan
- Bioelectromechanical Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA.,Bioelectromechanical Systems Laboratory, Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Rafael V Davalos
- Bioelectromechanical Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA.,Bioelectromechanical Systems Laboratory, Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Quang LD, Bui TT, Hoang BA, Nhu CN, Thuy HTT, Jen CP, Duc TC. Biological Living Cell in-Flow Detection Based on Microfluidic Chip and Compact Signal Processing Circuit. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2020; 14:1371-1380. [PMID: 33085615 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2020.3030017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Detection and counting of biological living cells in continuous fluidic flows play an essential role in many applications for early diagnosis and treatment of diseases. In this regard, this study highlighted the proposal of a biochip system for detecting and enumerating human lung carcinoma cell flow in the microfluidic channel. The principle of detection was based on the change of impedance between sensing electrodes integrated in the fluidic channel, due to the presence of a biological cell in the sensing region. A compact electronic module was built to sense the unbalanced impedance between the sensing microelectrodes. It consisted of an instrumentation amplifier stage to obtain the difference between the acquired signals, and a lock-in amplifier stage to demodulate the signals at the stimulating frequency as well as to reject noise at other frequencies. The performance of the proposed system was validated through experiments of A549 cells detection as they passed over the microfluidic channel. The experimental results indicated the occurrence of large spikes (up to approximately 180 mV) over the background signal according to the passage of a single A549 cell in the continuous flow. The proposed device is simple-to-operate, inexpensive, portable, and exhibits high sensitivity, which are suitable considerations for developing point-of-care applications.
Collapse
|
6
|
Fazelkhah A, Afshar S, Durham N, Butler M, Salimi E, Bridges G, Thomson D. Parallel single‐cell optical transit dielectrophoresis cytometer. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:720-728. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Azita Fazelkhah
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
| | - Samaneh Afshar
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
| | - Nicholas Durham
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringFaculty of Applied ScienceUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver Canada
| | - Michael Butler
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training Dublin Ireland
| | - Elham Salimi
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
| | - Greg Bridges
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
| | - Douglas Thomson
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Murauskas A, Staigvila G, Girkontaitė I, Zinkevičienė A, Ruzgys P, Šatkauskas S, Novickij J, Novickij V. Predicting electrotransfer in ultra-high frequency sub-microsecond square wave electric fields. Electromagn Biol Med 2019; 39:1-8. [PMID: 31884821 DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2019.1710529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Measurement of cell transmembrane potential (TMP) is a complex methodology involving patch-clamp methods or fluorescence-based potentiometric markers, which have limited to no applicability during ultrafast charging and relaxation phenomena. In such a case, analytical methods are applied for evaluation of the voltage potential changes in biological cells. In this work, the TMP-based electrotransfer mechanism during ultra-high frequency (≥1 MHz) electric fields is studied and the phenomenon of rapid membrane charge accumulation, which is non-occurrent during conventional low-frequency electroporation is simulated using finite element method (FEM). The influence of extracellular medium conductivity (0.1, 1.5 S/m) and pulse rise/fall times (10-50 ns) TMP generation are presented. It is shown that the medium conductivity has a dramatic influence on the electroporation process in the high-frequency range of applied pulsed electric fields (PEF). The applied model allowed to grasp the differences in polarization between 100 and 900 ns PEF and enabled successful prediction of the experimental outcome of propidium iodide electrotransfer into CHO-K1 cells and the conductivity-dependent patterns of MHz range PEF-triggered electroporation were determined. The results of this study form recommendations for development and pre-evaluation of future PEF protocols and generators based on ultra-high frequency electroporation for anticancer and gene therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arūnas Murauskas
- Faculty of Electronics, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Gediminas Staigvila
- Faculty of Electronics, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Irutė Girkontaitė
- Department of Immunology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Auksė Zinkevičienė
- Department of Immunology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Paulius Ruzgys
- Biophysics Group, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | | | - Jurij Novickij
- Faculty of Electronics, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vitalij Novickij
- Faculty of Electronics, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Moisescu MG, Savopol T, Dimitriu L, Cemazar J, Kovacs E, Radu M. Noninvasive detection of changes in cells' cytosol conductivity by combining dielectrophoresis with optical tweezers. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1030:166-171. [PMID: 30032766 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cellular electrical properties are modulated by various physical and/or chemical stresses and detection of these changes is a challenging issue. Optical tweezers (OT) and dielectrophoresis (DEP) are frequently integrated to devices dedicated to the investigation of cells properties. Here we provide a technique to detect changes in cytosol conductivity of cells by using a combination of DEP and OT. The method was exemplified for the case of cells electroporation and is based on balancing the DEP force by a controlled OT force. We observed a decrease of the DEP force in the case of electroporated cells which was correlated to a decrease of cytosol conductivity by means of Clausius-Mossotti factor modeling. For highly stressing electroporation pulses, the cytosol conductivity drops to values close to those of the cells suspending medium. These results are consistent with those reported in the literature proving the robustness of our proposed sensing method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Georgeta Moisescu
- Biophysics and Cellular Biotechnology Dept., Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474, Bucharest, Romania; Research Excellence Center in Biophysics and Cellular Biotechnology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Tudor Savopol
- Biophysics and Cellular Biotechnology Dept., Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474, Bucharest, Romania; Research Excellence Center in Biophysics and Cellular Biotechnology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Liviu Dimitriu
- Biophysics and Cellular Biotechnology Dept., Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Jaka Cemazar
- Laboratory of Biocybernetics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, 25 Trzaskacesta, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Eugenia Kovacs
- Biophysics and Cellular Biotechnology Dept., Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihai Radu
- Life and Environmental Physics Dept., Horia Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, 30 Reactorului Street, Măgurele, 077125, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lyu C, Wang J, Powell-Palm M, Rubinsky B. Simultaneous electroporation and dielectrophoresis in non-electrolytic micro/nano-electroporation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2481. [PMID: 29410434 PMCID: PMC5802840 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20535-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It was recently shown that electrolysis may play a substantial detrimental role in microfluidic electroporation. To overcome this problem, we have developed a non-electrolytic micro/nano electroporation (NEME) electrode surface, in which the metal electrodes are coated with a dielectric. A COMSOL based numerical scheme was used to simultaneously calculate the excitation frequency and dielectric material properties dependent electric field delivered across the dielectric, fluid flow, electroporation field and Clausius-Mossotti factor for yeast and E. coli cells flowing in a channel flow across a NEME surface. A two-layer model for yeast and a three-layer model for E. coli was used. The numerical analysis shows that in NEME electroporation, the electric fields could induce electroporation and dielectrophoresis simultaneously. The simultaneous occurrence of electroporation and dielectrophoresis gives rise to several interesting phenomena. For example, we found that a certain frequency exists for which an intact yeast cell is drawn to the NEME electrode, and once electroporated, the yeast cell is pushed back in the bulk fluid. The results suggest that developing electroporation technologies that combine, simultaneously, electroporation and dielectrophoresis could lead to new applications. Obviously, this is an early stage numerical study and much more theoretical and experimental research is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenang Lyu
- Zhejiang University, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- University of California Berkeley, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Jianping Wang
- Zhejiang University, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Matthew Powell-Palm
- University of California Berkeley, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Boris Rubinsky
- University of California Berkeley, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| |
Collapse
|