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Bailey-Darland S, Krueger TD, Fang C. Ultrafast Spectroscopies of Nitrophenols and Nitrophenolates in Solution: From Electronic Dynamics and Vibrational Structures to Photochemical and Environmental Implications. Molecules 2023; 28:601. [PMID: 36677656 PMCID: PMC9866910 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrophenols are a group of small organic molecules with significant environmental implications from the atmosphere to waterways. In this work, we investigate a series of nitrophenols and nitrophenolates, with the contrasting ortho-, meta-, and para-substituted nitro group to the phenolic hydroxy or phenolate oxygen site (2/3/4NP or NP-), implementing a suite of steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic techniques that include UV/Visible spectroscopy, femtosecond transient absorption (fs-TA) spectroscopy with probe-dependent and global analysis, and femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy (FSRS), aided by quantum calculations. The excitation-dependent (400 and 267 nm) electronic dynamics in water and methanol, for six protonated or deprotonated nitrophenol molecules (three regioisomers in each set), enable a systematic investigation of the excited-state dynamics of these functional "nanomachines" that can undergo nitro-group twisting (as a rotor), excited-state intramolecular or intermolecular proton transfer (donor-acceptor, ESIPT, or ESPT), solvation, and cooling (chromophore) events on molecular timescales. In particular, the meta-substituted compound 3NP or 3NP- exhibits the strongest charge-transfer character with FSRS signatures (e.g., C-N peak frequency), and thus, does not favor nitroaromatic twist in the excited state, while the ortho-substituted compound 2NP can undergo ESIPT in water and likely generate nitrous acid (HONO) after 267 nm excitation. The delineated mechanistic insights into the nitro-substituent-location-, protonation-, solvent-, and excitation-wavelength-dependent effects on nitrophenols, in conjunction with the ultraviolet-light-induced degradation of 2NP in water, substantiates an appealing discovery loop to characterize and engineer functional molecules for environmental applications.
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Dimitriev OP. Dynamics of Excitons in Conjugated Molecules and Organic Semiconductor Systems. Chem Rev 2022; 122:8487-8593. [PMID: 35298145 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The exciton, an excited electron-hole pair bound by Coulomb attraction, plays a key role in photophysics of organic molecules and drives practically important phenomena such as photoinduced mechanical motions of a molecule, photochemical conversions, energy transfer, generation of free charge carriers, etc. Its behavior in extended π-conjugated molecules and disordered organic films is very different and very rich compared with exciton behavior in inorganic semiconductor crystals. Due to the high degree of variability of organic systems themselves, the exciton not only exerts changes on molecules that carry it but undergoes its own changes during all phases of its lifetime, that is, birth, conversion and transport, and decay. The goal of this review is to give a systematic and comprehensive view on exciton behavior in π-conjugated molecules and molecular assemblies at all phases of exciton evolution with emphasis on rates typical for this dynamic picture and various consequences of the above dynamics. To uncover the rich variety of exciton behavior, details of exciton formation, exciton transport, exciton energy conversion, direct and reverse intersystem crossing, and radiative and nonradiative decay are considered in different systems, where these processes lead to or are influenced by static and dynamic disorder, charge distribution symmetry breaking, photoinduced reactions, electron and proton transfer, structural rearrangements, exciton coupling with vibrations and intermediate particles, and exciton dissociation and annihilation as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg P Dimitriev
- V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics NAS of Ukraine, pr. Nauki 41, Kyiv 03028, Ukraine
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Krueger TD, Fang C. Elucidating Inner Workings of Naturally Sourced Organic Optoelectronic Materials with Ultrafast Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2021; 27:17736-17750. [PMID: 34545971 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in sustainable optoelectronics including photovoltaics, light-emitting diodes, transistors, and semiconductors have been enabled by π-conjugated organic molecules. A fundamental understanding of light-matter interactions involving these materials can be realized by time-resolved electronic and vibrational spectroscopies. In this Minireview, the photoinduced mechanisms including charge/energy transfer, electronic (de)localization, and excited-state proton transfer are correlated with functional properties encompassing optical absorption, fluorescence quantum yield, conductivity, and photostability. Four naturally derived molecules (xylindein, dimethylxylindein, alizarin, indigo) with ultrafast spectral insights showcase efficient energy dissipation involving H-bonding networks and proton motions, which yield high photostability. Rational design principles derived from such investigations could increase the efficiency for light harvesting, triplet formation, and photosensitivity for improved and versatile optoelectronic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor D Krueger
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331-4003, USA
| | - Chong Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331-4003, USA
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Krueger TD, Giesbers G, Van Court RC, Zhu L, Kim R, Beaudry CM, Robinson SC, Ostroverkhova O, Fang C. Ultrafast Dynamics and Photoresponse of a Fungi-Derived Pigment Xylindein from Solution to Thin Films. Chemistry 2021; 27:5627-5631. [PMID: 33543812 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Organic semiconductor materials have recently gained momentum due to their non-toxicity, low cost, and sustainability. Xylindein is a remarkably photostable pigment secreted by fungi that grow on decaying wood, and its relatively strong electronic performance is enabled by π-π stacking and hydrogen-bonding network that promote charge transport. Herein, femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy with a near-IR probe was used to unveil a rapid excited-state intramolecular proton transfer reaction. Conformational motions potentially lead to a conical intersection that quenches fluorescence in the monomeric state. In concentrated solutions, nascent aggregates exhibit a faster excited state lifetime due to excimer formation, confirmed by the excimer→charge-transfer excited-state absorption band of the xylindein thin film, thus limiting its optoelectronic performance. Therefore, extending the xylindein sidechains with branched alkyl groups may hinder the excimer formation and improve optoelectronic properties of naturally derived materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor D Krueger
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331-4003, USA
| | - Gregory Giesbers
- Department of Physics, Oregon State University, 301 Weniger Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331-6507, USA
| | - Ray C Van Court
- Department of Wood Science and Engineering, Oregon State University, 119 Richardson Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331-5704, USA
| | - Liangdong Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331-4003, USA
| | - Ryan Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331-4003, USA
| | - Christopher M Beaudry
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331-4003, USA
| | - Seri C Robinson
- Department of Wood Science and Engineering, Oregon State University, 119 Richardson Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331-5704, USA
| | - Oksana Ostroverkhova
- Department of Physics, Oregon State University, 301 Weniger Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331-6507, USA
| | - Chong Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331-4003, USA
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Bellonzi N, Alguire E, Fatehi S, Shao Y, Subotnik JE. TD-DFT spin-adiabats with analytic nonadiabatic derivative couplings. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:044112. [PMID: 32007078 PMCID: PMC7043850 DOI: 10.1063/1.5126440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We present an algorithm for efficient calculation of analytic nonadiabatic derivative couplings between spin-adiabatic, time-dependent density functional theory states within the Tamm-Dancoff approximation. Our derivation is based on the direct differentiation of the Kohn-Sham pseudowavefunction using the framework of Ou et al. Our implementation is limited to the case of a system with an even number of electrons in a closed shell ground state, and we validate our algorithm against finite difference at an S1/T2 crossing of benzaldehyde. Through the introduction of a magnetic field spin-coupling operator, we break time-reversal symmetry to generate complex valued nonadiabatic derivative couplings. Although the nonadiabatic derivative couplings are complex valued, we find that a phase rotation can generate an almost entirely real-valued derivative coupling vector for the case of benzaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Bellonzi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | | | - Shervin Fatehi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, Texas 78539, USA
| | - Yihan Shao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
| | - Joseph E. Subotnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Jhang WR, Lai HY, Lin YC, Lee C, Lee SH, Lee YY, Ni CK, Tseng CM. Triplet vs πσ* state mediated N–H dissociation of aniline. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:141101. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5121350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wan Ru Jhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Hsin Ying Lai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Cheng Lin
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chin Lee
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Huang Lee
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Yu Lee
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Kung Ni
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ming Tseng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
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Pederzoli M, Wasif Baig M, Kývala M, Pittner J, Cwiklik L. Photophysics of BODIPY-Based Photosensitizer for Photodynamic Therapy: Surface Hopping and Classical Molecular Dynamics. J Chem Theory Comput 2019; 15:5046-5057. [PMID: 31390517 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Halogenated BODIPY derivatives are emerging as important candidates for photodynamic therapy of cancer cells due to their high triplet quantum yield. We probed fundamental photophysical properties and interactions with biological environments of such photosensitizers. To this end, we employed static TD-DFT quantum chemical calculations as well as TD-DFT surface hopping molecular dynamics on potential energy surfaces resulting from the eigenstates of the total electronic Hamiltonian including the spin-orbit (SO) coupling. Matrix elements of an effective one-electron spin-orbit Hamiltonian between singlet and triplet configuration interaction singles (CIS) auxiliary wave functions are calculated using a new code capable of dealing with singlets and both restricted and unrestricted triplets built up from up to three different and independent sets of (singlet, alpha, and beta) molecular orbitals. The interaction with a biological environment was addressed by using classical molecular dynamics (MD) in a scheme that implicitly accounts for electronically excited states. For the surface hopping trajectories, an accelerated MD approach was used, in which the SO couplings are scaled up, to make the calculations computationally feasible, and the lifetimes are extrapolated back to unscaled SO couplings. The lifetime of the first excited singlet state estimated by semiclassical surface hopping simulations is 139 ± 75 ps. Classical MD demonstrates that halogenated BODIPY in the ground state, in contrast to the unsubstituted one, is stable in the headgroup region of minimalistic cell membrane models, and while in the triplet state, the molecule relocates to the membrane interior ready for further steps of photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Pederzoli
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Dolejškova 2155/3 , 18223 Prague 8 , Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry , Charles University in Prague , Hlavova 8 , 12840 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Mirza Wasif Baig
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Dolejškova 2155/3 , 18223 Prague 8 , Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry , Charles University in Prague , Hlavova 8 , 12840 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Mojmír Kývala
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Flemingovo nám. 2 , 16610 Prague 6 , Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Pittner
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Dolejškova 2155/3 , 18223 Prague 8 , Czech Republic
| | - Lukasz Cwiklik
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Dolejškova 2155/3 , 18223 Prague 8 , Czech Republic.,Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Flemingovo nám. 2 , 16610 Prague 6 , Czech Republic
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León I, Fernández JA. Influence of the solvent in the electronic excitation of aromatic alcohols: Excited state IR-UV of propofol(H 2O) 8. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:214306. [PMID: 31176335 DOI: 10.1063/1.5093813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that water plays an important role in the reactivity and dynamics in a solution of molecules in electronic excited states. For example, electronic excitation is usually accompanied by a solvent rearrangement that may also influence the redistribution of the excitation energy. However, there is a lack of experimental data on such processes. Here, we explore the structural changes that follow electronic excitation in aggregates of propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol) with up to eight water molecules, using a combination of mass-resolved excitation spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. The molecules of water form a polyhedron around the hydroxyl group of propofol, also interacting with the π cloud of the aromatic ring. Electronic excitation produces a strong structural change in the water superstructure, which moves to an interaction with one of the carbon atoms of the aromatic ring, producing its distortion into a prefulvenic structure. Such deformation is not observed in smaller water clusters or in propofol-phenol aggregates highlighting the decisive role played by the solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iker León
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU), Barrio Sarriena S/N, Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - José A Fernández
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU), Barrio Sarriena S/N, Leioa 48940, Spain
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Jenkins AJ, Robb MA. The damped Ehrenfest (D-Eh) method: Application to non-adiabatic reaction paths. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Bhatia H, Bhattacharjee I, Ray D. Biluminescence via Fluorescence and Persistent Phosphorescence in Amorphous Organic Donor(D 4)-Acceptor(A) Conjugates and Application in Data Security Protection. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:3808-3813. [PMID: 29939749 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b01551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Purely organic biluminescent materials are of great interest due to the involvement of both singlet and long-lived triplet emissions, which have been rarely reported in bioimaging and organic light-emitting diodes. We show two molecules 3,4,5,6-tetraphenyloxy-phthalonitrile (POP) and 3,4,5,6-tetrakis- p-tolyloxy-phthalonitrile (TOP), in which POP was found to exhibit fluorescence and persistent room-temperature green phosphorescence (pRTGP) in the amorphous powder and crystal states. Both POP and TOP show aggregation-induced emission in a tetrahydrofuran-water mixture. We found in single-crystal X-ray analysis that intra- and intermolecular lp(O)···π interactions along with π(C = C)···π(C≡N), hydrogen bond (H-B), and C-H···π interactions induce a head-to-tail slipped-stack arrangement in POP. In addition, the X-ray structure of TOP with a slipped-stack arrangement induced by only π(C═C)···π(C≡N) and H-B interactions shows dim afterglow only in crystals. These indicate that more noncovalent interactions found in POP may reinforce relatively efficient intersystem crossing that leads to pRTGP. Given the unique green afterglow feature in amorphous powder of POP, document security protection application is achievable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Bhatia
- Department of Chemistry , Shiv Nadar University , NH-91, Tehsil Dadri , District Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314 , India
| | - Indranil Bhattacharjee
- Department of Chemistry , Shiv Nadar University , NH-91, Tehsil Dadri , District Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314 , India
| | - Debdas Ray
- Department of Chemistry , Shiv Nadar University , NH-91, Tehsil Dadri , District Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314 , India
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Chang CW, Sølling TI, Diau EWG. Revisiting the photophysics of 9-fluorenone: Ultrafast time-resolved fluorescence and theoretical studies. Chem Phys Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2017.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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