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de Los Santos-Ramirez JM, Boyas-Chavez PG, Cerrillos-Ordoñez A, Mata-Gomez M, Gallo-Villanueva RC, Perez-Gonzalez VH. Trends and challenges in microfluidic methods for protein manipulation-A review. Electrophoresis 2024; 45:69-100. [PMID: 37259641 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Proteins are important molecules involved in an immensely large number of biological processes. Being capable of manipulating proteins is critical for developing reliable and affordable techniques to analyze and/or detect them. Such techniques would enable the production of therapeutic agents for the treatment of diseases or other biotechnological applications (e.g., bioreactors or biocatalysis). Microfluidic technology represents a potential solution to protein manipulation challenges because of the diverse phenomena that can be exploited to achieve micro- and nanoparticle manipulation. In this review, we discuss recent contributions made in the field of protein manipulation in microfluidic systems using different physicochemical principles and techniques, some of which are miniaturized versions of already established macro-scale techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pablo G Boyas-Chavez
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | | | - Marco Mata-Gomez
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
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2
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Liu T, Politza AJ, Kshirsagar A, Zhu Y, Guan W. Compact Point-of-Care Device for Self-Administered HIV Viral Load Tests from Whole Blood. ACS Sens 2023; 8:4716-4727. [PMID: 38011515 PMCID: PMC11222019 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a significant problem to consider as it can lead to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Fortunately, AIDS is manageable through antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, frequent viral load monitoring is needed to monitor the effectiveness of the therapy. The current reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) viral load monitoring is highly effective, but is challenged by being resource-intensive and inaccessible, and its turnaround time does not meet demand. An unmet need exists for an affordable, rapid, and user-friendly point-of-care device that could revolutionize and ensure therapeutic effectiveness, particularly in resource-limited settings. In this work, we explored a point-of-care HIV viral load device to address this need. This device can perform streamlined plasma separation, viral RNA extraction, and real-time reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) semiquantitative testing in an ultracompact device. We developed an absorption-based membrane plasma separation method suitable for finger-prick blood samples, achieving an efficiency of 80%. We also designed a syringe-based RNA extraction method for on-site plasma processing with a viral recovery efficiency of 86%. We created a portable device with a smartphone interface for real-time semiquantitative RT-LAMP, which is useful for monitoring viral load. The device uses lyophilized reagents, processed with our lyophilization method, which remain stable for 16 weeks. The device can accurately categorize viral load into low, medium, and high categories with 95% accuracy. We believe this point-of-care HIV self-test device, offering convenience and long-term storage, could aid patients in home-based ART treatment monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA
| | - Anthony J. Politza
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA
| | - Aneesh Kshirsagar
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA
| | - Yusheng Zhu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey 17033, USA
| | - Weihua Guan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA
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3
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Lee LM, Bhatt KH, Haithcock DW, Prabhakarpandian B. Blood component separation in straight microfluidic channels. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2023; 17:054106. [PMID: 37854890 PMCID: PMC10581738 DOI: 10.1063/5.0176457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Separation of blood components is required in many diagnostic applications and blood processes. In laboratories, blood is usually fractionated by manual operation involving a bulk centrifugation equipment, which significantly increases logistic burden. Blood sample processing in the field and resource-limited settings cannot be readily implemented without the use of microfluidic technology. In this study, we developed a small footprint, rapid, and passive microfluidic channel device that relied on margination and inertial focusing effects for blood component separation. No blood dilution, lysis, or labeling step was needed as to preserve sample integrity. One main innovation of this work was the insertion of fluidic restrictors at outlet ports to divert the separation interface into designated outlet channels. Thus, separation efficiency was significantly improved in comparison to previous works. We demonstrated different operation modes ranging from platelet or plasma extraction from human whole blood to platelet concentration from platelet-rich plasma through the manipulation of outlet port fluidic resistance. Using straight microfluidic channels with a high aspect ratio rectangular cross section, we demonstrated 95.4% platelet purity extracted from human whole blood. In plasma extraction, 99.9% RBC removal rate was achieved. We also demonstrated 2.6× concentration of platelet-rich plasma solution to produce platelet concentrate. The extraction efficiency and throughput rate are scalable with continuous and clog-free recirculation operation, in contrast to other blood fractionation approaches using filtration membranes or affinity-based purification methods. Our microfluidic blood separation method is highly tunable and versatile, and easy to be integrated into multi-step blood processing and advanced sample preparation workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lap Man Lee
- CFD Research Corporation, Huntsville, Alabama 35806, USA
| | - Ketan H. Bhatt
- CFD Research Corporation, Huntsville, Alabama 35806, USA
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4
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Lee LM, Klarmann GJ, Haithcock DW, Wang Y, Bhatt KH, Prabhakarpandian B, Pant K, Alvarez LM, Lai E. Label-free enrichment of human adipose-derived stem cells using a continuous microfluidic sorting cascade. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:2131-2140. [PMID: 36974599 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc01138g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Human adipose tissue is a rich source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Human adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are first prepared by tissue digestion of lipoaspirate. The remaining constituent contains a mixture of ADSCs, other cell types and lysed fragments. We have developed a scalable microfluidic sorter cascade which enabled high-throughput and label-free enrichment of ADSCs prepared from tissue-digested human adipose samples to improve the quality of purified stem cell product. The continuous microfluidic sorter cascade was composed of spiral-shaped inertial and deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) sorters which separated cells based on size difference. The cell count characterization results showed >90% separation efficiency. We also demonstrated that the enriched ADSC sub-population by the microfluidic sorter cascade yielded 6× enhancement of expansion capacity in tissue culture. The incorporation of this microfluidic sorter cascade into ADSC preparation workflow facilitates the generation of transplantation-scale stem cell product. We anticipate our stem cell microfluidic sorter cascade will find a variety of research and clinical applications in tissue engineering and regeneration medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lap Man Lee
- CFD Research Corporation, 6820 Moquin Dr NW, Huntsville, AL, 35806, U.S.A.
| | - George J Klarmann
- The Geneva Foundation, 9410 Key West Ave, Rockville, MD 20850, U.S.A
| | - Dustin W Haithcock
- CFD Research Corporation, 6820 Moquin Dr NW, Huntsville, AL, 35806, U.S.A.
| | - Yi Wang
- Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Computing, University of South Carolina, 300 Main Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Ketan H Bhatt
- CFD Research Corporation, 6820 Moquin Dr NW, Huntsville, AL, 35806, U.S.A.
| | | | - Kapil Pant
- CFD Research Corporation, 6820 Moquin Dr NW, Huntsville, AL, 35806, U.S.A.
| | - Luis M Alvarez
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, 4494 Palmer Rd N, Bethesda, MD 20814, U.S.A
| | - Eva Lai
- Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 636 Benedum Hall, 3700 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, U.S.A
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5
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Merlo A, Losserand S, Yaya F, Connes P, Faivre M, Lorthois S, Minetti C, Nader E, Podgorski T, Renoux C, Coupier G, Franceschini E. Influence of storage and buffer composition on the mechanical behavior of flowing red blood cells. Biophys J 2023; 122:360-373. [PMID: 36476993 PMCID: PMC9892622 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
On-chip study of blood flow has emerged as a powerful tool to assess the contribution of each component of blood to its overall function. Blood has indeed many functions, from gas and nutrient transport to immune response and thermal regulation. Red blood cells play a central role therein, in particular through their specific mechanical properties, which directly influence pressure regulation, oxygen perfusion, or platelet and white cell segregation toward endothelial walls. As the bloom of in-vitro studies has led to the apparition of various storage and sample preparation protocols, we address the question of the robustness of the results involving cell mechanical behavior against this diversity. The effects of three conservation media (EDTA, citrate, and glucose-albumin-sodium-phosphate) and storage time on the red blood cell mechanical behavior are assessed under different flow conditions: cell deformability by ektacytometry, shape recovery of cells flowing out of a microfluidic constriction, and cell-flipping dynamics under shear flow. The impact of buffer solutions (phosphate-buffered saline and density-matched suspension using iodixanol/Optiprep) are also studied by investigating individual cell-flipping dynamics, relative viscosity of cell suspensions, and cell structuration under Poiseuille flow. Our results reveal that storing blood samples up to 7 days after withdrawal and suspending them in adequate density-matched buffer solutions has, in most experiments, a moderate effect on the overall mechanical response, with a possible rapid evolution in the first 3 days after sample collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adlan Merlo
- GDR MECABIO, France; Institut de Mécanique des Fluides de Toulouse (IMFT), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France; Biomechanics and Bioengineering Laboratory (UMR 7338), Université de Technologie de Compiègne - CNRS, Compiègne, France
| | - Sylvain Losserand
- GDR MECABIO, France; Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, Grenoble, France
| | - François Yaya
- GDR MECABIO, France; Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, Grenoble, France
| | - Philippe Connes
- GDR MECABIO, France; Team 'Vascular Biology and Red Blood Cell', Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité (LIBM) EA7424, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France; Laboratoire d'Excellence du Globule Rouge (Labex GR-Ex), PRES Sorbonne, Paris, France
| | - Magalie Faivre
- GDR MECABIO, France; University Lyon, CNRS, INSA Lyon, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, INL, UMR5270, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sylvie Lorthois
- GDR MECABIO, France; Institut de Mécanique des Fluides de Toulouse (IMFT), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Christophe Minetti
- Aero Thermo Mechanics CP 165/43, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elie Nader
- GDR MECABIO, France; Team 'Vascular Biology and Red Blood Cell', Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité (LIBM) EA7424, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France; Laboratoire d'Excellence du Globule Rouge (Labex GR-Ex), PRES Sorbonne, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Podgorski
- GDR MECABIO, France; Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, Grenoble, France; Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LRP, Grenoble, France
| | - Céline Renoux
- GDR MECABIO, France; Team 'Vascular Biology and Red Blood Cell', Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité (LIBM) EA7424, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France; Laboratoire d'Excellence du Globule Rouge (Labex GR-Ex), PRES Sorbonne, Paris, France; Service de biochimie et biologie moléculaire, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Gwennou Coupier
- GDR MECABIO, France; Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, Grenoble, France.
| | - Emilie Franceschini
- GDR MECABIO, France; Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, LMA, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France.
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6
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Ngo HT, Jin M, Trick AY, Chen FE, Chen L, Hsieh K, Wang TH. Sensitive and Quantitative Point-of-Care HIV Viral Load Quantification from Blood Using a Power-Free Plasma Separation and Portable Magnetofluidic Polymerase Chain Reaction Instrument. Anal Chem 2023; 95:1159-1168. [PMID: 36562405 PMCID: PMC11250783 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Point-of-care (POC) HIV viral load (VL) tests are needed to enhance access to HIV VL testing in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and to enable HIV VL self-testing at home, which in turn have the potential to enhance the global management of the disease. While methods based on real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) are highly sensitive and quantitatively accurate, they often require bulky and expensive instruments, making applications at the POC challenging. On the other hand, although methods based on isothermal amplification techniques could be performed using low-cost instruments, they have shown limited quantitative accuracies, i.e., being only semiquantitative. Herein, we present a sensitive and quantitative POC HIV VL quantification method from blood that can be performed using a small power-free three-dimensional-printed plasma separation device and a portable, low-cost magnetofluidic real-time RT-PCR instrument. The plasma separation device, which is composed of a plasma separation membrane and an absorbent material, demonstrated 96% plasma separation efficiency per 100 μL of whole blood. The plasma solution was then processed in a magnetofluidic cartridge for automated HIV RNA extraction and quantification using the portable instrument, which completed 50 cycles of PCR in 15 min. Using the method, we achieved a limit of detection of 500 HIV RNA copies/mL, which is below the World Health Organization's virological failure threshold, and a good quantitative accuracy. The method has the potential for sensitive and quantitative HIV VL testing at the POC and at home self-testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoan T Ngo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Mei Jin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Alexander Y Trick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Fan-En Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Liben Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Kuangwen Hsieh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Tza-Huei Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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7
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Grigorev GV, Lebedev AV, Wang X, Qian X, Maksimov GV, Lin L. Advances in Microfluidics for Single Red Blood Cell Analysis. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:117. [PMID: 36671952 PMCID: PMC9856164 DOI: 10.3390/bios13010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The utilizations of microfluidic chips for single RBC (red blood cell) studies have attracted great interests in recent years to filter, trap, analyze, and release single erythrocytes for various applications. Researchers in this field have highlighted the vast potential in developing micro devices for industrial and academia usages, including lab-on-a-chip and organ-on-a-chip systems. This article critically reviews the current state-of-the-art and recent advances of microfluidics for single RBC analyses, including integrated sensors and microfluidic platforms for microscopic/tomographic/spectroscopic single RBC analyses, trapping arrays (including bifurcating channels), dielectrophoretic and agglutination/aggregation studies, as well as clinical implications covering cancer, sepsis, prenatal, and Sickle Cell diseases. Microfluidics based RBC microarrays, sorting/counting and trapping techniques (including acoustic, dielectrophoretic, hydrodynamic, magnetic, and optical techniques) are also reviewed. Lastly, organs on chips, multi-organ chips, and drug discovery involving single RBC are described. The limitations and drawbacks of each technology are addressed and future prospects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgii V. Grigorev
- Data Science and Information Technology Research Center, Tsinghua Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of California in Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- School of Information Technology, Cherepovets State University, 162600 Cherepovets, Russia
| | - Alexander V. Lebedev
- Machine Building Department, Bauman Moscow State University, 105005 Moscow, Russia
| | - Xiaohao Wang
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiang Qian
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - George V. Maksimov
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Physical metallurgy Department, Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education National Research Technological University “MISiS”, 119049 Moscow, Russia
| | - Liwei Lin
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of California in Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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8
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Soozanipour A, Ejeian F, Boroumand Y, Rezayat A, Moradi S. Biotechnological advancements towards water, food and medical healthcare: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 312:137185. [PMID: 36368538 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The global health status is highly affected by the growing pace of urbanization, new lifestyles, climate changes, and resource exploitation. Modern technologies pave a promising way to deal with severe concerns toward sustainable development. Herein, we provided a comprehensive review of some popular biotechnological advancements regarding the progress achieved in water, food, and medicine, as the most substantial fields related to public health. The emergence of novel organic/inorganic materials has brought about significant improvement in conventional water treatment techniques, anti-fouling approaches, anti-microbial agents, food processing, biosensors, drug delivery systems, and implants. Particularly, a growing interest has been devoted to nanomaterials and their application for developing novel structures or improving the characteristics of standard components. Also, bioinspired materials have been widely used to improve the performance, efficiency, accuracy, stability, safety, and cost-effectiveness of traditional systems. On the other side, the fabrication of innovative devices for precisely monitoring and managing various ecosystem and human health issues is of great importance. Above all, exceptional advancements in designing ion-selective electrodes (ISEs), microelectromechanical systems (MEMs), and implantable medical devices have altered the future landscape of environmental and biomedical research. This review paper aimed to shed light on the wide-ranging materials and devices that have been developed for health applications and mainly focused on the impact of nanotechnology in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asieh Soozanipour
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, 81746-73441, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ejeian
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Yasaman Boroumand
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, 81746-73441, Iran
| | - Azam Rezayat
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, 81746-73441, Iran; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, 68151-44316, Iran
| | - Sina Moradi
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia; Artificial Intelligence Centre of Excellence (AI CoE), NCSI Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2113, Australia.
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9
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Xiang N, Ni Z. Inertial microfluidics: current status, challenges, and future opportunities. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:4792-4804. [PMID: 36263793 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00722c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Inertial microfluidics uses the hydrodynamic effects induced at finite Reynolds numbers to achieve passive manipulation of particles, cells, or fluids and offers the advantages of high-throughput processing, simple channel geometry, and label-free and external field-free operation. Since its proposal in 2007, inertial microfluidics has attracted increasing interest and is currently widely employed as an important sample preparation protocol for single-cell detection and analysis. Although great success has been achieved in the inertial microfluidics field, its performance and outcome can be further improved. From this perspective, herein, we reviewed the current status, challenges, and opportunities of inertial microfluidics concerning the underlying physical mechanisms, available simulation tools, channel innovation, multistage, multiplexing, or multifunction integration, rapid prototyping, and commercial instrument development. With an improved understanding of the physical mechanisms and the development of novel channels, integration strategies, and commercial instruments, improved inertial microfluidic platforms may represent a new foundation for advancing biomedical research and disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Xiang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China.
| | - Zhonghua Ni
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China.
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10
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Maurya A, Murallidharan JS, Sharma A, Agarwal A. Microfluidics geometries involved in effective blood plasma separation. MICROFLUIDICS AND NANOFLUIDICS 2022; 26:73. [PMID: 36090664 PMCID: PMC9440999 DOI: 10.1007/s10404-022-02578-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The last two decades witnessed a significant advancement in the field of diluted and whole blood plasma separation. This is one of the common procedures used to diagnose, cure and treat numerous acute and chronic diseases. For this separation purpose, various types of geometries of microfluidic devices, such as T-channel, Y-channel, trifurcation, constriction-expansion, curved/bend/spiral channels, a combination of any of the two geometries, etc., are being exploited, and this is detailed in this review article. The evaluation of the performance of such devices is based on the several parameters such as separation efficiency, flow rate, hematocrits, channel dimensions, etc. Thus, the current extensive review article endeavours to understand how particular geometry influences the separation efficiency for a given hematocrit. Additionally, a comparative analysis of various geometries is presented to demonstrate the less explored geometric configuration for the diluted and whole blood plasma separation. Also, a meta-analysis has been performed to highlight which geometry serves best to give a consistent separation efficiency. This article also presents tabulated data for various geometries with necessary details required from a designer's perspective such as channel dimensions, targeted component, studied range of hematocrit and flow rate, separation efficiency, etc. The maximum separation efficiency that can be achieved for a given hematocrits and geometry has also been plotted. The current review highlights the critical findings relevant to this field, state of the art understanding and the future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Maurya
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mumbai, Mumbai, 400076 India
| | | | - Atul Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mumbai, Mumbai, 400076 India
| | - Amit Agarwal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mumbai, Mumbai, 400076 India
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11
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von Petersdorff-Campen K, Schmid Daners M. Hemolysis Testing In Vitro: A Review of Challenges and Potential Improvements. ASAIO J 2022; 68:3-13. [PMID: 33989208 DOI: 10.1097/mat.0000000000001454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Many medical devices such as cardiopulmonary bypass systems, mechanical heart valves, or ventricular assist devices are intended to come into contact with blood flow during use. In vitro hemolysis testing can provide valuable information about the hemocompatibility of prototypes and thus help reduce the number of animal experiments required. Such tests play an important role as research and development tools for objective comparisons of prototypes and devices as well as for the extrapolation of their results to clinical outcomes. Therefore, it is important to explore and provide new ways to improve current practices. In this article, the main challenges of hemolysis testing are described, namely the difficult blood sourcing, the high experimental workload, and the low reproducibility of test results. Several approaches to address the challenges identified are proposed and the respective literature is reviewed. These include the replacement of blood as the "shear-sensitive fluid" by alternative test fluids, the replacement of sparse, manual sampling and blood damage assessment by a continuous and automated monitoring, as well as an analysis of categories and causes of variability in hemolysis test results that may serve as a structural template for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai von Petersdorff-Campen
- From the Product Development Group Zurich, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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12
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Li BW, Wei K, Liu QQ, Sun XG, Su N, Li WM, Shang MY, Li JM, Liao D, Li J, Lu WP, Deng SL, Huang Q. Enhanced Separation Efficiency and Purity of Circulating Tumor Cells Based on the Combined Effects of Double Sheath Fluids and Inertial Focusing. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:750444. [PMID: 34778227 PMCID: PMC8578950 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.750444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) play a crucial role in solid tumor metastasis, but obtaining high purity and viability CTCs is a challenging task due to their rarity. Although various works using spiral microchannels to isolate CTCs have been reported, the sorting purity of CTCs has not been significantly improved. Herein, we developed a novel double spiral microchannel for efficient separation and enrichment of intact and high-purity CTCs based on the combined effects of two-stage inertial focusing and particle deflection. Particle deflection relies on the second sheath to produce a deflection of the focused sample flow segment at the end of the first-stage microchannel, allowing larger particles to remain focused and entered the second-stage microchannel while smaller particles moved into the first waste channel. The deflection of the focused sample flow segment was visualized. Testing by a binary mixture of 10.4 and 16.5 μm fluorescent microspheres, it showed 16.5 μm with separation efficiency of 98% and purity of 90% under the second sheath flow rate of 700 μl min−1. In biological experiments, the average purity of spiked CTCs was 74% at a high throughput of 1.5 × 108 cells min−1, and the recovery was more than 91%. Compared to the control group, the viability of separated cells was 99%. Finally, we validated the performance of the double spiral microchannel using clinical cancer blood samples. CTCs with a concentration of 2–28 counts ml−1 were separated from all 12 patients’ peripheral blood. Thus, our device could be a robust and label-free liquid biopsy platform in inertial microfluidics for successful application in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Wen Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kun Wei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qi-Qi Liu
- Department of Nursing, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xian-Ge Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ning Su
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wen-Man Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mei-Yun Shang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin-Mi Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dan Liao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei-Ping Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shao-Li Deng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qing Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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13
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Wang Y, Nunna BB, Talukder N, Etienne EE, Lee ES. Blood Plasma Self-Separation Technologies during the Self-Driven Flow in Microfluidic Platforms. Bioengineering (Basel) 2021; 8:94. [PMID: 34356201 PMCID: PMC8301051 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering8070094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood plasma is the most commonly used biofluid in disease diagnostic and biomedical analysis due to it contains various biomarkers. The majority of the blood plasma separation is still handled with centrifugation, which is off-chip and time-consuming. Therefore, in the Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) field, an effective microfluidic blood plasma separation platform attracts researchers' attention globally. Blood plasma self-separation technologies are usually divided into two categories: active self-separation and passive self-separation. Passive self-separation technologies, in contrast with active self-separation, only rely on microchannel geometry, microfluidic phenomena and hydrodynamic forces. Passive self-separation devices are driven by the capillary flow, which is generated due to the characteristics of the surface of the channel and its interaction with the fluid. Comparing to the active plasma separation techniques, passive plasma separation methods are more considered in the microfluidic platform, owing to their ease of fabrication, portable, user-friendly features. We propose an extensive review of mechanisms of passive self-separation technologies and enumerate some experimental details and devices to exploit these effects. The performances, limitations and challenges of these technologies and devices are also compared and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudong Wang
- Advanced Energy Systems and Microdevices Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA; (Y.W.); (B.B.N.); (N.T.); (E.E.E.)
| | - Bharath Babu Nunna
- Advanced Energy Systems and Microdevices Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA; (Y.W.); (B.B.N.); (N.T.); (E.E.E.)
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Niladri Talukder
- Advanced Energy Systems and Microdevices Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA; (Y.W.); (B.B.N.); (N.T.); (E.E.E.)
| | - Ernst Emmanuel Etienne
- Advanced Energy Systems and Microdevices Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA; (Y.W.); (B.B.N.); (N.T.); (E.E.E.)
| | - Eon Soo Lee
- Advanced Energy Systems and Microdevices Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA; (Y.W.); (B.B.N.); (N.T.); (E.E.E.)
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14
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Xu H, Wu Z, Deng J, Qiu J, Hu N, Gao L, Yang J. Microsphere-Based Microfluidic Device for Plasma Separation and Potential Biochemistry Analysis Applications. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12050487. [PMID: 33925769 PMCID: PMC8144965 DOI: 10.3390/mi12050487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of a simple, portable, and cost-effective plasma separation platform for blood biochemical analysis is of great interest in clinical diagnostics. We represent a plasma separation microfluidic device using microspheres with different sizes as the separation barrier. This plasma separation device, with 18 capillary microchannels, can extract about 3 μL of plasma from a 50 μL blood sample in about 55 min. The effects of evaporation and the microsphere barrier on the plasma biochemical analysis results were studied. Correction factors were applied to compensate for these two effects. The feasibility of the device in plasma biochemical analysis was validated with clinical blood samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education and Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China; (H.X.); (Z.W.); (J.D.); (N.H.)
| | - Zhangying Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education and Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China; (H.X.); (Z.W.); (J.D.); (N.H.)
| | - Jinan Deng
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education and Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China; (H.X.); (Z.W.); (J.D.); (N.H.)
| | - Jun Qiu
- Department of Information, First Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
- Correspondence: (J.Q.); (L.G.); (J.Y.); Tel.: +86-23-6875-4443 (J.Q.); +86-23-6035-3856 (L.G.); +86-23-6510-2291 (J.Y.)
| | - Ning Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education and Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China; (H.X.); (Z.W.); (J.D.); (N.H.)
| | - Lihong Gao
- Chongqing Center for Drug Evaluation and Certification, Chongqing 401120, China
- Correspondence: (J.Q.); (L.G.); (J.Y.); Tel.: +86-23-6875-4443 (J.Q.); +86-23-6035-3856 (L.G.); +86-23-6510-2291 (J.Y.)
| | - Jun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education and Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China; (H.X.); (Z.W.); (J.D.); (N.H.)
- Correspondence: (J.Q.); (L.G.); (J.Y.); Tel.: +86-23-6875-4443 (J.Q.); +86-23-6035-3856 (L.G.); +86-23-6510-2291 (J.Y.)
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15
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Liu S, Li Z, Yu B, Wang S, Shen Y, Cong H. Recent advances on protein separation and purification methods. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 284:102254. [PMID: 32942182 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Protein, as the material basis of vita, is the crucial undertaker of life activities, which constitutes the framework and main substance of human tissues and organs, and takes part in various forms of life activities in organisms. Separating proteins from biomaterials and studying their structures and functions are of great significance for understanding the law of life activities and clarifying the essence of life phenomena. Therefore, scientists have proposed the new concept of proteomics, in which protein separation technology plays a momentous role. It has been diffusely used in the food industry, agricultural biological research, drug development, disease mechanism, plant stress mechanism, and marine environment research. In this paper, combined with the recent research situation, the progress of protein separation technology was reviewed from the aspects of extraction, precipitation, membrane separation, chromatography, electrophoresis, molecular imprinting, microfluidic chip and so on.
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16
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Han JY, DeVoe DL. Plasma Isolation in a Syringe by Conformal Integration of Inertial Microfluidics. Ann Biomed Eng 2020; 49:139-148. [PMID: 32367467 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-020-02526-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A thermoplastic microfluidic substrate is conformally integrated onto the cylindrical barrel of a conventional venipuncture syringe, forming a spiral inertial separation element supporting the isolation of plasma from diluted whole blood. The cylindrical shape of the syringe itself serves to define the flow path required for inertial separation by transforming a linear microchannel to a spiral topology. The hybrid system enables inertial plasma separation by Dean flow focusing within the same syringe used for a patient blood draw, with the seamlessly interconnected microfluidic element operated by automated or manual actuation of the syringe plunger. Plasma isolation is achieved without the need for external instrumentation. Device design and fabrication challenges are discussed, and effective plasma isolation within the system is demonstrated, with a peak separation efficiency above 97% using 25 × diluted blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Y Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Don L DeVoe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
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17
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Herrmann N, Neubauer P, Birkholz M. Spiral microfluidic devices for cell separation and sorting in bioprocesses. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2019; 13:061501. [PMID: 31700559 PMCID: PMC6831504 DOI: 10.1063/1.5125264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Inertial microfluidic systems have been arousing interest in medical applications due to their simple and cost-efficient use. However, comparably small sample volumes in the microliter and milliliter ranges have so far prevented efficient applications in continuous bioprocesses. Nevertheless, recent studies suggest that these systems are well suited for cell separation in bioprocesses because of their facile adaptability to various reactor sizes and cell types. This review will discuss potential applications of inertial microfluidic cell separation systems in downstream bioprocesses and depict recent advances in inertial microfluidics for bioprocess intensification. This review thereby focusses on spiral microchannels that separate particles at a moderate Reynolds number in a laminar flow (Re < 2300) according to their size by applying lateral hydrodynamic forces. Spiral microchannels have already been shown to be capable of replacing microfilters, extracting dead cells and debris in perfusion processes, and removing contaminant microalgae species. Recent advances in parallelization made it possible to process media on a liter-scale, which might pave the way toward industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Herrmann
- Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Ackerstr. 76, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - P. Neubauer
- Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Ackerstr. 76, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - M. Birkholz
- IHP—Leibniz-Institut für innovative Mikroelektronik, Im Technologiepark 25, 15236 Frankfurt (Oder), Germany
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18
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Wood RL, Whitehead JP, Hunter AK, McClellan DS, Pitt WG. An experimental investigation of interfacial instability in separated blood. AIChE J 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.16536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L. Wood
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Brigham Young University; Provo Utah 84602
| | | | - Alex K. Hunter
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Brigham Young University; Provo Utah 84602
| | | | - William G. Pitt
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Brigham Young University; Provo Utah 84602
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19
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Liu N, Petchakup C, Tay HM, Li KHH, Hou HW. Spiral Inertial Microfluidics for Cell Separation and Biomedical Applications. Bioanalysis 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-6229-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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20
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Kwon T, Yao R, Hamel JFP, Han J. Continuous removal of small nonviable suspended mammalian cells and debris from bioreactors using inertial microfluidics. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:2826-2837. [PMID: 30079919 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00250a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Removing nonviable cells from a cell suspension is crucial in biotechnology and biomanufacturing. Label-free microfluidic cell separation devices based on dielectrophoresis, acoustophoresis, and deterministic lateral displacement are used to remove nonviable cells. However, their volumetric throughputs and test cell concentrations are generally too low to be useful in typical bioreactors in biomanufacturing. In this study, we demonstrate the efficient removal of small (<10 μm) nonviable cells from bioreactors while maintaining viable cells using inertial microfluidic cell sorting devices and characterize their performance. Despite the size overlap between viable and nonviable cell populations, the devices demonstrated 3.5-28.0% dead cell removal efficiency with 88.3-83.6% removal purity as well as 97.8-99.8% live cell retention efficiency at 4 million cells per mL with 80% viability. Cascaded and parallel configurations increased the cell concentration capacity (10 million cells per mL) and volumetric throughput (6-8 mL min-1). The system can be used for the removal of small nonviable cells from a cell suspension during continuous perfusion cell culture operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taehong Kwon
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA.
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21
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Yang F, Zhang Y, Cui X, Fan Y, Xue Y, Miao H, Li G. Extraction of Cell-Free Whole Blood Plasma Using a Dielectrophoresis-Based Microfluidic Device. Biotechnol J 2018; 14:e1800181. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education; School of Life Sciences; Jilin University; 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education; School of Life Sciences; Jilin University; 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 China
- Department of Pediatrics; The First Hospital of Jilin University; Jilin University; Changchun 130021 China
| | - Xi Cui
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education; School of Life Sciences; Jilin University; 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 China
| | - Yutong Fan
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education; School of Life Sciences; Jilin University; 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 China
| | - Ying Xue
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education; School of Life Sciences; Jilin University; 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 China
| | - Haipeng Miao
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education; School of Life Sciences; Jilin University; 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 China
| | - Guiying Li
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education; School of Life Sciences; Jilin University; 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 China
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine; School of Life Sciences; Jilin University; Changchun 130012 China
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22
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Gou Y, Jia Y, Wang P, Sun C. Progress of Inertial Microfluidics in Principle and Application. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 18:E1762. [PMID: 29857563 PMCID: PMC6021949 DOI: 10.3390/s18061762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Inertial microfluidics has become a popular topic in microfluidics research for its good performance in particle manipulation and its advantages of simple structure, high throughput, and freedom from an external field. Compared with traditional microfluidic devices, the flow field in inertial microfluidics is between Stokes state and turbulence, whereas the flow is still regarded as laminar. However, many mechanical effects induced by the inertial effect are difficult to observe in traditional microfluidics, making particle motion analysis in inertial microfluidics more complicated. In recent years, the inertial migration effect in straight and curved channels has been explored theoretically and experimentally to realize on-chip manipulation with extensive applications from the ordinary manipulation of particles to biochemical analysis. In this review, the latest theoretical achievements and force analyses of inertial microfluidics and its development process are introduced, and its applications in circulating tumor cells, exosomes, DNA, and other biological particles are summarized. Finally, the future development of inertial microfluidics is discussed. Owing to its special advantages in particle manipulation, inertial microfluidics will play a more important role in integrated biochips and biomolecule analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixing Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Yixuan Jia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Changku Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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