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Salzburger M, Saragi RT, Wensink FJ, Cunningham EM, Beyer MK, Bakker JM, Ončák M, van der Linde C. Carbon Dioxide and Water Activation by Niobium Trioxide Anions in the Gas Phase. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:3402-3411. [PMID: 37040467 PMCID: PMC10123662 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c01394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Transition metals are important in various industrial applications including catalysis. Due to the current concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere, various ways for its capture and utilization are investigated. Here, we study the activation of CO2 and H2O at [NbO3]- in the gas phase using a combination of infrared multiple photon dissociation spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. In the experiments, Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry is combined with tunable IR laser light provided by the intracavity free-electron laser FELICE or optical parametric oscillator-based table-top laser systems. We present spectra of [NbO3]-, [NbO2(OH)2]-, [NbO2(OH)2]-(H2O) and [NbO(OH)2(CO3)]- in the 240-4000 cm-1 range. The measured spectra and observed dissociation channels together with quantum chemical calculations confirm that upon interaction with a water molecule, [NbO3]- is transformed to [NbO2(OH)2]- via a barrierless reaction. Reaction of this product with CO2 leads to [NbO(OH)2(CO3)]- with the formation of a [CO3] moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Salzburger
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Rizalina T Saragi
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Frank J Wensink
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ethan M Cunningham
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin K Beyer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Joost M Bakker
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian van der Linde
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Heller J, Cunningham EM, Hartmann JC, van der Linde C, Ončák M, Beyer MK. Size-dependent H and H 2 formation by infrared multiple photon dissociation spectroscopy of hydrated vanadium cations, V +(H 2O) n, n = 3-51. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:14699-14708. [PMID: 35438100 PMCID: PMC9215701 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00833e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Infrared spectra of the hydrated vanadium cation (V+(H2O)n; n = 3–51) were measured in the O–H stretching region employing infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy. Spectral fingerprints, along with size-dependent fragmentation channels, were observed and rationalized by comparing to spectra simulated using density functional theory. Photodissociation leading to water loss was found for cluster sizes n = 3–7, consistent with isomers featuring intact water ligands. Loss of molecular hydrogen was observed as a weak channel starting at n = 8, indicating the advent of inserted isomers, HVOH+(H2O)n−1. The majority of ions for n = 8, however, are composed of two-dimensional intact isomers, concordant with previous infrared studies on hydrated vanadium. A third channel, loss of atomic hydrogen, is observed weakly for n = 9–11, coinciding with the point at which the H and H2O calculated binding energies become energetically competitive for intact isomers. A clear and sudden spectral pattern and fragmentation channel intensity at n = 12 suggest a structural change to inserted isomers. The H2 channel intensity decreases sharply and is not observed for n = 20 and 25–51. IRMPD spectra for clusters sizes n = 15–51 are qualitatively similar indicating no significant structural changes, and are thought to be composed of inserted isomers, consistent with recent electronic spectroscopy experiments. Infrared multiple photon dissociation spectra of V+(H2O)n depend on experiment conditions, with strong kinetic shift effects for large clusters.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Heller
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Ethan M Cunningham
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Jessica C Hartmann
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Christian van der Linde
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Martin K Beyer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Heller J, Pascher TF, Muß D, van der Linde C, Beyer MK, Ončák M. Photochemistry and UV/vis spectroscopy of hydrated vanadium cations, V +(H 2O) n, n = 1-41, a model system for photochemical hydrogen evolution. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:22251-22262. [PMID: 34396372 PMCID: PMC8514045 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02382a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Photochemical hydrogen evolution provides fascinating perspectives for light harvesting. Hydrated metal ions in the gas phase are ideal model systems to study elementary steps of this reaction on a molecular level. Here we investigate mass-selected hydrated monovalent vanadium ions, with a hydration shell ranging from 1 to 41 water molecules, by photodissociation spectroscopy. The most intense absorption bands correspond to 3d-4p transitions, which shift to the red from n = 1 to n = 4, corresponding to the evolution of a square-planar complex. Additional water molecules no longer interact directly with the metal center, and no strong systematic shift is observed in larger clusters. Evolution of atomic and molecular hydrogen competes with loss of water molecules for all V+(H2O)n, n ≤ 12. For n ≥ 15, no absorptions are observed, which indicates that the cluster ensemble is fully converted to HVOH+(H2O)n-1. For the smallest clusters, the electronic transitions are modeled using multireference methods with spin-orbit coupling. A large number of quintet and triplet states is accessible, which explains the broad features observed in the experiment. Water loss most likely occurs after a series of intersystem crossings and internal conversions to the electronic ground state or a low-lying quintet state, while hydrogen evolution is favored in low lying triplet states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Heller
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Tobias F Pascher
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Dominik Muß
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Christian van der Linde
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Martin K Beyer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Marks JH, Miliordos E, Duncan MA. Infrared spectroscopy of RG-Co +(H 2O) complexes (RG = Ar, Ne, He): The role of rare gas "tag" atoms. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:064306. [PMID: 33588546 DOI: 10.1063/5.0041069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
RGn-Co+(H2O) cation complexes (RG = Ar, Ne, He) are generated in a supersonic expansion by pulsed laser vaporization. Complexes are mass-selected using a time-of-flight spectrometer and studied with infrared laser photodissociation spectroscopy, measuring the respective mass channels corresponding to the elimination of the rare gas "tag" atom. Spectral patterns and theory indicate that the structures of the ions with a single rare gas atom have this bound to the cobalt cation opposite the water moiety in a near-C2v arrangement. The O-H stretch vibrations of the complex are shifted compared to those of water because of the metal cation charge-transfer interaction; these frequencies also vary systematically with the rare gas atom attached. The efficiencies of photodissociation also vary with the rare gas atoms because of their widely different binding energies to the cobalt cation. The spectrum of the argon complex could only be measured when at least three argon atoms were attached. In the case of the helium complex, the low binding energy allows the spectra to be measured for the low-frequency H-O-H scissors bending mode and for the O-D stretches of the deuterated analog. The partially resolved rotational structure for the antisymmetric O-H and O-D stretches reveals the temperature of these complexes (6 K) and establishes the electronic ground state. The helium complex has the same 3B1 ground state as the tag-free complex studied previously by Metz and co-workers ["Dissociation energy and electronic and vibrational spectroscopy of Co+(H2O) and its isotopomers," J. Phys. Chem. A 117, 1254 (2013)], but the A rotational constant is contaminated by vibrational averaging from the bending motion of the helium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua H Marks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Evangelos Miliordos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
| | - Michael A Duncan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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Ariyarathna IR, Miliordos E. Radical abstraction vs. oxidative addition mechanisms for the activation of the S -H, O -H, and C -H bonds using early transition metal oxides. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:1437-1442. [PMID: 33393944 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05513a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Quantum chemical calculations are performed to study the S-H, O-H, and C-H bond activation of H2S, H2O, and CH4 by bare and ligated ZrO+ and NbO+ units. These representative oxides bear low energy oxo and higher energy oxyl units. S-H and C-H bonds are readily activated by metal oxyl states (radical mechanism), but the O-H bond is harder to activate with either the oxyl or oxo states. Our results suggest that known practices for the C-H bond activation can be applied to S-H, but not to O-H bonds. The identified trends are rationalized in terms of the HS-H, HO-H, and H3C-H dissociation energies to the homolytic or heterolytic fragments. We also found that these dissociation energies drop to about half after coordination of H2S or H2O to the metal oxide unit. In addition, chlorine ligands are shown to stabilize the higher energy oxyl states of the transition metal oxygen unit enhancing the reactivity of the formed complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isuru R Ariyarathna
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5312, USA.
| | - Evangelos Miliordos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5312, USA.
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Xin K, Chen Y, Zhang L, Xu B, Wang X, Wang G. Infrared photodissociation spectroscopic investigation on VO+ and NbO+ hydrolysis catalyzed by water molecules. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:528-535. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04448b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the hydrolysis of vanadium/niobium monoxide cation (VO+/NbO+) with water molecules in the gas phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xin
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Yinjuan Chen
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Luning Zhang
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Bing Xu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Guanjun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University
- Shanghai 200438
- China
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Carnegie PD, Marks JH, Brathwaite AD, Ward TB, Duncan MA. Microsolvation in V +(H 2O) n Clusters Studied with Selected-Ion Infrared Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:1093-1103. [PMID: 31961153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b11275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Gas-phase ion-molecule clusters of the form V+(H2O)n (n = 1-30) are produced by laser vaporization in a supersonic expansion. These ions are analyzed and mass-selected with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer and investigated with infrared laser photodissociation spectroscopy. The small clusters (n ≤ 7) are studied with argon tagging, while the larger clusters are studied via the elimination of water molecules. The vibrational spectra for the small clusters include only free O-H stretching vibrations, while larger clusters exhibit redshifted hydrogen bonding vibrations. The spectral patterns reveal that the coordination around V+ ions is completed with four water molecules. A symmetric square-planar structure forms for the n = 4 ion, and this becomes the core ion in larger structures. Clusters up to n = 8 have mostly two-dimensional structures, but hydrogen bonding networks evolve to three-dimensional structures in larger clusters. The free O-H vibration of acceptor-acceptor-donor (AAD)-coordinated surface molecules converges to a frequency near that of bulk water by the cluster size of n = 30. However, the splitting of this vibration for AAD- versus AD-coordinated molecules is still different compared to other singly charged or doubly charged cation-water clusters. This indicates that cation identity and charge-site location in the cluster can produce discernable spectral differences for clusters in this size range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prosser D Carnegie
- Department of Chemistry , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
| | - Joshua H Marks
- Department of Chemistry , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
| | - Antonio D Brathwaite
- Department of Chemistry , Emory University , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Timothy B Ward
- Department of Chemistry , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
| | - Michael A Duncan
- Department of Chemistry , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
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