1
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Cutsail III GE, DeBeer S. Challenges and Opportunities for Applications of Advanced X-ray Spectroscopy in Catalysis Research. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- George E. Cutsail III
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5-7, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Serena DeBeer
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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2
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Melendrez C, Lopez-Rosas JA, Stokes CX, Cheung TC, Lee SJ, Titus CJ, Valenzuela J, Jeanpierre G, Muhammad H, Tran P, Sandoval PJ, Supreme T, Altoe V, Vavra J, Raabova H, Vanek V, Sainio S, Doriese WB, O'Neil GC, Swetz DS, Ullom JN, Irwin K, Nordlund D, Cigler P, Wolcott A. Metastable Brominated Nanodiamond Surface Enables Room Temperature and Catalysis-Free Amine Chemistry. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:1147-1158. [PMID: 35084184 PMCID: PMC10655229 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c04090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bromination of high-pressure, high-temperature (HPHT) nanodiamond (ND) surfaces has not been explored and can open new avenues for increased chemical reactivity and diamond lattice covalent bond formation. The large bond dissociation energy of the diamond lattice-oxygen bond is a challenge that prevents new bonds from forming, and most researchers simply use oxygen-terminated NDs (alcohols and acids) as reactive species. In this work, we transformed a tertiary-alcohol-rich ND surface to an amine surface with ∼50% surface coverage and was limited by the initial rate of bromination. We observed that alkyl bromide moieties are highly labile on HPHT NDs and are metastable as previously found using density functional theory. The strong leaving group properties of the alkyl bromide intermediate were found to form diamond-nitrogen bonds at room temperature and without catalysts. This robust pathway to activate a chemically inert ND surface broadens the modalities for surface termination, and the unique surface properties of brominated and aminated NDs are impactful to researchers for chemically tuning diamond for quantum sensing or biolabeling applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Melendrez
- Department of Chemistry, San José State University, San José, California 95192, United States
| | - Jorge A Lopez-Rosas
- Department of Chemistry, San José State University, San José, California 95192, United States
| | - Camron X Stokes
- Department of Chemistry, San José State University, San José, California 95192, United States
| | - Tsz Ching Cheung
- Department of Chemistry, San José State University, San José, California 95192, United States
| | - Sang-Jun Lee
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Charles James Titus
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94025, United States
| | - Jocelyn Valenzuela
- Department of Chemistry, San José State University, San José, California 95192, United States
| | - Grace Jeanpierre
- Department of Chemistry, San José State University, San José, California 95192, United States
| | - Halim Muhammad
- Department of Chemistry, San José State University, San José, California 95192, United States
| | - Polo Tran
- Department of Chemistry, San José State University, San José, California 95192, United States
| | - Perla Jasmine Sandoval
- Department of Chemistry, San José State University, San José, California 95192, United States
| | - Tyanna Supreme
- Department of Chemistry, San José State University, San José, California 95192, United States
| | - Virginia Altoe
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jan Vavra
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nam. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Raabova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nam. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Vaclav Vanek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nam. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Sami Sainio
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- Microelectronics Research Unit, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland 90014
| | - William B Doriese
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Galen C O'Neil
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Daniel S Swetz
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Joel N Ullom
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Kent Irwin
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94025, United States
| | - Dennis Nordlund
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Petr Cigler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nam. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Abraham Wolcott
- Department of Chemistry, San José State University, San José, California 95192, United States
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3
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Kunnus K, Guo M, Biasin E, Larsen CB, Titus CJ, Lee SJ, Nordlund D, Cordones AA, Uhlig J, Gaffney KJ. Quantifying the Steric Effect on Metal-Ligand Bonding in Fe Carbene Photosensitizers with Fe 2p3d Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:1961-1972. [PMID: 35029978 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the electronic structure and chemical bonding of transition metal complexes is important for improving the function of molecular photosensitizers and catalysts. We have utilized X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) at the Fe L3 edge to investigate the electronic structure of two Fe N-heterocyclic carbene complexes with similar chemical structures but different steric effects and contrasting excited-state dynamics: [Fe(bmip)2]2+ and [Fe(btbip)2]2+, bmip = 2,6-bis(3-methyl-imidazole-1-ylidine)pyridine and btbip = 2,6-bis(3-tert-butyl-imidazole-1-ylidene)pyridine. In combination with charge transfer multiplet and ab initio calculations, we quantified how changes in Fe-carbene bond length due to steric effects modify the metal-ligand bonding, including σ/π donation and π back-donation. We find that σ donation is significantly stronger in [Fe(bmip)2]2+, whereas the π back-donation is similar in both complexes. The resulting stronger ligand field and nephelauxetic effect in [Fe(bmip)2]2+ lead to approximately 1 eV destabilization of the quintet metal-centered 5T2g excited state compared to [Fe(btbip)2]2+, providing an explanation for the absence of a photoinduced 5T2g population and a longer metal-to-ligand charge-transfer excited-state lifetime in [Fe(bmip)2]2+. This work demonstrates how combined modeling of XAS and RIXS spectra can be utilized to understand the electronic structure of transition metal complexes governed by correlated electrons and donation/back-donation interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristjan Kunnus
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States.,Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi 1, Tartu EE-50411, Estonia
| | - Meiyuan Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund SE-22100, Sweden
| | - Elisa Biasin
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Christopher B Larsen
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Charles J Titus
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Sang Jun Lee
- SSRL, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Dennis Nordlund
- SSRL, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Amy A Cordones
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Jens Uhlig
- Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund SE-22100, Sweden
| | - Kelly J Gaffney
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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4
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He W, Beattie DD, Zhou H, Bowes EG, Schafer LL, Love JA, Kennepohl P. Direct metal-carbon bonding in symmetric bis(C-H) agostic nickel(i) complexes. Chem Sci 2021; 12:15298-15307. [PMID: 34976350 PMCID: PMC8635179 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03578a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Agostic interactions are examples of σ-type interactions, typically resulting from interactions between C–H σ-bonds with empty transition metal d orbitals. Such interactions often reflect the first step in transition metal-catalysed C–H activation processes and thus are of critical importance in understanding and controlling σ bond activation chemistries. Herein, we report on the unusual electronic structure of linear electron-rich d9 Ni(i) complexes with symmetric bis(C–H) agostic interactions. A combination of Ni K edge and L edge XAS with supporting TD-DFT/DFT calculations reveals an unconventional covalent agostic interaction with limited contributions from the valence Ni 3d orbitals. The agostic interaction is driven via the empty Ni 4p orbitals. The surprisingly strong Ni 4p-derived agostic interaction is dominated by σ contributions with minor π contributions. The resulting ligand–metal donation occurs directly along the C–Ni bond axis, reflecting a novel mode of bis-agostic bonding. Symmetric Ni(i) agostic complexes reveal an unusual mode of bonding that is dominated by direct carbon-to-metal charge transfer.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiying He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary 2500 University Drive NW Calgary Alberta T2N 1N4 Canada .,Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - D Dawson Beattie
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary 2500 University Drive NW Calgary Alberta T2N 1N4 Canada .,Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Eric G Bowes
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Laurel L Schafer
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Jennifer A Love
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary 2500 University Drive NW Calgary Alberta T2N 1N4 Canada .,Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Pierre Kennepohl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary 2500 University Drive NW Calgary Alberta T2N 1N4 Canada .,Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
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5
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Kunnus K, Li L, Titus CJ, Lee SJ, Reinhard ME, Koroidov S, Kjær KS, Hong K, Ledbetter K, Doriese WB, O'Neil GC, Swetz DS, Ullom JN, Li D, Irwin K, Nordlund D, Cordones AA, Gaffney KJ. Chemical control of competing electron transfer pathways in iron tetracyano-polypyridyl photosensitizers. Chem Sci 2020; 11:4360-4373. [PMID: 34122894 PMCID: PMC8159445 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc06272f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoinduced intramolecular electron transfer dynamics following metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) excitation of [Fe(CN)4(2,2'-bipyridine)]2- (1), [Fe(CN)4(2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine)]2- (2) and [Fe(CN)4(2,2'-bipyrimidine)]2- (3) were investigated in various solvents with static and time-resolved UV-Visible absorption spectroscopy and Fe 2p3d resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS). This series of polypyridyl ligands, combined with the strong solvatochromism of the complexes, enables the 1MLCT vertical energy to be varied from 1.64 eV to 2.64 eV and the 3MLCT lifetime to range from 180 fs to 67 ps. The 3MLCT lifetimes in 1 and 2 decrease exponentially as the MLCT energy increases, consistent with electron transfer to the lowest energy triplet metal-centred (3MC) excited state, as established by the Tanabe-Sugano analysis of the Fe 2p3d RIXS data. In contrast, the 3MLCT lifetime in 3 changes non-monotonically with MLCT energy, exhibiting a maximum. This qualitatively distinct behaviour results from a competing 3MLCT → ground state (GS) electron transfer pathway that exhibits energy gap law behaviour. The 3MLCT → GS pathway involves nuclear tunnelling for the high-frequency polypyridyl breathing mode (hν = 1530 cm-1), which is most displaced for complex 3, making this pathway significantly more efficient. Our study demonstrates that the excited state relaxation mechanism of Fe polypyridyl photosensitizers can be readily tuned by ligand and solvent environment. Furthermore, our study reveals that extending charge transfer lifetimes requires control of the relative energies of the 3MLCT and the 3MC states and suppression of the intramolecular distortion of the acceptor ligand in the 3MLCT excited state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristjan Kunnus
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University Menlo Park California 94025 USA
| | - Lin Li
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University Menlo Park California 94025 USA
| | - Charles J Titus
- Department of Physics, Stanford University Stanford California 94305 USA
| | - Sang Jun Lee
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Menlo Park California 94025 USA
| | - Marco E Reinhard
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University Menlo Park California 94025 USA
| | - Sergey Koroidov
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University Menlo Park California 94025 USA
| | - Kasper S Kjær
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University Menlo Park California 94025 USA
| | - Kiryong Hong
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University Menlo Park California 94025 USA
| | - Kathryn Ledbetter
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University Menlo Park California 94025 USA
- Department of Physics, Stanford University Stanford California 94305 USA
| | | | - Galen C O'Neil
- National Institute of Standards and Technology Boulder CO 80305 USA
| | - Daniel S Swetz
- National Institute of Standards and Technology Boulder CO 80305 USA
| | - Joel N Ullom
- National Institute of Standards and Technology Boulder CO 80305 USA
| | - Dale Li
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Menlo Park California 94025 USA
| | - Kent Irwin
- Department of Physics, Stanford University Stanford California 94305 USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Menlo Park California 94025 USA
| | - Dennis Nordlund
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Menlo Park California 94025 USA
| | - Amy A Cordones
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University Menlo Park California 94025 USA
| | - Kelly J Gaffney
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University Menlo Park California 94025 USA
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6
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Carsch KM, DiMucci IM, Iovan DA, Li A, Zheng SL, Titus CJ, Lee SJ, Irwin KD, Nordlund D, Lancaster KM, Betley TA. Synthesis of a copper-supported triplet nitrene complex pertinent to copper-catalyzed amination. Science 2020; 365:1138-1143. [PMID: 31515388 DOI: 10.1126/science.aax4423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Terminal copper-nitrenoid complexes have inspired interest in their fundamental bonding structures as well as their putative intermediacy in catalytic nitrene-transfer reactions. Here, we report that aryl azides react with a copper(I) dinitrogen complex bearing a sterically encumbered dipyrrin ligand to produce terminal copper nitrene complexes with near-linear, short copper-nitrenoid bonds [1.745(2) to 1.759(2) angstroms]. X-ray absorption spectroscopy and quantum chemistry calculations reveal a predominantly triplet nitrene adduct bound to copper(I), as opposed to copper(II) or copper(III) assignments, indicating the absence of a copper-nitrogen multiple-bond character. Employing electron-deficient aryl azides renders the copper nitrene species competent for alkane amination and alkene aziridination, lending further credence to the intermediacy of this species in proposed nitrene-transfer mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurtis M Carsch
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ida M DiMucci
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Diana A Iovan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alex Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shao-Liang Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Charles J Titus
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sang Jun Lee
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Kent D Irwin
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Dennis Nordlund
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Kyle M Lancaster
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Theodore A Betley
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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7
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Nowak SH, Armenta R, Schwartz CP, Gallo A, Abraham B, Garcia-Esparza AT, Biasin E, Prado A, Maciel A, Zhang D, Day D, Christensen S, Kroll T, Alonso-Mori R, Nordlund D, Weng TC, Sokaras D. A versatile Johansson-type tender x-ray emission spectrometer. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:033101. [PMID: 32259983 DOI: 10.1063/1.5121853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We present a high energy resolution x-ray spectrometer for the tender x-ray regime (1.6-5.0 keV) that was designed and operated at Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource. The instrument is developed on a Rowland geometry (500 mm of radius) using cylindrically bent Johansson analyzers and a position sensitive detector. By placing the sample inside the Rowland circle, the spectrometer operates in an energy-dispersive mode with a subnatural line-width energy resolution (∼0.32 eV at 2400 eV), even when an extended incident x-ray beam is used across a wide range of diffraction angles (∼30° to 65°). The spectrometer is enclosed in a vacuum chamber, and a sample chamber with independent ambient conditions is introduced to enable a versatile and fast-access sample environment (e.g., solid/gas/liquid samples, in situ cells, and radioactive materials). The design, capabilities, and performance are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Nowak
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - R Armenta
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - C P Schwartz
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - A Gallo
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - B Abraham
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - A T Garcia-Esparza
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - E Biasin
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - A Prado
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - A Maciel
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - D Zhang
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - D Day
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - S Christensen
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
| | - T Kroll
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - R Alonso-Mori
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - D Nordlund
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - T-C Weng
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - D Sokaras
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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8
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Lee SJ, Titus CJ, Alonso Mori R, Baker ML, Bennett DA, Cho HM, Doriese WB, Fowler JW, Gaffney KJ, Gallo A, Gard JD, Hilton GC, Jang H, Joe YI, Kenney CJ, Knight J, Kroll T, Lee JS, Li D, Lu D, Marks R, Minitti MP, Morgan KM, Ogasawara H, O'Neil GC, Reintsema CD, Schmidt DR, Sokaras D, Ullom JN, Weng TC, Williams C, Young BA, Swetz DS, Irwin KD, Nordlund D. Soft X-ray spectroscopy with transition-edge sensors at Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource beamline 10-1. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:113101. [PMID: 31779391 DOI: 10.1063/1.5119155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We present results obtained with a new soft X-ray spectrometer based on transition-edge sensors (TESs) composed of Mo/Cu bilayers coupled to bismuth absorbers. This spectrometer simultaneously provides excellent energy resolution, high detection efficiency, and broadband spectral coverage. The new spectrometer is optimized for incident X-ray energies below 2 keV. Each pixel serves as both a highly sensitive calorimeter and an X-ray absorber with near unity quantum efficiency. We have commissioned this 240-pixel TES spectrometer at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource beamline 10-1 (BL 10-1) and used it to probe the local electronic structure of sample materials with unprecedented sensitivity in the soft X-ray regime. As mounted, the TES spectrometer has a maximum detection solid angle of 2 × 10-3 sr. The energy resolution of all pixels combined is 1.5 eV full width at half maximum at 500 eV. We describe the performance of the TES spectrometer in terms of its energy resolution and count-rate capability and demonstrate its utility as a high throughput detector for synchrotron-based X-ray spectroscopy. Results from initial X-ray emission spectroscopy and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering experiments obtained with the spectrometer are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Jun Lee
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | | | | | | | - Douglas A Bennett
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Hsiao-Mei Cho
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - William B Doriese
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Joseph W Fowler
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Kelly J Gaffney
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Alessandro Gallo
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Johnathon D Gard
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Gene C Hilton
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Hoyoung Jang
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Young Il Joe
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | | | - Jason Knight
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Thomas Kroll
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Jun-Sik Lee
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Dale Li
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Donghui Lu
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Ronald Marks
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Michael P Minitti
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Kelsey M Morgan
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | | | - Galen C O'Neil
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Carl D Reintsema
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Daniel R Schmidt
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | | | - Joel N Ullom
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Tsu-Chien Weng
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | | | - Betty A Young
- Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California 95053, USA
| | - Daniel S Swetz
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Kent D Irwin
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Dennis Nordlund
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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9
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Li S, Lee SJ, Wang X, Yang W, Huang H, Swetz DS, Doriese WB, O’Neil GC, Ullom JN, Titus CJ, Irwin KD, Lee HK, Nordlund D, Pianetta P, Yu C, Qiu J, Yu X, Yang XQ, Hu E, Lee JS, Liu Y. Surface-to-Bulk Redox Coupling through Thermally Driven Li Redistribution in Li- and Mn-Rich Layered Cathode Materials. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:12079-12086. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b05349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaofeng Li
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Key Lab for Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Sang-Jun Lee
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Xuelong Wang
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Wanli Yang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Hai Huang
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Daniel S. Swetz
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - William B. Doriese
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Galen C. O’Neil
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Joel N. Ullom
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Charles J. Titus
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Kent D. Irwin
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Han-Koo Lee
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Dennis Nordlund
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Piero Pianetta
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Chang Yu
- State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Key Lab for Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jieshan Qiu
- State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Key Lab for Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Xiqian Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Qing Yang
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Enyuan Hu
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Jun-Sik Lee
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Yijin Liu
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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10
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Lukens JT, DiMucci IM, Kurogi T, Mindiola DJ, Lancaster KM. Scrutinizing metal-ligand covalency and redox non-innocence via nitrogen K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Chem Sci 2019; 10:5044-5055. [PMID: 31183055 PMCID: PMC6530532 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc03350a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen K-edge X-ray absorption spectra (XAS) were obtained for 19 transition metal complexes bearing bipyridine, ethylenediamine, ammine, and nitride ligands. Time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) and DFT/restricted open configuration interaction singles (DFT/ROCIS) calculations were found to predict relative N K-edge XAS peak energies with good fidelity to experiment. The average difference (|ΔE|) between experimental and linear corrected calculated energies were found to be 0.55 ± 0.05 eV and 0.46 ± 0.04 eV, respectively, using the B3LYP hybrid density functional and scalar relativistically recontracted ZORA-def2-TZVP(-f) basis set. Deconvolution of these global correlations into individual N-donor ligand classes gave improved agreement between experiment and theory with |ΔE| less than 0.4 eV for all ligand classes in the case of DFT/ROCIS. In addition, calibration method-dependent values for the N 1s → 2p radial dipole integral of 25.4 ± 1.7 and 26.8 ± 1.9 are obtained, affording means to estimate the nitrogen 2p character in unfilled frontier molecular orbitals. For the complexes studied, nitrogen covalency values correlate well to those calculated by hybrid DFT with an R 2 = 0.92 ± 0.01. Additionally, as a test case, a well-characterized PNP ligand framework (PNP = N[2-P(CHMe2)2-4-methylphenyl]2 1-) coordinated to NiII is investigated for its ability to act as a redox non-innocent ligand. Upon oxidation of (PNP)NiCl with [FeCp2](OTf) to its radical cation, [(PNP)NiCl](OTf) (OTf = triflate), a new low-energy feature emerges in the N K-edge XAS spectra. This feature is assigned as N 1s to a PNP-localized acceptor orbital exhibiting 27 ± 2% N 2p aminyl radical character, obtained using the aforementioned nitrogen covalency calibration. Combined, these data showcase a direct spectroscopic means of identifying redox-active N-donor ligands and also estimating nitrogen 2p covalency of frontier molecular orbitals in transition metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Lukens
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Cornell University , Baker Laboratory , Ithaca , NY 14853 , USA .
| | - Ida M DiMucci
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Cornell University , Baker Laboratory , Ithaca , NY 14853 , USA .
| | - Takashi Kurogi
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street , Philadelphia , PA 19104 , USA
| | - Daniel J Mindiola
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street , Philadelphia , PA 19104 , USA
| | - Kyle M Lancaster
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Cornell University , Baker Laboratory , Ithaca , NY 14853 , USA .
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11
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Morgan KM, Becker DT, Bennett DA, Doriese WB, Gard JD, Irwin KD, Lee SJ, Li D, Mates JAB, Pappas CG, Schmidt DR, Titus CJ, Van Winkle DD, Ullom JN, Wessels A, Swetz DS. Use of Transition Models to Design High Performance TESs for the LCLS-II Soft X-Ray Spectrometer. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY : A PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE SUPERCONDUCTIVITY COMMITTEE 2019; 29:10.1109/tasc.2019.2903032. [PMID: 33456289 PMCID: PMC7808210 DOI: 10.1109/tasc.2019.2903032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We are designing an array of transition-edge sensor (TES) microcalorimeters for a soft X-ray spectrometer at the Linac Coherent Light Source at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory to coincide with upgrades to the free electron laser facility. The complete spectrometer will have 1000 TES pixels with energy resolution of 0.5 eV full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) for incident energies below 1 keV while maintaining pulse decay-time constants shorter than 100 μs. Historically, TES pixels have often been designed for a particular scientific application via a combination of simple scaling relations and trial-and-error experimentation with device geometry. We have improved upon this process by using our understanding of transition physics to guide TES design. Using the two-fluid approximation of the phase-slip line model for TES resistance, we determine how the geometry and critical temperature of a TES will affect the shape of the transition. We have used these techniques to design sensors with a critical temperature of 55 mK. The best sensors achieve an energy resolution of 0.75 eV FWHM at 1.25 keV. Building upon this result, we show how the next generation of sensors can be designed to reach our goal of 0.5 eV resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey M Morgan
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
| | - Dan T Becker
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
| | | | - William B Doriese
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305 USA
| | - Johnathon D Gard
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
| | | | - Sang Jun Lee
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Melo Park, CA 94025 USA
| | - Dale Li
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Melo Park, CA 94025 USA
| | - John A B Mates
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
| | | | - Dan R Schmidt
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305 USA
| | | | | | - Joel N Ullom
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
| | - Abigail Wessels
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
| | - Daniel S Swetz
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305 USA
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12
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Kubin M, Guo M, Ekimova M, Baker ML, Kroll T, Källman E, Kern J, Yachandra VK, Yano J, Nibbering ETJ, Lundberg M, Wernet P. Direct Determination of Absolute Absorption Cross Sections at the L-Edge of Dilute Mn Complexes in Solution Using a Transmission Flatjet. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:5449-5462. [PMID: 29634280 PMCID: PMC5972834 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The 3d transition metals play a pivotal role in many charge transfer processes in catalysis and biology. X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the L-edge of metal sites probes metal 2p-3d excitations, providing key access to their valence electronic structure, which is crucial for understanding these processes. We report L-edge absorption spectra of MnII(acac)2 and MnIII(acac)3 complexes in solution, utilizing a liquid flatjet for X-ray absorption spectroscopy in transmission mode. With this, we derive absolute absorption cross-sections for the L-edge transitions with peak magnitudes as large as 12 and 9 Mb for MnII(acac)2 and MnIII(acac)3, respectively. We provide insight into the electronic structure with ab initio restricted active space calculations of these L-edge transitions, reproducing the experimental spectra with excellent agreement in terms of shapes, relative energies, and relative intensities for the two complexes. Crystal field multiplet theory is used to assign spectral features in terms of the electronic structure. Comparison to charge transfer multiplet calculations reveals the importance of charge transfer in the core-excited final states. On the basis of our experimental observations, we extrapolate the feasibility of 3d transition metal L-edge absorption spectroscopy using the liquid flatjet approach in probing highly dilute biological solution samples and possible extensions to table-top soft X-ray sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kubin
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Meiyuan Guo
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Ekimova
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael L. Baker
- The School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester at Harwell, Didcot, OX11 OFA, U.K
| | - Thomas Kroll
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Erik Källman
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan Kern
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Vittal K. Yachandra
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Junko Yano
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Erik T. J. Nibbering
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Lundberg
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Philippe Wernet
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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