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Iqbal Hossain M, Blanchard G. Dilution-induced changes in room temperature ionic liquids. Persistent compositional heterogeneity and the importance of dipolar interactions. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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2
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Wang Y, Adhikari L, Baker GA, Blanchard GJ. Cation structure-dependence of the Pockels effect in aprotic ionic liquids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:18067-18072. [PMID: 35861617 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01068b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report on the dependence of surface charge-induced birefringence (the Pockels effect) in room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) with different cation constituents. The induced birefringence is related to the induced free charge density gradient (ρf) in the RTIL. The RTILs are confined in a lens-shaped cell and the surface charge density of the concave cell surface is controlled by the current passed through the surface ITO film. We find that, in all cases, the induced birefringence is proportional to the surface charge density and that the change in refractive index nearest the ITO surface can be on the order of 20%. Our findings indicate that the induced birefringence depends more sensitively on the cation aliphatic substituent length than on the identity of the charge-carrying headgroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Wang
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemistry, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Laxmi Adhikari
- University of Missouri, Department of Chemistry, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Gary A Baker
- University of Missouri, Department of Chemistry, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - G J Blanchard
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemistry, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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3
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Kelsheimer CJ, Garrett-Roe S. Intramolecular Vibrational Energy Relaxation of CO 2 in Cross-Linked Poly(ethylene glycol) Diacrylate-Based Ion Gels. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:1402-1415. [PMID: 32955891 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c06685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ultrafast two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy (2D-IR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to measure carbon dioxide (CO2) in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([emim][Tf2N]), cross-linked low-molecular-weight poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA), and an ion gel composed of a 50 vol % blend of the two. The center frequency of the antisymmetric stretch, ν3, of CO2 shifts monotonically to lower wavenumbers with increasing polymer content, with the largest line width in the ion gel (6 cm-1). Increasing polymer content slows both spectral diffusion and vibrational energy relaxation (VER) rates. An unexpected excited-state absorbance peak appears in the 2D-IR of cross-linked PEGDA due to VER from the antisymmetric stretch into the bending mode, ν2. Thirty-two response functions are necessary to describe the observed features in the 2D-IR spectra. Nonlinear least-squares fitting extracts both spectral diffusion and VER rates. In the ion gel, CO2 exhibits spectral diffusion dynamics that lie between that of the pure compounds. The kinetics of VER reflect both fast excitation and de-excitation of the bending mode, similar to the ionic liquid (IL), and slow overall vibrational population relaxation, similar to the cross-linked polymer. The IL-like and polymer-like dynamics suggest that the CO2 resides at the interface of the two components in the ion gel.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Kelsheimer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Sean Garrett-Roe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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4
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Wang Y, Swain GM, Blanchard GJ. Charge-Induced Birefringence in a Room-Temperature Ionic Liquid. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:950-955. [PMID: 33464907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c10045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have reported previously on the existence of a surface charge-induced free charge density gradient (ρf) in room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) with a characteristic persistence length of ca. 50 μm [Ma, K. Langmuir 2016, 32, 9507-9512]. The free charge density gradient is related to the dielectric response of the RTIL. We report here on the existence of a surface charge-induced gradient in the RTIL refractive index and quantify the relationship between the index gradient and ρf. Because ρf is uniaxial, the induced refractive index gradient is manifested as an induced birefringence. The RTIL sample holder has a curved surface such that the RTIL can function as a lens, and ρf is controlled by the surface charge density (σs) of the (concave) RTIL support. Current passed through an indium-doped tin oxide (ITO) surface layer on the support surface controls σs. The far-field image of light passed through the RTIL lens as a function of σs is used to measure the charge-induced changes of n in the RTIL. We demonstrate a modulation of the refractive index on the order of 15%, proportional to σs. This report places the relationship between ρf and RTIL dielectric response on a quantitative footing and suggests the utility of RTILs for electro-optic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1322, United States
| | - Greg M Swain
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1322, United States
| | - G J Blanchard
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1322, United States
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5
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Wang Y, Parvis F, Hossain MI, Ma K, Jarošová R, Swain GM, Blanchard GJ. Local and Long-Range Organization in Room Temperature Ionic Liquids. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:605-615. [PMID: 33411540 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) have a wide range of current and potential applications, in areas ranging from supercapacitor energy storage to sequestration of toxic gas phase species and use as reusable solvents for selected organic reactions. All these applications stem from their unique physical and chemical properties, which remain understood to only a limited extent. Among the issues of greatest importance is the extent to which RTILs exist as dissociated ionic species and the length scales over which some types of organizations are seen to exist in them. In this Invited Feature Article, we review the current understanding of organization in this family of materials, where opportunities lie in terms of deepening our understanding, and what potential applications would benefit from gaining such knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Fatemeh Parvis
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Md Iqbal Hossain
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Ke Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Romana Jarošová
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Greg M Swain
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Gary J Blanchard
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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6
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Thomaz JE, Walker AR, Van Wyck SJ, Meisner J, Martinez TJ, Fayer MD. Proton Transfer Dynamics in the Aprotic Proton Accepting Solvent 1-Methylimidazole. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:7897-7908. [PMID: 32790382 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c05525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics of proton transfer to the aprotic solvent 1-methylimidazole (MeIm, proton acceptor) from the photoacid 8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid trisodium salt (HPTS) was investigated using fast fluorescence measurements. The closely related molecule, 8-methoxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid trisodium salt (MPTS), which is not a photoacid, was also studied for comparison. Following optical excitation, the wavelength-dependent population dynamics of HPTS in MeIm resulting from the deprotonation process were collected over the entire fluorescence emission window. Analysis of the time-dependent fluorescence spectra revealed four distinct fluorescence bands that appear and decay on different time scales. We label these four states as protonated (P), associated I (AI), associated II (AII), and deprotonated (D). We find that the simple kinetic scheme of P → AI → AII → D is not consistent with the data. Instead, the kinetic scheme that describes the data has P decaying into AI, which mainly goes on to deprotonation (D), but AI can also feed into AII. AII can return to AI or decay to the ground state, but does not deprotonate within experimental error. Quantum chemistry and excited state QM/MM Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics simulations indicate that AI and AII are two H-bonding conformations of MeIm to the HPTS hydroxyl, axial, and equatorial, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E Thomaz
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Alice R Walker
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Stephen J Van Wyck
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jan Meisner
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Todd J Martinez
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Michael D Fayer
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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7
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Sayed M, Balayan J, Singh PK, Pal H. Modulation of excited-state photodynamics of ESIPT probe 1′-hydroxy-2′-acetonaphthone (HAN) on interaction with bovine serum albumin. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Wu B, Breen JP, Xing X, Fayer MD. Controlling the Dynamics of Ionic Liquid Thin Films via Multilayer Surface Functionalization. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:9482-9492. [PMID: 32349470 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c03044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The structural dynamics of planar thin films of an ionic liquid (IL) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (BmimNTf2) as a function of surface charge density and thickness were investigated using two-dimensional infrared (2D IR) spectroscopy. The films were made by spin coating a methanol solution of the IL on silica substrates that were functionalized with alkyl chains containing head groups that mimic the IL cation. The thicknesses of the ionic liquid films ranged from ∼50 to ∼250 nm. The dynamics of the films are slower than those in the bulk IL, becoming increasingly slow as the films become thinner. Control of the dynamics of the IL films can be achieved by adjusting the charge density on substrates through multilayer network surface functionalization. The charge density of the surface (number of positively charged groups in the network bound to the surface per unit area) is controlled by the duration of the functionalization reaction. As the charge density is increased, the IL dynamics become slower. For comparison, the surface was functionalized with three different neutral groups. Dynamics of the IL films on the functionalized neutral surfaces are faster than on any of the ionic surfaces but still slower than the bulk IL, even for the thickest films. These results can have implications in applications that employ ILs that have electrodes, such as batteries, as the electrode surface charge density will influence properties like diffusion close to the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boning Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - John P Breen
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Xiangyu Xing
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Michael D Fayer
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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9
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Thomaz JE, Kramer PL, Fica-Contreras SM, Hoffman DJ, Fayer MD. Reorientation-induced Stokes shifts caused by directional interactions in electronic spectroscopy: Fast dynamics of poly(methyl methacrylate). J Chem Phys 2019; 150:194201. [PMID: 31117782 DOI: 10.1063/1.5094806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic Stokes shift measurements report on structural relaxation, driven by a dipole created in a chromophore by its excitation from the ground electronic state to the S1 state. Here, we demonstrate that it is also possible to have an additional contribution from orientational relaxation of the Stokes shift chromophore. This effect, called reorientation-induced Stokes shift (RISS), can be observed when the reorientation of the chromophore and the solvent structural relaxation occur on similar time scales. Through a vector interaction, the electronic transition of the chromophore couples to its environment. The orientational diffusive motions of the chromophores will have a slight bias toward reducing the transition energy (red shift) as do the solvent structural diffusive motions. RISS is manifested in the polarization-dependence of the fluorescence Stokes shift using coumarin 153 (C153) in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). A similar phenomenon, reorientation-induced spectral diffusion (RISD), has been observed and theoretically explicated in the context of two dimensional infrared (2D IR) experiments. Here, we generalize the existing RISD theory to include properties of electronic transitions that generally are not present in vibrational transitions. Expressions are derived that permit determination of the structural dynamics by accounting for the RISS contributions. Using these generalized equations, the structural dynamics of the medium can be measured for any system in which the directional interaction is well represented by a first order Stark effect and RISS or RISD is observed. The theoretical results are applied to the PMMA data, and the structural dynamics are obtained and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E Thomaz
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Patrick L Kramer
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | | | - David J Hoffman
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Michael D Fayer
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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10
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Nishida J, Breen JP, Wu B, Fayer MD. Extraordinary Slowing of Structural Dynamics in Thin Films of a Room Temperature Ionic Liquid. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2018; 4:1065-1073. [PMID: 30159404 PMCID: PMC6107873 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.8b00353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The role that interfaces play in the dynamics of liquids is a fundamental scientific problem with vast importance in technological applications. From material science to biology, e.g., batteries to cell membranes, liquid properties at interfaces are frequently determinant in the nature of chemical processes. For most liquids, like water, the influence of an interface falls off on a ∼1 nm distance scale. Room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) are a vast class of unusual liquids composed of complex cations and anions that are liquid salts at room temperature. They are unusual liquids with properties that can be finely tuned by selecting the structure of the cation and anion. RTILs are being used or developed in applications such as batteries, CO2 capture, and liquids for biological processes. Here, it is demonstrated quantitatively that the influence of an interface on RTIL properties is profoundly different from that observed in other classes of liquids. The dynamics of planar thin films of the room temperature ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (BmimNTf2), were investigated using two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy (2D IR) with the CN stretch of SeCN- as the vibrational probe. The structural dynamics (spectral diffusion) of the thin films with controlled nanometer thicknesses were measured and compared to the dynamics of the bulk liquid. The samples were prepared by spin coating the RTIL, together with the vibrational probe, onto a surface functionalized with an ionic monolayer that mimics the structure of the BmimNTf2. Near-Brewster's angle reflection pump-probe geometry 2D IR facilitated the detection of the exceedingly small signals from the films, some of which were only 14 nm thick. Even in quarter micron (250 nm) thick films, the observed dynamics were much slower than those of the bulk liquid. Using a new theoretical description, the correlation length (exponential falloff of the influence of the interfaces) was found to be 28 ± 5 nm. This very long correlation length, ∼30 times greater than that of water, has major implications for the use of RTILs in devices and other applications.
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11
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Bailey HE, Wang YL, Fayer MD. The influence of hydrophilicity on the orientational dynamics and structures of imidazolium-based ionic liquid/water binary mixtures. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:044501. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5038563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Heather E. Bailey
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Yong-Lei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Michael D. Fayer
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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12
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Perkin S, Kirchner B, Fayer MD. Preface: Special Topic on Chemical Physics of Ionic Liquids. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:193501. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5039492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Perkin
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Kirchner
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Universität Bonn, Beringstr. 4, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael D. Fayer
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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13
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Shin JY, Yamada SA, Fayer MD. Influence of Water on Carbon Dioxide and Room Temperature Ionic Liquid Dynamics: Supported Ionic Liquid Membrane vs the Bulk Liquid. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:2389-2395. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b01163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Yoon Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Steven A. Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Michael D. Fayer
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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