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Satapathy S, Liu B, Deshmukh P, Molinaro PM, Dirnberger F, Khatoniar M, Koder RL, Menon VM. Thermalization of Fluorescent Protein Exciton-Polaritons at Room Temperature. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2109107. [PMID: 35165941 PMCID: PMC9022594 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent proteins (FPs) have recently emerged as a serious contender for realizing ultralow threshold room temperature exciton-polariton condensation and lasing. This contribution investigates the thermalization of FP microcavity exciton-polaritons upon optical pumping under ambient conditions. Polariton cooling is realized using a new FP molecule, called mScarlet, coupled strongly to the optical modes in a Fabry-Pérot cavity. Interestingly, at the threshold excitation energy (fluence) of ≈9 nJ per pulse (15.6 mJ cm-2 ), an effective temperature is observed, Teff ≈ 350 ± 35 K close to the lattice temperature indicative of strongly thermalized exciton-polaritons at equilibrium. This efficient thermalization results from the interplay of radiative pumping facilitated by the energetics of the lower polariton branch and the cavity Q-factor. Direct evidence for dramatic switching from an equilibrium state into a metastable state is observed for the organic cavity polariton device at room temperature via deviation from the Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics at k‖ = 0 above the threshold. Thermalized polariton gases in organic systems at equilibrium hold substantial promise for designing room temperature polaritonic circuits, switches, and lattices for analog simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitakanta Satapathy
- Department of Physics, Center for Discovery and Innovation, The City College of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Prathmesh Deshmukh
- Department of Physics, Center for Discovery and Innovation, The City College of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY, 10031, USA
- The PhD Program in Physics, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Paul M Molinaro
- Department of Physics, Center for Discovery and Innovation, The City College of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Florian Dirnberger
- Department of Physics, Center for Discovery and Innovation, The City College of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Mandeep Khatoniar
- Department of Physics, Center for Discovery and Innovation, The City College of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY, 10031, USA
- The PhD Program in Physics, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Ronald L Koder
- Department of Physics, Center for Discovery and Innovation, The City College of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Vinod M Menon
- Department of Physics, Center for Discovery and Innovation, The City College of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY, 10031, USA
- The PhD Program in Physics, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY, 10016, USA
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Masters TA, Marsh RJ, Blacker TS, Armoogum DA, Larijani B, Bain AJ. Polarized two-photon photoselection in EGFP: Theory and experiment. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:134311. [PMID: 29626864 DOI: 10.1063/1.5011642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we present a complete theoretical description of the excited state order created by two-photon photoselection from an isotropic ground state; this encompasses both the conventionally measured quadrupolar (K = 2) and the "hidden" degree of hexadecapolar (K = 4) transition dipole alignment, their dependence on the two-photon transition tensor and emission transition dipole moment orientation. Linearly and circularly polarized two-photon absorption (TPA) and time-resolved single- and two-photon fluorescence anisotropy measurements are used to determine the structure of the transition tensor in the deprotonated form of enhanced green fluorescent protein. For excitation wavelengths between 800 nm and 900 nm, TPA is best described by a single element, almost completely diagonal, two-dimensional (planar) transition tensor whose principal axis is collinear to that of the single-photon S0 → S1 transition moment. These observations are in accordance with assignments of the near-infrared two-photon absorption band in fluorescent proteins to a vibronically enhanced S0 → S1 transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Masters
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - R J Marsh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - T S Blacker
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - D A Armoogum
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - B Larijani
- Cell Biophysics Laboratory, Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science and Unidad de Biofisica (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - A J Bain
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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