1
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Kojima T, Xie C, Sakaguchi H. On-Surface Fabrication toward Polar 2D Macromolecular Crystals. Chempluschem 2024:e202300775. [PMID: 38439510 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Polar 2D macromolecular structures have attracted significant attention because of their ferroelectricity and ferro-magnetism. However, it is challenging to synthesize them experimentally because dipoles or spins of these macromolecules tend to cancel each other. So far, there has been no successful strategy for assembling macromolecules in a unidirectional manner, achieving stereoregular polymerization on metal surfaces, and creating polar 2D polymer crystals. Recent progress in molecular assembly, on-surface polymer synthesis, and direct control of molecules using electric field applications provides an opportunity to develop such strategies. In this regard, we first review past studies on chiral and achiral molecular assembly, on-surface polymer synthesis, and orientation control of polar molecules. Then, we discuss our newly developed approach called "vectorial on-surface synthesis", which is based on "dynamic chirality" of compass precursors, stereoselective polymerization, and favorable interchain interactions originating from CH-π interactions. Finally, we conclude with a prospective outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Kojima
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Gokasyo, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Cong Xie
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Gokasyo, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sakaguchi
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Gokasyo, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
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2
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Cometto FP, Arisnabarreta N, Vanta R, Jacquelín DK, Vyas V, Lotsch BV, Paredes-Olivera PA, Patrito EM, Lingenfelder M. Rational Design of 2D Supramolecular Networks Switchable by External Electric Fields. ACS NANO 2024; 18:4287-4296. [PMID: 38259041 PMCID: PMC10851663 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The reversible formation of hydrogen bonds is a ubiquitous mechanism for controlling molecular assembly in biological systems. However, achieving predictable reversibility in artificial two-dimensional (2D) materials remains a significant challenge. Here, we use an external electric field (EEF) at the solid/liquid interface to trigger the switching of H-bond-linked 2D networks using a scanning tunneling microscope. Assisted by density functional theory and molecular dynamics simulations, we systematically vary the molecule-to-molecule interactions, i.e., the hydrogen-bonding strength, as well as the molecule-to-substrate interactions to analyze the EEF switching effect. By tuning the building block's hydrogen-bonding ability (carboxylic acids vs aldehydes) and substrate nature and charge (graphite, graphene/Cu, graphene/SiO2), we induce or freeze the switching properties and control the final polymorphic output in the 2D network. Our results indicate that the switching ability is not inherent to any particular building block but instead relies on a synergistic combination of the relative adsorbate/adsorbate and absorbate/substrate energetic contributions under surface polarization. Furthermore, we describe the dynamics of the switching mechanism based on the rotation of carboxylic groups and proton exchange, which generate the polarizable species that are influenced by the EEF. This work provides insights into the design and control of reversible molecular assembly in 2D materials, with potential applications in a wide range of fields, including sensors and electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando P. Cometto
- Max
Planck-EPFL Laboratory for Molecular Nanoscience and IPHYS, EPFL, Lausanne, CH 1015, Switzerland
- Instituto
de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba (INFIQC),
CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
- Departamento
de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Arisnabarreta
- Max
Planck-EPFL Laboratory for Molecular Nanoscience and IPHYS, EPFL, Lausanne, CH 1015, Switzerland
- Instituto
de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba (INFIQC),
CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
- Departamento
de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - Radovan Vanta
- Max
Planck-EPFL Laboratory for Molecular Nanoscience and IPHYS, EPFL, Lausanne, CH 1015, Switzerland
| | - Daniela K. Jacquelín
- Instituto
de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba (INFIQC),
CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - Vijay Vyas
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart D-70569, Germany
| | - Bettina V. Lotsch
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart D-70569, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Patricia A. Paredes-Olivera
- Departamento
de Química Teórica y Computacional, Facultad de Ciencias
Químicas, Universidad Nacional de
Córdoba (UNC), Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - E. Martín Patrito
- Instituto
de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba (INFIQC),
CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
- Departamento
de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - Magalí Lingenfelder
- Max
Planck-EPFL Laboratory for Molecular Nanoscience and IPHYS, EPFL, Lausanne, CH 1015, Switzerland
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3
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Tsai CL, Chang JW, Cheng KY, Lan YJ, Hsu YC, Lin QD, Chen TY, Shih O, Lin CH, Chiang PH, Simenas M, Kalendra V, Chiang YW, Chen CH, Jeng US, Wang SK. Comprehensive characterization of polyproline tri-helix macrocyclic nanoscaffolds for predictive ligand positioning. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2024; 6:947-959. [PMID: 38298598 PMCID: PMC10825903 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00945a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Multivalent ligands hold promise for enhancing avidity and selectivity to simultaneously target multimeric proteins, as well as potentially modulating receptor signaling in pharmaceutical applications. Essential for these manipulations are nanosized scaffolds that precisely control ligand display patterns, which can be achieved by using polyproline oligo-helix macrocyclic nanoscaffolds via selective binding to protein oligomers and cell surface receptors. This work focuses on synthesis and structural characterization of different-sized polyproline tri-helix macrocyclic (PP3M) scaffolds. Through combined analysis of circular dichroism (CD), small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SWAXS), electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy, and molecular modeling, a non-coplanar tri-helix loop structure with partially crossover helix ends is elucidated. This structural model aligns well with scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) imaging. The present work enhances the precision of nanoscale organic synthesis, offering prospects for controlled ligand positioning on scaffolds. This advancement paves the way for further applications in nanomedicine through selective protein interaction, manipulation of cell surface receptor functions, and developments of more complex polyproline-based nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Lung Tsai
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu 300044 Taiwan
| | - Je-Wei Chang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center Hsinchu 300092 Taiwan
| | - Kum-Yi Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Emerging Materials and Advanced Devices, National Taiwan University Taipei 106319 Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jing Lan
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu 300044 Taiwan
| | - Yi-Cheng Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu 300044 Taiwan
| | - Qun-Da Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu 300044 Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yuan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu 300044 Taiwan
| | - Orion Shih
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center Hsinchu 300092 Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsun Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Emerging Materials and Advanced Devices, National Taiwan University Taipei 106319 Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsun Chiang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu 300044 Taiwan
| | - Mantas Simenas
- Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University Sauletekio 3 LT-10257 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Vidmantas Kalendra
- Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University Sauletekio 3 LT-10257 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Yun-Wei Chiang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu 300044 Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsien Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Emerging Materials and Advanced Devices, National Taiwan University Taipei 106319 Taiwan
| | - U-Ser Jeng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center Hsinchu 300092 Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu 300044 Taiwan
- College of Semiconductor Research, National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu 300044 Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Kai Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu 300044 Taiwan
- Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu 300044 Taiwan
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4
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Xie R, Hu Y, Lee SL. A Paradigm Shift from 2D to 3D: Surface Supramolecular Assemblies and Their Electronic Properties Explored by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2300413. [PMID: 36922729 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Exploring supramolecular architectures at surfaces plays an increasingly important role in contemporary science, especially for molecular electronics. A paradigm of research interest in this context is shifting from 2D to 3D that is expanding from monolayer, bilayers, to multilayers. Taking advantage of its high-resolution insight into monolayers and a few layers, scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy (STM/STS) turns out a powerful tool for analyzing such thin films on a solid surface. This review summarizes the representative efforts of STM/STS studies of layered supramolecular assemblies and their unique electronic properties, especially at the liquid-solid interface. The superiority of the 3D molecular networks at surfaces is elucidated and an outlook on the challenges that still lie ahead is provided. This review not only highlights the profound progress in 3D supramolecular assemblies but also provides researchers with unusual concepts to design surface supramolecular structures with increasing complexity and desired functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongbin Xie
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Yi Hu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Shern-Long Lee
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
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5
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Sahare S, Ghoderao P, Chan Y, Lee SL. Surface supramolecular assemblies tailored by chemical/physical and synergistic stimuli: a scanning tunneling microscopy study. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:1981-2002. [PMID: 36515142 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05264d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular self-assemblies formed by various non-covalent interactions can produce diverse functional networks on solid surfaces. These networks have recently attracted much interest from both fundamental and application points of view. Unlike covalent organic frameworks (COFs), the properties of the assemblies differ from each other depending on the constituent motifs. These various motifs may find diverse applications such as in crystal engineering, surface modification, and molecular electronics. Significantly, these interactions between/among the molecular tectonics are relatively weak and reversible, which makes them responsive to external stimuli. Moreover, for a liquid-solid-interface environment, the dynamic processes are amenable to in situ observation using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). In the literature, most review articles focus on supramolecular self-assembly interactions. This review summarizes the recent literature in which stimulation sources, including chemical, physical, and their combined stimuli, cooperatively tailor supramolecular assemblies on surfaces. The appropriate design and synthesis of functional molecules that can be integrated on different surfaces permits the use of nanostructured materials and devices for bottom-up nanotechnology. Finally, we discuss synergic effect on materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Sahare
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China.
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
| | - Prachi Ghoderao
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China.
| | - Yue Chan
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China.
| | - Shern-Long Lee
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China.
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6
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Chen TM, Tanaka Y, Kametani Y, Cheng K, Lin C, Lin YR, Hsu T, Chen Z, Hao J, Mori S, Shiota Y, Yoshizawa K, Furuta H, Shimizu S, Chen C. Spontaneous Assembly and Three‐Dimensional Stacking of Antiaromatic 5,15‐Dioxaporphyrin on HOPG. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202212726. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsang‐Wei Matt Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Yuki Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering and Center for Molecular Systems (CMS) Kyushu University Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Yohei Kametani
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Science Kyushu University Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Kum‐Yi Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Chih‐Hsun Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Yi Rick Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Ting‐Rong Hsu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Zuqian Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering and Center for Molecular Systems (CMS) Kyushu University Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Jiping Hao
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering and Center for Molecular Systems (CMS) Kyushu University Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Shigeki Mori
- Advanced Research Center (ADRES) Ehime University Matsuyama 790-8577 Japan
| | - Yoshihito Shiota
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Science Kyushu University Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshizawa
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Science Kyushu University Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Furuta
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering and Center for Molecular Systems (CMS) Kyushu University Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Soji Shimizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering and Center for Molecular Systems (CMS) Kyushu University Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Chun‐hsien Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan
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7
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Shi MY, Li CX, Song WY, Liu H, Xue YH, Wang Y. Understanding of supramolecular solution polymerization and interfacial polymerization via forming multiple hydrogen bonds: a computer simulation study. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:5446-5458. [PMID: 35822598 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00508e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
By employing dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulations combined with stochastic polymerization models, we have conducted a detailed simulation study of supramolecular solution polymerization as well as interfacial polymerization employing a coarse-grained model which is closer to the real monomer structure. By adding bending angle potentials to coarse-grained models representing supramolecular reactive monomers, we achieved monomer model simulations for different kinds of multiple hydrogen bonds. Our simulation results indicated that for the interfacial polymerization system, the volume of the monomer caused a strong steric hindrance effect, which in turn led to a low average degree of polymerization of the product. Therefore, by appropriately reducing the volume of the reaction monomer (corresponding to different confinement ascribed to the multiple hydrogen bonds), the average polymerization degree, the degree of reaction and the polymerization rate of the monomer can be effectively improved. For the solution polymerization system and the interfacial polymerization system, a certain proportion of rigid monomers and flexible monomers (60% rigid monomers and 40% flexible monomers) are mixed. High molecular weight products can thus be obtained via the polymerization reaction. The simulation strategy proposed in this study can not only provide theoretical guidance for better design of new supramolecular systems, but also provide ideas for the further synthesis of higher molecular weight supramolecular polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yu Shi
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Chu-Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Yuan Song
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yao-Hong Xue
- Information Science School, Guangdong University of Finance and Economics, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510320, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Enhancement of electrocatalytic oxygen evolution by chiral molecular functionalization of hybrid 2D electrodes. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3356. [PMID: 35688831 PMCID: PMC9187664 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31096-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A sustainable future requires highly efficient energy conversion and storage processes, where electrocatalysis plays a crucial role. The activity of an electrocatalyst is governed by the binding energy towards the reaction intermediates, while the scaling relationships prevent the improvement of a catalytic system over its volcano-plot limits. To overcome these limitations, unconventional methods that are not fully determined by the surface binding energy can be helpful. Here, we use organic chiral molecules, i.e., hetero-helicenes such as thiadiazole-[7]helicene and bis(thiadiazole)-[8]helicene, to boost the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) by up to ca. 130 % (at the potential of 1.65 V vs. RHE) at state-of-the-art 2D Ni- and NiFe-based catalysts via a spin-polarization mechanism. Our results show that chiral molecule-functionalization is able to increase the OER activity of catalysts beyond the volcano limits. A guideline for optimizing the catalytic activity via chiral molecular functionalization of hybrid 2D electrodes is given.
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9
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Qiu S, Li Y, Xu S, Cai Y, Zhang Y, Li W. Temperature-Induced Structural Phase Transitions in Self-Assembled Hydrogen Bonded Networks at the Liquid/Solid Interface. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024421090247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Bragança AM, Minoia A, Steeno R, Seibel J, Hirsch BE, Verstraete L, Ivasenko O, Müllen K, Mali KS, Lazzaroni R, De Feyter S. Detection and Stabilization of a Previously Unknown Two-Dimensional (Pseudo)polymorph using Lateral Nanoconfinement. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:11080-11087. [PMID: 34283574 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report on the detection and stabilization of a previously unknown two-dimensional (2D) pseudopolymorph of an alkoxy isophthalic acid using lateral nanoconfinement. The self-assembled molecular networks formed by the isophthalic acid derivative were studied at the interface between covalently modified graphite and an organic solvent. When self-assembled on graphite with moderate surface coverage of covalently bound aryl groups, a previously unknown metastable pseudopolymorph was detected. This pseudopolymorph, which was presumably "trapped" in between the surface bound aryl groups, underwent a time-dependent phase transition to the stable polymorph typically observed on pristine graphite. The stabilization of the pseudopolymorph was then achieved by using an alternative nanoconfinement strategy, where the domains of the pseudopolymorph could be formed and stabilized by restricting the self-assembly in nanometer-sized shallow compartments produced by STM-based nanolithography carried out on a graphite surface with a high density of covalently bound aryl groups. These experimental results are supported by molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics simulations, which not only provide important insight into the relative stabilities of the different structures, but also shed light onto the mechanism of the formation and stabilization of the pseudopolymorph under nanoscopic lateral confinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Bragança
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andrea Minoia
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Materials Research Institute, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Roelof Steeno
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johannes Seibel
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Brandon E Hirsch
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lander Verstraete
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Oleksandr Ivasenko
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kunal S Mali
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Roberto Lazzaroni
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Materials Research Institute, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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11
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Khan SB, Lee SL. Supramolecular Chemistry: Host-Guest Molecular Complexes. Molecules 2021; 26:3995. [PMID: 34208882 PMCID: PMC8271753 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent times, researchers have emphasized practical approaches for capturing coordinated and selective guest entrap. The physisorbed nanoporous supramolecular complexes have been widely used to restrain various guest species on compact supporting surfaces. The host-guest (HG) interactions in two-dimensional (2D) permeable porous linkages are growing expeditiously due to their future applications in biocatalysis, separation technology, or nanoscale patterning. The different crystal-like nanoporous network has been acquired to enclose and trap guest molecules of various dimensions and contours. The host centers have been lumped together via noncovalent interactions (such as hydrogen bonds, van der Waals (vdW) interactions, or coordinate bonds). In this review article, we enlighten and elucidate recent progress in HG chemistry, explored via scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). We summarize the synthesis, design, and characterization of typical HG structural design examined on various substrates, under ambient surroundings at the liquid-solid (LS) interface, or during ultrahigh vacuum (UHV). We emphasize isoreticular complexes, vibrant HG coordination, or hosts functional cavities responsive to the applied stimulus. Finally, we critically discuss the significant challenges in advancing this developing electrochemical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Bashir Khan
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Shern-Long Lee
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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12
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Hong Y, Wang L, Wang SF, Wang D, Chen T. 2D cocrystal engineering: switching the robust carboxylic acid–pyridine supramolecular heterosynthon via an oriented external electric field. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce00239b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The response of 2D cocrystals with the carboxylic acid–pyridine supramolecular heterosynthon to the oriented external electric field is identified on solid surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Hong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hubei University
- Wuhan
- P. R. China
| | - Lu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Sheng-Fu Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hubei University
- Wuhan
- P. R. China
| | - Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Ting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
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13
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Li W, Xu S, Chen X, Xu C. Structural transformations of carboxyl acids networks induced by concentration and oriented external electric field. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2020.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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A Matter of Size and Placement: Varying the Patch Size of Anisotropic Patchy Colloids. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228621. [PMID: 33207624 PMCID: PMC7696828 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-spherical colloids provided with well-defined bonding sites—often referred to as patches—are increasingly attracting the attention of materials scientists due to their ability to spontaneously assemble into tunable surface structures. The emergence of two-dimensional patterns with well-defined architectures is often controlled by the properties of the self-assembling building blocks, which can be either colloidal particles at the nano- and micro-scale or even molecules and macromolecules. In particular, the interplay between the particle shape and the patch topology gives rise to a plethora of tilings, from close-packed to porous monolayers with pores of tunable shapes and sizes. The control over the resulting surface structures is provided by the directionality of the bonding mechanism, which mostly relies on the selective nature of the patches. In the present contribution, we investigate the effect of the patch size on the assembly of a class of anisotropic patchy colloids—namely, rhombic platelets with four identical patches placed in different arrangements along the particle edges. Larger patches are expected to enhance the bond flexibility, while simultaneously reducing the bond selectivity as the single bond per patch condition—which would guarantee a straightforward mapping between local bonding arrangements and long-range pattern formation—is not always enforced. We find that the non-trivial interplay between the patch size and the patch position can either promote a parallel particle arrangement with respect to a non-parallel bonding scenario or give rise to a variety a bonded patterns, which destroy the order of the tilings. We rationalize the occurrence of these two different regimes in terms of single versus multiple bonds between pairs of particles and/or patches.
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15
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Zeng X, Khan SB, Mahmood A, Lee SL. Nanoscale tailoring of supramolecular crystals via an oriented external electric field. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:15072-15080. [PMID: 32458926 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr01946a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The oriented external electric field of a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) has recently been adapted for controlling the chemical reaction and supramolecular phase transition at surfaces with molecular precision. However, to date, advance controls using such electric-fields for crystal engineering have not been achieved yet. Here, we present how the directional electric-field of an STM can be utilized to harness supramolecular crystallization on a solid surface. We show that a glass-like random-tiling assembly composed of p-terphenyl-3,5,3',5'-tetracarboxylic acid can transform into close-packed periodic assemblies under positive substrate bias conditions at the liquid/solid interface. Importantly, the nucleation and subsequent crystal growth for such field-induced products can be artificially tailored at the early stage in a real-time fashion. Through this method, we were able to produce a two-dimensional supramolecular single crystal. The as-prepared crystals with apparent brightness are ascribed to a spectroscopic feature linked to the electron density of states, which is thus strongly STM bias dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingming Zeng
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China 518060.
| | - Sadaf Bashir Khan
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China 518060. and Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Provence, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China 518060
| | - Ayyaz Mahmood
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China 518060. and Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Provence, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China 518060
| | - Shern-Long Lee
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China 518060.
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16
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Deng C, Liu Z, Ma C, Zhang H, Chi L. Dynamic Supramolecular Template: Multiple Stimuli-Controlled Size Adjustment of Porous Networks. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:5510-5516. [PMID: 32356994 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Dynamically switchable porous networks offer exciting potential in functionalizing surfaces. The structure and morphology of the networks can be controlled by applying external stimuli. Here, a dynamic supramolecular template assembled by 1,3,5-tris(4-carboxyphenyl)benzene (BTB) is successfully achieved at the liquid-solid interface by applying two external stimuli simultaneously. Upon varying the concentration of BTB solution together with switching the polarity of the sample bias, self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) undergo phase transitions twice: an immediate transition from a compact structure to a macroporous (honeycomb) structure as a response to the change in the electric field and a fast-changing transition from the macroporous to a microporous (oblique) structure. With saturated BTB solution, however, the initial compact structure can only transform into the oblique structure after switching the polarity of the sample bias without the appearance of a honeycomb structure. The different phase transitions suggest that the dynamic supramolecular template can only survive at a specific concentration range and is obtainable by performing multiple stimuli simultaneously. Interestingly, introducing a guest molecule to the system can adjust the phase transition process and effectively stabilize the honeycomb structure of BTB. The flexibility associated with the porous networks renders it a dynamic supramolecular template for guest binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenfang Deng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiming Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
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Mahmood A, Zeng X, Saleemi AS, Cheng KY, Lee SL. Electric-field-induced supramolecular phase transitions at the liquid/solid interface: cat-assembly from solvent additives. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:8790-8793. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc01670e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The electrically triggered phase transformations of trimesic acid can be efficiently promoted to occur in an environment where trace levels of a highly polar solvent additive are present at the liquid/solid interface, as revealed by STM and DFT simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayyaz Mahmood
- Institute for Advanced Study
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Provence
| | - Xingming Zeng
- Institute for Advanced Study
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Awais Siddique Saleemi
- Institute for Advanced Study
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Provence
| | - Kum-Yi Cheng
- Institute for Advanced Study
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Provence
| | - Shern-Long Lee
- Institute for Advanced Study
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- China
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18
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Li SY, Yang XQ, Chen T, Wang D, Wang SF, Wan LJ. Tri-Stable Structural Switching in 2D Molecular Assembly at the Liquid/Solid Interface Triggered by External Electric Field. ACS NANO 2019; 13:6751-6759. [PMID: 31188581 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b01337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A tri-stable structural switching between different polymorphisms is presented in the 2D molecular assembly of a 5-(benzyloxy)isophthalic acid derivative (BIC-C12) at the liquid/solid interface. The assembled structure of BIC-C12 is sensitive to the applied voltage between the STM tip and the sample surface. A compact lamellar structure is exclusively observed at positive sample bias, while a porous honeycomb structure or a quadrangular structure is preferred at negative sample bias. Selective switching between the lamellar structure and the honeycomb structure or the quadrangular structure is realized by controlling the polarity and magnitude of the sample bias. The transition between the honeycomb structure and the quadrangular structure is, however, absent in the assembly. This tri-stable structural switching is closely related to the molecular concentration in the liquid phase. This result provides insights into the effect of external electric field on molecular assembly and benefits the design and construction of switchable molecular architectures on surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Beijing 100190 , People's Republic of China
- Faculty of Chemistry , Northeast Normal University , Changchun 130024 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Qing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Beijing 100190 , People's Republic of China
- Hubei University , Wuhan 400062 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Beijing 100190 , People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Beijing 100190 , People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Fu Wang
- Hubei University , Wuhan 400062 , People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Jun Wan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Beijing 100190 , People's Republic of China
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Mahmood A, Saeed M, Chan Y, Saleemi AS, Guo J, Lee SL. Synergic Effect: Temperature-Assisted Electric-Field-Induced Supramolecular Phase Transitions at the Liquid/Solid Interface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:8031-8037. [PMID: 31120252 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Using trimesic acid (TMA) as a model system by means of scanning tunneling microscope (STM) equipped with a temperature controller, here, we report a temperature-assisted method to cooperatively control electric-field-induced supramolecular phase transitions at the liquid/solid interface. Octanoic acid is used as a solvent due to its good solubility for TMA and its less complicated pattern formed under negative STM bias (e.g., only chicken-wire polymorphs existing). At positive substrate bias, STM revealed that TMA assembly based on temperature modulations underwent phase transitions from a porous (22 °C) to a flower (45 °C) and further to a zigzag (68 °C) structure. The transitions are ascribed to the partial deprotonation of the carboxyl groups of TMA. Both the temperature and electrical polarity of the substrate are crucial, i.e., the transitions only take place at positive substrate bias and elevated temperatures. Molecular mechanics simulations were carried out to calculate the temperature and electric field dependence of the adsorption enthalpy and free energy of the chicken-wire assembly of TMA on the two layers of graphene surface. The calculated decrease in adsorption enthalpy with the increase of temperature and electric field values that causes the TMA chicken-wire assembly to be less stable is proposed to promote the occurrence of the phase transition observed by STM. This study paves the way toward program-controlled supramolecular phase switching via the synergic effect of electrical and thermal stimuli.
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