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Alshehhi F, Waheed W, Al-Ali A, Abu-Nada E, Alazzam A. Numerical Modeling Using Immersed Boundary-Lattice Boltzmann Method and Experiments for Particle Manipulation under Standing Surface Acoustic Waves. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:mi14020366. [PMID: 36838066 PMCID: PMC9963542 DOI: 10.3390/mi14020366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we employed the Immersed Boundary-Lattice Boltzmann Method (IB-LBM) to simulate the motion of a microparticle in a microchannel under the influence of a standing surface acoustic wave (SSAW). To capture the response of the target microparticle in a straight channel under the effect of the SSAW, in-house code was built in C language. The SSAW creates pressure nodes and anti-nodes inside the microchannel. Here, the target particle was forced to traverse toward the pressure node. A mapping mechanism was developed to accurately apply the physical acoustic force field in the numerical simulation. First, benchmarking studies were conducted to compare the numerical results in the IB-LBM with the available analytical, numerical, and experimental results. Next, several parametric studies were carried out in which the particle types, sizes, compressibility coefficients, and densities were varied. When the SSAW is applied, the microparticles (with a positive acoustic contrast factor) move toward the pressure node locations during their motion in the microchannel. Hence, their steady-state locations are controlled by adjusting the pressure nodes to the desired locations, such as the centerline or near the microchannel sidewalls. Moreover, the geometric parameters, such as radius, density, and compressibility of the particles affect their transient response, and the particles ultimately settle at the pressure nodes. To validate the numerical work, a microfluidic device was fabricated in-house in the cleanroom using lithographic techniques. Experiments were performed, and the target particle was moved either to the centerline or sidewalls of the channel, depending on the location of the pressure node. The steady-state placements obtained in the computational model and experiments exhibit excellent agreement and are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Alshehhi
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Waqas Waheed
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
- System on Chip Lab, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdulla Al-Ali
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Eiyad Abu-Nada
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Anas Alazzam
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
- System on Chip Lab, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
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Song S, Wang Q, Zhou J, Riaud A. Design of interdigitated transducers for acoustofluidic applications. NANOTECHNOLOGY AND PRECISION ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1063/10.0013405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Interdigitated transducers (IDTs) were originally designed as delay lines for radars. Half a century later, they have found new life as actuators for microfluidic systems. By generating strong acoustic fields, they trigger nonlinear effects that enable pumping and mixing of fluids, and moving particles without contact. However, the transition from signal processing to actuators comes with a range of challenges concerning power density and spatial resolution that have spurred exciting developments in solid-state acoustics and especially in IDT design. Assuming some familiarity with acoustofluidics, this paper aims to provide a tutorial for IDT design and characterization for the purpose of acoustofluidic actuation. It is targeted at a diverse audience of researchers in various fields, including fluid mechanics, acoustics, and microelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuren Song
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Antoine Riaud
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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Xu M, Lee PVS, Collins DJ. Microfluidic acoustic sawtooth metasurfaces for patterning and separation using traveling surface acoustic waves. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 22:90-99. [PMID: 34860222 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00711d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a sawtooth-based metasurface approach for flexibly orienting acoustic fields in a microfluidic device driven by surface acoustic waves (SAW), where sub-wavelength channel features can be used to arbitrarily steer acoustic fringes in a microchannel. Compared to other acoustofluidic methods, only a single travelling wave is used, the fluidic pressure field is decoupled from the fluid domain's shape, and steerable pressure fields are a function of a simply constructed polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) metasurface shape. Our results are relevant to microfluidic applications including the patterning, concentration, focusing, and separation of microparticles and cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxin Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Peter V S Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - David J Collins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Kolesnik K, Xu M, Lee PVS, Rajagopal V, Collins DJ. Unconventional acoustic approaches for localized and designed micromanipulation. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:2837-2856. [PMID: 34268539 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00378j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic fields are ideal for micromanipulation, being biocompatible and with force gradients approaching the scale of single cells. They have accordingly found use in a variety of microfluidic devices, including for microscale patterning, separation, and mixing. The bulk of work in acoustofluidics has been predicated on the formation of standing waves that form periodic nodal positions along which suspended particles and cells are aligned. An evolving range of applications, however, requires more targeted micromanipulation to create unique patterns and effects. To this end, recent work has made important advances in improving the flexibility with which acoustic fields can be applied, impressively demonstrating generating arbitrary arrangements of pressure fields, spatially localizing acoustic fields and selectively translating individual particles in ways that are not achievable via traditional approaches. In this critical review we categorize and examine these advances, each of which open the door to a wide range of applications in which single-cell fidelity and flexible micromanipulation are advantageous, including for tissue engineering, diagnostic devices, high-throughput sorting and microfabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Kolesnik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Mingxin Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Peter V S Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Vijay Rajagopal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - David J Collins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Devendran C, Choi K, Han J, Ai Y, Neild A, Collins DJ. Diffraction-based acoustic manipulation in microchannels enables continuous particle and bacteria focusing. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:2674-2688. [PMID: 32608464 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00397b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic fields have shown wide utility for micromanipulation, though their implementation in microfluidic devices often requires accurate alignment or highly precise channel dimensions, including in typical standing surface acoustic wave (SSAW) devices and resonant channels. In this work we investigate an approach that permits continuous microscale focusing based on diffractive acoustics, a phenomenon where a time-averaged spatially varying acoustic pressure landscape is produced by bounding a surface acoustic wave (SAW) transducer with a microchannel. By virtue of diffractive effects, this acoustic field is formed with the application of only a single travelling wave. As the field is dictated by the interplay between a propagating substrate-bound wave and a channel geometry, the pressure distribution will be identical for a given channel orientation regardless of its translation on a SAW substrate, and where small variations in channel size have no substantive effect on the pressure field magnitude or overall particle migration. Moreover, in the case of a channel with dimensions on the order of the diffractive fringe pattern spacing, the number of focusing positions will be identical for all channel orientations, with acoustic radiation forces pushing suspended particles to the channel edges. We explore this highly robust particle manipulation technique, determining two distinct sets of streaming and acoustic radiation dominant concentration positions, and show the continuous focusing of polystyrene 1 μm and 0.5 μm diameter particles and fluorescently labeled E. coli bacteria cells at flow rates exceeding those of previous microfluidic implementations for micron and submicron sized particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Citsabehsan Devendran
- Dept. Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Australia
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Raymond SJ, Collins DJ, O'Rorke R, Tayebi M, Ai Y, Williams J. A deep learning approach for designed diffraction-based acoustic patterning in microchannels. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8745. [PMID: 32457358 PMCID: PMC7251103 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65453-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acoustic waves can be used to accurately position cells and particles and are appropriate for this activity owing to their biocompatibility and ability to generate microscale force gradients. Such fields, however, typically take the form of only periodic one or two-dimensional grids, limiting the scope of patterning activities that can be performed. Recent work has demonstrated that the interaction between microfluidic channel walls and travelling surface acoustic waves can generate spatially variable acoustic fields, opening the possibility that the channel geometry can be used to control the pressure field that develops. In this work we utilize this approach to create novel acoustic fields. Designing the channel that results in a desired acoustic field, however, is a non-trivial task. To rapidly generate designed acoustic fields from microchannel elements we utilize a deep learning approach based on a deep neural network (DNN) that is trained on images of pre-solved acoustic fields. We use then this trained DNN to create novel microchannel architectures for designed microparticle patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Raymond
- Dept. Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Center for Computational Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - David J Collins
- Biomedical Engineering Department, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Australia.
| | - Richard O'Rorke
- Engineering Product Design Pillar, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Mahnoush Tayebi
- Engineering Product Design Pillar, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Ye Ai
- Engineering Product Design Pillar, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - John Williams
- Dept. Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Center for Computational Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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Tayebi M, O'Rorke R, Wong HC, Low HY, Han J, Collins DJ, Ai Y. Massively Multiplexed Submicron Particle Patterning in Acoustically Driven Oscillating Nanocavities. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2000462. [PMID: 32196142 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202000462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nanoacoustic fields are a promising method for particle actuation at the nanoscale, though THz frequencies are typically required to create nanoscale wavelengths. In this work, the generation of robust nanoscale force gradients is demonstrated using MHz driving frequencies via acoustic-structure interactions. A structured elastic layer at the interface between a microfluidic channel and a traveling surface acoustic wave (SAW) device results in submicron acoustic traps, each of which can trap individual submicron particles. The acoustically driven deformation of nanocavities gives rise to time-averaged acoustic fields which direct suspended particles toward, and trap them within, the nanocavities. The use of SAWs permits massively multiplexed particle manipulation with deterministic patterning at the single-particle level. In this work, 300 nm diameter particles are acoustically trapped in 500 nm diameter cavities using traveling SAWs with wavelengths in the range of 20-80 µm with one particle per cavity. On-demand generation of nanoscale acoustic force gradients has wide applications in nanoparticle manipulation, including bioparticle enrichment and enhanced catalytic reactions for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnoush Tayebi
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Richard O'Rorke
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Him Cheng Wong
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Hong Yee Low
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Jongyoon Han
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - David J Collins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Ye Ai
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
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Collins DJ, O'Rorke R, Neild A, Han J, Ai Y. Acoustic fields and microfluidic patterning around embedded micro-structures subject to surface acoustic waves. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:8691-8705. [PMID: 31657435 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm00946a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent research has shown that interactions between acoustic waves and microfluidic channels can generate microscale interference patterns with the application of a traveling surface acoustic wave (SAW), effectively creating standing wave patterns with a traveling wave. Forces arising from this interference can be utilized for precise manipulation of micron-sized particles and biological cells. The patterns that have been produced with this method, however, have been limited to straight lines and grids from flat channel walls, and where the spacing resulting from this interference has not previously been comprehensively explored. In this work we examine the interaction between both straight and curved channel interfaces with a SAW to derive geometrically deduced analytical models. These models predict the acoustic force-field periodicity near a channel interface as a function of its orientation to an underlying SAW, and are validated with experimental and simulation results. Notably, the spacing is larger for flat walls than for curved ones and is dependent on the ratio of sound speeds in the substrate and fluid. Generating these force-field gradients with only travelling waves has wide applications in acoustofluidic systems, where channel interfaces can potentially support a range of patterning, concentration, focusing and separation activities by creating locally defined acoustic forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Collins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Richard O'Rorke
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore.
| | - Adrian Neild
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Jongyoon Han
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA and Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ye Ai
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore.
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Ni Z, Yin C, Xu G, Xie L, Huang J, Liu S, Tu J, Guo X, Zhang D. Modelling of SAW-PDMS acoustofluidics: physical fields and particle motions influenced by different descriptions of the PDMS domain. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:2728-2740. [PMID: 31292597 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00431a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In modelling acoustofluidic chips actuated by surface acoustic waves (SAWs) and using polydimethylsilane (PDMS) as a channel material, reduced models are often adopted to describe the acoustic behaviors of PDMS. Here, based on a standing SAW (SSAW) acoustophoresis chip, we compared three different descriptions of a PDMS chamber and looked into in-chamber physical fields and ensuing particle motion processes through finite element (FE) simulations. Specifically, the PDMS domain was considered as an elastic solid material, a non-flow fluid, and a lossy wall, respectively. The major findings include: (a) the shear waves that propagated in a solid PDMS wall did not influence the in-chamber pressure and ARF fields severely, but induced an observable difference in the acoustic streaming (AS) patterns, and distinctly changed the trajectories of polystyrene particles, especially those whose radii were below 1.5 μm; and (b) the equivalent damping coefficients were linearly dependent on the SAW frequency, characterized by a fixed loss per wavelength, indicating the wave leakage at the interface being the main source of the transmission loss of SAWs. Meanwhile, the acoustic radiation force (ARF) can be overestimated when describing PDMS as a lossy wall, especially at the bottom corners of the chamber, which could cause inaccurate predictions of the motion of big particles. Based on the damping mechanism, a rough protocol is provided for scaling of pressure fields between different models. Some suggestions for device designs and operations are also given based on the obtained findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyang Ni
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Chuhao Yin
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Guangyao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Linzhou Xie
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Junjie Huang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Shilei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Juan Tu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Xiasheng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Dong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China. and The State Key Laboratory of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 10080, China
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