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Persson I. Structure and size of complete hydration shells of metal ions and inorganic anions in aqueous solution. Dalton Trans 2024. [PMID: 39211949 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01449a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The structures of nine hydrated metal ions in aqueous solution have been redetermined by large angle X-ray scattering to obtain experimental data of better quality than those reported 40-50 years ago. Accurate M-OI and M-(OI-H)⋯OII distances and M-OI(H)⋯OII bond angles are reported for the hydrated magnesium(II), aluminium(III), manganese(II), iron(II), iron(III), cobalt(II), nickel(II), copper(II) and zinc(II) ions; the subscripts I and II denote oxygen atoms in the first and second hydration sphere, respectively. Reported structures of hydrated metal ions in aqueous solution are summarized and evaluated with emphasis on a possible relationship between M-OI-OII bond angles and bonding character. Metal ions with high charge density have M-OI-OII bond angles close to 120°, indicative of a mainly electrostatic interaction with the oxygen atom in the water molecule in the first hydration shell. Metal ions forming bonds with a significant covalent contribution, as e.g. mercury(II) and tin(II), have M-OI-OII bond angles close to 109.5°. This implies that they bind to one of the free electron pairs in the water molecule. Comparison of M-O bond distances of hydrated metal ions in the solid state with one hydration shell, and in aqueous solution with in most cases at least two hydration shells, shows no significant differences. On the other hand, the X-O bond distance in hydrated oxoanions increases by ca. 0.02 Å in aqueous solution in comparison with the corresponding X-O distance in the solid state. A linear correlation is observed between volume, calculated from the van der Waals radius of the hydrated ion, and the ionic diffusion coefficient in aqueous solution. This correlation strongly indicates that monovalent metal ions, except lithium and silver(I), and singly-charged monovalent oxoanions have a single hydration shell. Divalent metal ions, bismuth(III) and the lanthanoid(III) and actinoid(III) ions have two hydration shells. Trivalent transition and tetravalent metal ions have two full hydration shells and portion of a third one. Doubly charged oxoanions have one well-defined hydration shell and an ill-defined second one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingmar Persson
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7015, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
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2
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Mosaferi M, Céolin D, Rueff JP, Selles P, Odelius M, Björneholm O, Öhrwall G, Carniato S. Fingerprint of Dipole Moment Orientation of Water Molecules in Cu 2+ Aqueous Solution Probed by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:9836-9850. [PMID: 38545903 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The electronic structure and geometrical organization of aqueous Cu2+ have been investigated by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) at the Cu L-edge combined with state-of-the-art ab initio molecular dynamics and a quantum molecular approach designed to simulate the Cu 2p X-ray photoelectron spectrum. The calculations offer a comprehensive insight into the origin of the main peak and satellite features. It is illustrated how the energy drop of the Cu 3d levels (≈7 eV) following the creation of the Cu 2p core hole switches the nature of the highest singly occupied molecular orbitals (MOs) from the dominant metal to the dominant MO nature of water. It is particularly revealed how the repositioning of the Cu 3d levels induces the formation of new bonding (B) and antibonding (AB) orbitals, from which shakeup mechanisms toward the relaxed H-SOMO operate. As highlighted in this study, the appearance of the shoulder near the main peak corresponds to the characteristic signature of shakeup intraligand (1a1 → H-SOMO(1b1)) excitations in water, providing insights into the average dipole moment distribution (≈36°) of the first-shell water molecules surrounding the metal ion and its direct impact on the broadening of the satellite. It is also revealed that the main satellite at 8 eV from the main peak corresponds to (metal/1b2 → H-SOMO(1b1) of water) excitations due to a bonding/antibonding (B/AB) interaction of Cu 3d levels with the deepest valence O2p/H1s 1b2 orbitals of water. This finding underscores the sensitivity of XPS to the electronic structure and orientation of the nearest water molecules around the central ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Mosaferi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, Matière et Rayonnement, UMR 7614, Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Denis Céolin
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, BP 48, St Aubin, 91192 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Jean-Pascal Rueff
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, BP 48, St Aubin, 91192 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Patricia Selles
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, Matière et Rayonnement, UMR 7614, Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Michael Odelius
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olle Björneholm
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Öhrwall
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Stéphane Carniato
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, Matière et Rayonnement, UMR 7614, Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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3
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Mejia-Rodriguez D, Kunitsa AA, Fulton JL, Aprà E, Govind N. G0W0 Ionization Potentials of First-Row Transition Metal Aqua Ions. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:9684-9694. [PMID: 37938891 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
We report computations of the vertical ionization potentials within the GW approximation of the near-complete series of first-row transition metal (V-Cu) aqua ions in their most common oxidation states, i.e., V3+, Cr3+, Cr2+, Mn2+, Fe3+, Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+, and Cu2+. The d-orbital occupancy of these systems spans a broad range from d2 to d9. All of the structures were first optimized at the density functional theory level using a large cluster of explicit water molecules that are embedded in a continuum solvation model. Vertical ionization potentials were computed with the one-shot G0W0 approach on a range of transition metal ion clusters (6, 18, 40, and 60 explicit water molecules), wherein the convergence with respect to the basis set size was evaluated using the systems with 40 water molecules. We assess the results using three different density functional approximations as starting points for the vertical ionization potential calculations, namely, G0W0@PBE, G0W0@PBE0, and G0W0@r2SCAN. While the predicted ground-state structures are similar to all three exchange-correlation functionals, the vertical ionization potentials were in closer agreement with experiment when using the G0W0@PBE0 and G0W0@r2SCAN approaches, with the r2SCAN-based calculations being significantly less expensive. Computed bond distances and vertical ionization potentials for all structures are in good agreement with available experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mejia-Rodriguez
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Alexander A Kunitsa
- Zapata Computing, Inc., 100 Federal Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02110, United States
| | - John L Fulton
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Edoardo Aprà
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Niranjan Govind
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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4
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Da-yang TE, Lai CH. Potential energy surfaces of the Cu2+(NH3)n=1−10 clusters in solvent phase: A DFT study. Chem Phys 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2023.111902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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5
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Ma Z, Wan T, Zhang D, Yuwono JA, Tsounis C, Jiang J, Chou YH, Lu X, Kumar PV, Ng YH, Chu D, Toe CY, Han Z, Amal R. Atomically Dispersed Cu Catalysts on Sulfide-Derived Defective Ag Nanowires for Electrochemical CO 2 Reduction. ACS NANO 2023; 17:2387-2398. [PMID: 36727675 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c09473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Single-atom catalysts (SACs) have shown potential for achieving an efficient electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) despite challenges in their synthesis. Here, Ag2S/Ag nanowires provide initial anchoring sites for Cu SACs (Cu/Ag2S/Ag), then Cu/Ag(S) was synthesized by an electrochemical treatment resulting in complete sulfur removal, i.e., Cu SACs on a defective Ag surface. The CO2RR Faradaic efficiency (FECO2RR) of Cu/Ag(S) reaches 93.0% at a CO2RR partial current density (jCO2RR) of 2.9 mA/cm2 under -1.0 V vs RHE, which outperforms sulfur-removed Ag2S/Ag without Cu SACs (Ag(S), 78.5% FECO2RR with 1.8 mA/cm2jCO2RR). At -1.4 V vs RHE, both FECO2RR and jCO2RR over Cu/Ag(S) reached 78.6% and 6.1 mA/cm2, which tripled those over Ag(S), respectively. As revealed by in situ and ex situ characterizations together with theoretical calculations, the interacted Cu SACs and their neighboring defective Ag surface increase microstrain and downshift the d-band center of Cu/Ag(S), thus lowering the energy barrier by ∼0.5 eV for *CO formation, which accounts for the improved CO2RR activity and selectivity toward related products such as CO and C2+ products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jodie A Yuwono
- College of Engineering and Computer Science, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory2601, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yun Hau Ng
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | | | - Cui Ying Toe
- School of Engineering, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales2038, Australia
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Dong Q, Zhang X, Qian J, He S, Mao Y, Brozena AH, Zhang Y, Pollard TP, Borodin OA, Wang Y, Chava BS, Das S, Zavalij P, Segre CU, Zhu D, Xu L, Liang Y, Yao Y, Briber RM, Li T, Hu L. A cellulose-derived supramolecule for fast ion transport. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadd2031. [PMID: 36490337 PMCID: PMC9733924 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add2031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular frameworks have been widely synthesized for ion transport applications. However, conventional approaches of constructing ion transport pathways in supramolecular frameworks typically require complex processes and display poor scalability, high cost, and limited sustainability. Here, we report the scalable and cost-effective synthesis of an ion-conducting (e.g., Na+) cellulose-derived supramolecule (Na-CS) that features a three-dimensional, hierarchical, and crystalline structure composed of massively aligned, one-dimensional, and ångström-scale open channels. Using wood-based Na-CS as a model material, we achieve high ionic conductivities (e.g., 0.23 S/cm in 20 wt% NaOH at 25 °C) even with a highly dense microstructure, in stark contrast to conventional membranes that typically rely on large pores (e.g., submicrometers to a few micrometers) to obtain comparable ionic conductivities. This synthesis approach can be universally applied to a variety of cellulose materials beyond wood, including cotton textiles, fibers, paper, and ink, which suggests excellent potential for a number of applications such as ion-conductive membranes, ionic cables, and ionotronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Dong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Ji Qian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Shuaiming He
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Yimin Mao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20783, USA
| | - Alexandra H. Brozena
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
- Texas Center for Superconductivity at the University of Houston (TcSUH), Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Travis P. Pollard
- Battery Science Branch, Energy Science Division, Sensor and Electron Devices Directorate, DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD 20783, USA
| | - Oleg A. Borodin
- Battery Science Branch, Energy Science Division, Sensor and Electron Devices Directorate, DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD 20783, USA
| | - Yanbin Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Bhargav Sai Chava
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Siddhartha Das
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Peter Zavalij
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Carlo U. Segre
- Center for Synchrotron Radiation Research and Instrumentation (CSRRI), Illinois Institute of Technology, Physics Department, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
| | - Dongyang Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Yanliang Liang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
- Texas Center for Superconductivity at the University of Houston (TcSUH), Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Yan Yao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
- Texas Center for Superconductivity at the University of Houston (TcSUH), Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Robert M. Briber
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Tian Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Liangbing Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Center for Materials Innovation, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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7
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Da-yang TE, Fifen JJ, Conradie J, Conradie MM. Structures, temperature effect, binding and clustering energies of Cu2+(MeOH)n=1-8 clusters and extrapolations. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Mongioví C, Crini G, Gabrion X, Placet V, Blondeau-Patissier V, Krystianiak A, Durand S, Beaugrand J, Dorlando A, Rivard C, Gautier L, Ribeiro ARL, Lacalamita D, Martel B, Staelens JN, Ivanovska A, Kostić M, Heintz O, Bradu C, Raschetti M, Morin-Crini N. Revealing the adsorption mechanism of copper on hemp-based materials through EDX, nano-CT, XPS, FTIR, Raman, and XANES characterization techniques. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceja.2022.100282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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9
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Frank P, Benfatto M. Symmetry Breaking in Solution-Phase [Cu(tsc) 2(H 2O) 2] 2+: Emergent Asymmetry in Cu-S Distances and in Covalence. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:10779-10795. [PMID: 34546762 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c05022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The structure of aqueous Cu(II)-bis-thiosemicarbazide, [Cu(tsc)2]2+, is reported following EXAFS and MXAN analyses of the copper K-edge X-ray absorption (XAS) spectrum. The rising K-edge feature at 8987.1 eV is higher energy than those of crystalline models, implying unique electronic and structural solution states. EXAFS analysis (k = 2-13 Å-1; 2 × Cu-N = 2.02 ± 0.01 Å; 2 × Cu-S = 2.27 ± 0.01 Å; Cu-Oax = 2.41 ± 0.04 Å) could not resolve 5- versus 6-coordinate models. However, MXAN fits converged to an asymmetric broken symmetry 6-coordinate model with cis-disposed TSC ligands (Cu-Oax = 2.07 and 2.54 Å; Cu-N = 1.94 Å, 1.98 Å; Cu-S = 2.20 Å, 2.41 Å). Transition dipole integral evaluation of the sulfur K-edge XAS 1s → 3p valence transition feature at 2470.7 eV yielded a Cu-S covalence of 0.66 e-, indicating Cu1.34+. The high Cu-S covalence and short Cu-S bond in aqueous [Cu(tsc)2(H2O)2]2+ again contradict the need for a protein rack to explain the unique structure of the blue copper active site. MXAN models of dissolved Cu(II) complex ions have invariably featured broken centrosymmetry. The potential energy ground state for dissolved Cu(II) evidently includes the extended solvation field, providing a target for improved physical theory. A revised solvation model for aqueous Cu(II), |[Cu(H2O)5]·14H2O|2+, is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Frank
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Maurizio Benfatto
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati-INFN, P.O. Box 13, 00044 Frascati, Italy
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Persson I, Lundberg D, Bajnóczi ÉG, Klementiev K, Just J, Sigfridsson Clauss KGV. EXAFS Study on the Coordination Chemistry of the Solvated Copper(II) Ion in a Series of Oxygen Donor Solvents. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:9538-9550. [PMID: 32614569 PMCID: PMC7467664 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
structures of the solvated copper(II) ion in water and nine organic
oxygen donor solvents with similar electron-pair donor ability, but
with different space-demanding properties at coordination, have been
studied by EXAFS. N,N′-Dimethylpropyleneurea
and N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylurea are sufficiently
space demanding at coordination to make the axial positions not accessible,
resulting in square-planar copper(II) solvate complexes with an intense
green color. The mean Cu–O bond distances in these two solvate
complexes are 1.939(3) and 1.935(3) Å, respectively. The best
fits of the remaining solvates, which are light blue in different
hues, are obtained with a Jahn–Teller distorted-octahedral
model consisting of four strongly bound solvent molecules in the equatorial
positions at 1.96(2) Å and two in the axial positions but with
different Cu–Oax bond distances: ca. 2.15 and 2.32
Å. This is in agreement with observations in solid-state structures
of compounds containing hexaaquacopper(II) complexes crystallizing
in noncentrosymmetric space groups and all reported crystal structures
containing a [Cu(H2O)5(O-ligand)] complex with
Jahn–Teller distortion. Such a structure is in agreement with
previous EPR and EXAFS studies proving the hydrated copper(II) ion
to be a noncentrosymmetric complex in aqueous solution. The refinements
of the EXAFS data of the solids [Cu(H2O)6](ClO4)2, [Cu(H2O)6](BrO3)2, [Cu(H2O)6]SiF6, Cu(NO3)2·2.5H2O, and CuSO4·5H2O gave Cu–O bond distances significantly
different from those reported in the crystallographic studies but
similar to the configuration and bond distances in the hydrated copper(II)
ion in aqueous solution. This may depend on whether the orientation
of the axial positions is random in one or three dimensions, giving
a mean structure of the solid with symmetry higher than that of the
individual complexes. This study presents the very first experimental
data from the new X-ray absorption spectroscopy beamline Balder at
the MAX IV synchrotron radiation facility in Lund, Sweden, as well
as the utilized properties of the beamline. The coordination chemistry of the solvated copper(II) ion
has been studied in 10 solvents, including water. The copper(II) ion
has a noncentrosymmetric Jahn−Teller distorted-octahedral geometry
with the axial Cu−O bond distances differing by ca. 0.2 Å.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingmar Persson
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7015, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniel Lundberg
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7015, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Éva G Bajnóczi
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7015, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Justus Just
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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Nazmutdinov R, Quaino P, Colombo E, Santos E, Schmickler W. A model for the effect of ion pairing on an outer sphere electron transfer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:13923-13929. [PMID: 32542301 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01915a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ion pairing can strongly affect the rates of electron transfer reactions. To explain this effect, we propose a model Hamiltonian that describes the interactions between the pairing ion and the reactant, solvent and inner sphere reorganization, and bond breaking. Explicit expressions for the energies of the initial and final states, and for the energy of activation are derived in the weak adiabatic limit. The model is applied to the reduction of Cu(ii) in the presence of chloride ions. For this purpose, the pertinent system parameters are obtained from density functional theory. Our model explains why the chloride ion enhances the rate of the first electron transfer in copper deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renat Nazmutdinov
- Kazan National Research Technological University, 420015 Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation
| | - Paola Quaino
- Instituto de Química Aplicada del Litoral, IQAL (UNL-CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Estefania Colombo
- Instituto de Química Aplicada del Litoral, IQAL (UNL-CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina
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